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THE
ENTOMOLOGIST S
MONTHLY MAGAZINE:
CONDUCTED BY
HG. KNAGGS, M_D:, F.ES. E. C. RYE.
R. McLACHLAN, F.LS. HoT. STAINTON ES:
NOT. ie EE:
“The science which we cultivate is not one of names alone; we have living
objects for our contemplation ;—who will affirm that a single individual of all
the British species of insects has been thoroughly studied in all the various
relations of its natural history and ceconomy, internal and external anatomy, in
its affinities and analogies ?”— Westwood.
SS Fs
245371
LONDON:
JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW.
1866-7.
) TON DON: Ta athe bo
Bah}. 7 a
¥
‘ Prinrep By A. Narter, 52, Seyuour Srreer, Evston Square. | ia ,
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Titikret ‘ \ 4 Und tb ‘ “vf prot anor im rt i pie cw, an »
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PREFACE.
THE conclusion of the 3rd Volume of the “ Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine” is considered by the Editors of that publication to be a
fitting occasion for expressing their acknowledgments to their numerous
supporters.
As the Magazine derived its origin entirely from the personal
friendship of its Conductors, and was started—as scarcely need be
added—not only without any hope of gain, but with the tolerable
certainty of loss, it is a matter of some gratification to them that they
are now enabled to report their undertaking as in an unexpectedly
satisfactory condition, with regard to the financial department.
The sale of back numbers, having increased to an extent far
greater than was anticipated, has (somewhat undesirably) caused
several parts of Vol I. to be now out of print: it is, therefore, impos-
sible to furnish complete series of that volume, except in its bound
form ; the precaution of reserving a few sets of the latter having been.
taken.
With respect to the volume now completed, the Editors flatter
themselves that an examination of its Index will sufficiently show its
value, either from a scientific or a general point of view. To mention
special papers would be invidious; but the publication of so many
valuable contributions towards a more perfect knowledge of our native
Insect-fauna as have appeared in Vol. III. must alone render it of
lasting assistance to British Entomologists.
It has been suggested by some of our compatriots, and also by
the learned Editor of the “ Bericht tiber Entomologie,” that lengthy
papers should not be too much subdivided. The Editors will endeavour
il.
to comply with this suggestion—of the importance of which no one
can be more aware than themselves; but they may be excused for
remarking that in some instances the convenience of the authors has
been—and must be—necessarily consulted.
To all friends who have directly or indirectly contributed to raise
the Magazine to its present standard the Editors beg to express their
feeling of deep obligation;—and, as they still intend to spare no
endeavour to increase the utility of the publication, they will feel
additionally indebted for any suggestion tending to further that
project.
Paternoster Row, 16th April, 1867.
cy hae
STOn
INDEX.
—<~
INDEX TO GENERAL SUBJECTS.
PAGE
Wear, Curious locality for. fs es ee eke wi ws te 213
Acidalia mancuniata, Noteson . . - «© © «© © © © © © © © # 8 8 110
me subsericeata or mancuniata (?) bred. - - - + + © + ee 90
a reutstntcinins INCE Me no odd Ol ed oreOl oe OOM my GO. 0 C 259
Acidota cruentata at Chelsea, Captureof . . . - + + + + + + + + 168
Acrolepia assectella, On the habitsof. . 2. - - + + +e es se ees 257
Acronyctaalnibred. . .. . ay ees ~ > he, Siete tenn cua
Agrophila sulphuralis near Bury, Caine of x lead uke sac sto Shs: ya ee
a 5 at Exeter, Occurrence of. . - + + + + + 2+ «+ + 112
Agrotis agathina near York . . . a O80 See, cao oe elit oat em
« Ailanthiculture ; or the prospect of a new English Industry.” Review. . 47
Amara alpina, Occurrence in Britain of . . 2. + © + + + © © © = ¢ 92
America, Noxious insects naturalized in . . . - © + © © © © © © + 166
Anobium tessellatum, Noteon . . .. .- 5. Sete Ud oe Bo ee eS
Anthophagus pyrenzus, Capture in Britainof. . - - + + 6 e+ ee 139
Anthrocera trifolii, Note on hybernation and moulting of . . . .- - +--+ 4I8
Apatania, Note respecting a speciesof . . . . PEERS pre LS:
Aphides of the Elm, A few words on the gall- ne wip oy) stile tel ch ton aaeean
Aplasta ononaria, Occurrence in Britainof . . . - 2+ + + s+ ee + + 110
Bembidium paludosum, Note on . . + + + © + 2 © © © © «© © «@ 216
Berlin Transactions, Note fromthe ... +... «+ «+ «-« « + 139
Boarmia rhomboidaria, Wood of ¢ /eie ie 5 ew Pelee he ho we, | a0 ay Gel
Boreus, Synopsis ofthe gepus .« «se + + 6 ee ee ee te 132
Brachelytra, Descriptions of new species, &c.,of . . . . . » + + + + T21
« British Bees,” by W. E. Shuckard; Review . . .-.---+-+.- - 142
Batalis incongruella, Noteon. . - . » « -.s + + 5 ¢ 8+ © © 0 ae
Cabera pusaria, Another extraordinary var.of . . . . . ....- + Il
Cannibalism of the larvee of Coccinella . . . . - - + e+ + © ee se 9D
3 5 » Hupithecia minutata.. . . .. . . +. - - J91
Waptores at ivy; near Bristol, 4. < © 6 4s 6.2 us aie eae
8 Ef) Layer eP siya cao) aces ies Sec ere) car epee tier ee ek
Sea EL UEIDY MY tak Wad Leg. ot eltiy s,s jel ula seie lone ane gl dl ah <p ear cn
+ AMM OMA VV AlGS: cae eee hea Ah wah eich? Soh cs) (su fo seaiheces pam Oss
35 medroVork,, at, Gallows; GC: {al ij. 4s 1k Se ca slay: oy? Teenie onan
- mia Witherdiack ©... Us uk .o -tipsitielra! 6) ccukeei-e uid) Bp
Catocala sponsa, Natural History of . . . - - + + + © « © « «= + 296
Catoptria microgrammana at Folkestone, Captureof . . .. +... +. QOL
Caves, Note on Phryganidew foundin . . > - »- «+ + + + + + © © « Dl
Cerura vinula, Note on the number ofeggsin . . . - « se e ee ~ 206
Chelonia caja, Capricesof. . . 2 5 2 es 2 4 He ee ew 211
/
ii.
PAGE
Chcerocampa Celerioin the North . . . .... - o) Ao @Welduxey tikes ate ]mmmcen
Cicindela campestris, Note ona dark var.of ... . awaits - 251
Gidanaammanata, Noteon ~. | je \yeriese es). oc. ES
Pam sllaccata, NObC:OM «os. uae uen ell ite 4 235
Cirreedia xerampelina near York .. . : «obi
Clisiocampa castrensis, Locality for . .... . 5 oO = hos
Coleoptera in Japan. . . 5. 5 Aas ee pee lily/
af at Loch Rannoch, Noteon. . .. . 63, 93
a in London, Captures ofrare .... . . 67, 164
Bs Notes on, from the Berlin Transactions 2 139
55 - ri French “ Annales” 3 se eaito
# INOLESIOnsSCObCh, . ule tacuee cu 4 .-, 24
“5 Note on the unnamed species in Mr. Waterhouse’s Catalogue 231
x at Wimbledon, Winter capturesof . . . Sec . 2 6 ake
Collecting Micro (and other) Lepidoptera, On a new method of . . Asa i ly/
Cosmiajpyralinajin’ Suffolk” << 2 3 4's i * : c oe Oe
Cotswolds, Lepidoptera on the Hee Lc 183, 187
Cryptocephalus 10-punctatus in Staffordshire 2 ° eG
Cryptophagus, Description of a new species of, &e. . . Se iol
Cryptus, Note on a short-winged species of . . . . 5 190
Cynipides, Observations on the study of . . . . .. 8 181
Damaster from Japan, Noteon. ...... : - 189
Deilephila Celerioin Westmoreland . .... . : 188
Depressaria capreolella, Occurrence of . . .. . : 22
Diantleeciaceesia, Noteon . «. « « « «+ « « . . 2386
5 capsophila, Noteon. ... . : : = 4206
Diasemia Ramburialis, Dup., at Lewes, Occurrence of 5 : - 163
Dicrorampha flavidorsana, Description of. . . . . : 176
* 5 Mole Gy BOA omate ay oils
Diptera collected on twigs of alder, Masses of . oho ern A 94:
Diurnal Lepidoptera in the collection of the British Museum, Descriptions of
Somemewsspecies Of <4 2 <1) 22 hese : Pribeiialis *06) Lic 76
** Double-brooded”’ Insects, Noteson. . . .. « st iketl's 4 20
Drypta emarginata near Gosport, Capture of . . ° ° 279
Elater, Description of a new species of . 249
Ennomos alniaria bred. . . . he eee Tea, Pee d 9 112
55 Notes on the British species of ' 159
Entomological Society of London, Proceedings of .
Epione advenaria, New locality for .
Epureea variegata, Occurrence in Britain of . .
Eromene ocellea near Dumfries, Occurrence of .
Mirgsiahinis, Occurremceiol oi veut) inet Ser? len! ena ie hae
Erycina, Remarks on the distinctiveness of certain species of .
. 23, 48, 72, 96, 119, 166, 191,
216, 239, 263, 280
. . .
Erycinide, Description of a new genus and two new species of . .
Euchromia rufanain Lancashire ... .
. . . .
207
GE
Hubolia meeniata near York, Occurrence of . . . . - . « « © « « e« "186
Eudorea new to Science, Description of a British Speciesof . . . .. - 1
+ " " BS meek a oe to ae
Eupecilia curvistrigana near Barnstaple, Occurrence of. . . . . . . . 116
Mirpiinecia lariciaia at LOrky% es 6 6 ew Se wet SS, Ce
oF jollutralo (ole aio og: s so: A a Rr cme MASUR Re Se 6 CT,
55 TalOnisnataniplredemecnsse cole.) se wer Se uns, Ste” nelle: Ulade eee ton ele to mem
preondan sphingids, Note on /. 0 je) oo se a ae
Excursions, Proposed accounts of Entomological . . . . «. ». « - + + 46
French “ Annales,’ Notes on Coleoptera from the. . . . . . + « « « 215
Fulgora, Note on the luminosity of . . . . » »- «© - «+ «© « «© « = 42
Gall-flies, Observations on the study of . . . . =. = «© «© »« « « « «= JOD
Gall-making Aphides of the Elm .. . of tet Joh’ sate hele: oiling. octet vol ote ae
» of the Elm, Note on the contents of ne S, gone si, on) opuber Lely to) eo aU
Gas-lamps, Notes on moths attracted by . . - »- »+ + + © = +» « « « 42
Geleehia arundinetella, Capture of «) «6 wis ¢ ste © © © © 0 Joe
Pemeecorealolia, Mconomy!Of *42 3 J) <a = 8s genh yk 6
5 costella, How to find the larves of . 2.0. «6 0 « 2 os © ole
Pee trinemnplelia; A few words: about. ss « ,- (2° .-., e/s,si,fem nase)
Gracilaria fidella, Noteon. . . hy erm Minis G5 LIS
Glyphipteryx Haworthana, Offer of 66 0 € BO BO 0 op Aon
Guatemala and Panama, New Species of Butter fies nals (Supplement) . 49, 85,
133, 152
ead onoasiasat rods slau vem sl cs! Tp cej) Geilieeguest: aL) oUfret counts? |) sult eyueeenmO Ot
Elana Observatiom On twOISPeCles|OL Gd ic eu ciile tise eel Mets c)oulyen aremmeL
Hemiptera, Additions to the British Fauna. . . . «© «© 2 «© «© «© «© « 18
95 of Freshwater Bay, Pembrokeshire . . . 2. - - . . + m= 2
‘ ain lola Titan 6 6 66 5 eo ced oso oo o co «(Mlle
a About Aquatic; including notices of new British Species, &e.. . 25
I on some pecularities in the development of . . . . . . . . 200
Hepialus velleda, var.carnus, Noteon . . . . . . . + + ss ~~ 186
iermnptrodines, Note On. 2%. fsa pees eps jet ye @ fp oe forme
iciermaphrodite Trichiura/crategi . 2. . . « » «© « wis + + © « «© Sle
Homoptera, An Essay towards a knowledge of British . . . 9, 29, 82, 103, 125,
149, 197, 218, 246, 265
ma at Rannoch . . . « chs" Spee “ed yssetack Page sec ce eos
Hymenoptera of Freshwater Bay, Pore GKOSHIPG 5 go « sas) lhe, 7 oes tent on pee ot
a Descriptions of new Species of (Proctotrupidw). . . . . . 223
FA Description of new genus and species allied to Pezomachus . . 193
ireland Ghe Gepidoptera, Of 5 3. . « « « smite = « oi (2prodysou/, sds, lOos
128, 145, 169
rH 3 An addition to Mr. Birchall’s List of the . . . . 187
35 % First Supplementary List . . . ... .. . 202
39 y Notes on the Catalopue of. .... . . . . 109
Esletof Man, Rock Lepidoptera of the ......)¢30. 2. sg es 2 « 2 688
iv.
Larva of Acidalia circellata, Note on the. .
BB a contiguaria, Description of the
” 2» ornata, ” »
D Acronycta auricoma, 3 oH
Hs Agrotis lunigera, = 3
a5 Anchocelis lunosa, Note onthe. . .
i C@atocalalanonsa ii mKCnnC nn ies
Cidaria (?) sagittata, Occurrence of the
a Cucullia umbratica, Description of the
Eupithecia minutata, Cannibalism of .
cs Gelechia costella, How to find the . .
Hadena suasa, Description ofthe . .
9 Hepialus sylvinus, ,, re
an Leucania conigera, ,, . tke
> 29 pallens, 39 ”
Leucophasia sinapis, ,, 7 tine
Nepticula aurella, Observations on the
Thera firmata, Noteonthe ... .
5) 5, obeliscata, a Mice ae
a 5 simulata, + hiss) aera
Xanthia gilvago,at Derby ... .
Spilodes sticticalis, Description of the.
Lasiocampa quercis, Curious flight of. . . .
55 5 INU 6) 6) al Gao
Lathridius filam, Occurrence in Britainof . .
Leistus montanus in Scotland, Occurrence of .
.
.
.
.
with notes on
Lepidoptera on the eastern extremity of the Cotswolds .
at Guestling, near Hastings, 1866 .
of the Isle of Man (Rock) .. .
inthe isle of Wight ~2 9.9. 7. 7.
in North Perthshire ... . .
in south Wales 2 0 <suer swipe
29
attracted by blackberries, Note on
Viariabioninies ©. 1 esc cme mts
(micro) at Haslemere. . . .
Leptogramma Boscana, Capture of ; with notes
55 scabrana, 45 4
Lestes macrostigma, Evers., in Corsica, Occurrence of
Notes on collecting, management, &c.
. 20, 236,
Leucophasia sinapis, Note on the transformations of .
Lissodema serata, Occurrence in Britain of .
Lithocolletis mines in Sorbus terminalis, Note on
Lithosia caniola, Query respecting ... .
Answer to query concerning
B ss at Waterford, Occurrence of .
Lobophora polycommata at Bristol . . . .
Lyczena Alsus, Note on the food-plant, &e., of .
Corydon, Notes on the food-plant of .
eb) 22
3
captured and bred in Worcestershire in 1866
its habits .
e
. °
. .
211
7, 27, 61
. .
. 183, 210
213, 262
. 87, 202
278
278
278
45
260
259
96
46
117
206
88
116
263
113
251, 252, 253, 278
111, 187
209
LS 7,
.
141
210
141
19
67
110
110
PAGE
Macroglossa stellatarum and walls « «s+ ee e+ e+ te tt th tes 256
‘3 Ss Scarcity of in 1866 ....c. 5 9+, eh seuiele or “she, Dee
Madopa salicalis at Haslemere, Re-occurrence of . . . . + + + + + + 37
Meligethes Kunzei, Occurrence in Britainof . . + + + + + + + + 5 47
- ochropus do. doy. ic arrose ofa ee eeanadel Men lcaiMed an
Mesene, Note on two forms of,—hitherto considered to be sexes of one
Scat, ne ae SaleMore Snip rier:
_Metacharis, Description of new genus ; with characters of two new species . 169
Micro-Lepidoptera occuring at Haslemere, Noteon . . - + + + + + + 209
Nemeobius Lucina at Haslemere, Occurrenceof ......-- ++ Ii4
Nepticula aurella, Observations on the economy, &c., ofa larvaof . . 7, 27, 61
5 centifoliella, Occurrence in Britainof . . . 2+ «+ © + «© « + 115
Newspaper Entomology .. .- + + + + «© © « « Bt hens de ete. ene
North-America and England, On the similarity of the insectsof. . . . . 41
5 i Remarks on Dr. Jordan’s Notes. . . ..- + 7
Notes on collecting, management, &c. (Lepidoptera). . . . « + + + 87, 202
Notonecta maculata and other Water-Hemiptera, Noteon. . .... .- 68
Noxious insects naturalized in America . . . - - + + ¢ © + «© « ~ 166
Nymphidium, Correction of errors in nomenclature in the genus. . ool
Nyssia hispidaria, Early captureof. . . . - «+ + + Rt eee we 183)
if SS and Phigalia pilosaria, On the depen characters of
PREG he, BR oS oa a Ai PARTY he ara ae
Prmevenariecc., Ofer Of Sry) 's:' 0 3) eh erties «Ge 8") 6: Kein 9) "ote snare 95
Omalium Heerii, Occurrence in Britainof . . . 2. . 6 + «+ «+ + « - 93
Ovoid substances adhering to water-frequenting Curculionide, Noteon . . 140
Oxythyrea stictica near Manchester, Occurrence of . . . + + + + + + 280
Phigalia pilosaria and eee ha araltion On the distinguishing characters of
“the larve of. . . ste Wonk 4:0 Gi Sy Sater
Phytophaga, A Catalogue of Review . . Be ae. oa bb 2S
Philonthus tenuicornis, Reputed occurrence in Britain of SE ee aes
Phryganidew found in caves, Noteon . . - - © «© © © © © © ee 141
a INGhe: On panied sph vec ec ch ey a wl ice aude oe fee or on e
Proctotrupide ; Descriptions of new species of. . . . . 2 6 + + ~ + 228
Psoci, On the injury done to collections by . . . . 2 + © + © ee 165
Psocidee, A monograph of the British. . . . . . . 177,194, 226, 241, 270
EranceeerColoopeerai ah -.ue se 2) 36 $y. vty vel Leu lie rely ay Yes! etl ow omen
op VOM puCEat 3 a wchets.) Lohse tie. jst i 50 aa eth coby aid etd 16
FF isms mae o 6 om Cg Oe et ed Io Geo Oc 118
5 AneMICOMECrarys) (ye edo ay «esi Sukedpyeae eel cal ve eas
Record of Zoological Literature; Review. . . - - + «+ + + © «+ « + ddd
Rhopalocera at High Wycombe, Noteon. . . - - - + + + + «© + « 9
Baplviasiminontins,: Note On. %- _ <6 sy unln > jai ep 0s (ela =) sy ee
Scoparia, Description of a British species of, new to Science . . . . = - ul
217
bP ” oP) oP
Beoven @oleontors, Notes On) os... 6 2). « Gelvjel ans on = we ga
vi.
Sericoris euphorbiana, Re-discovery of . . . - + +--+ + «+ « « - 91,112
Nosia cymipiformis, Note on 4 ©) Wectes sa sf eis. jee Meine eer ee ee
Sialis fuliginosa in Dorsetshire . .. . Aaah eee 5 (aa! Sp
Silk of leaf-rolling larvee, Note on thd Senieunility Of thre (27 Oar 0) ote ome
Sisyra Dalii and S. terminalis at Reigate, Occurrence of .
Sitoncacinerascens, Note'on. ee eS 5 Sere) ee eg ee
Smerinthus ocellatus, Note on the number ofeggsin . . . . «+ + + + 206
Sphingide, Note on Mr. Kirby’s paper on the European . . . .. - * 261
Sphinx ligustri feeding on Holly See SP a ee renee
Spilonota lariciana, Occurrence of » 2 6s 6) 8 8 ee te ee ee RD
Stauropus fagi at Exeter, Occurrence of . . . . . + - « « © « « « LD
Stenus glacialis, Occurrence in Britainof . . . . +. + + « «+. 2
Stigmonota leguminana, Occurrence in Britainof. . . . . . « . + - 168
Stylops emerging five months after the death of the bee Pes suid 235
Tapinostola (?) Bondii, Note on . «eo ae, 5 aoa eer
3) elymi, Noteron 2.) 4, gel &, Silsl elute lo 206
“The Practical Entomologist; Review. . . . . »- «+ «+ «+ «+ + « « 22
Thiasophila inquilina, Note on : ae Se oo lich)
iinoina, Observationson ... . + © 2 6 « | «l/s me Sas jo epee
Tortrix ochreana, Occurrence in Britain of .
Trichiura crategi, Hermaphrodite . . . . . + ++ + «#2 «© © + « 2&3
Triphzena orbona, Note on the ovipositing of . . . . + - + « «© « + 289
Trochilium chrysidiforme at Folkestone Oem ey ra oS
Variation, Notes on ow te ue he, a ZO) 236) 251 2b2ioe
Xylina Zinckenii, Occurrence in Britain of ee crane - 163
33 PA Noteion = gems cit wile, by bly ie soln. Oh
xo 53 Second British example of ‘ 235
Xylomyges conspicillaris captured and bred. 2... 1 ee ee ee BD
Myloterus quercis, Note on, ..,. + 4% hoe «ay 2) ay ede pees eee
Zoological Literature, Record of; Review . . - + «+ «© + « + « = + 141
INDEX OF SUBJECTS NOTICED IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
PAGE
Acidalia mancuniata from Mr. Gregson : : ; : ; : : 168
Acrolepia smilaxella, Larva of : , , : : / : ; 24
Ailanthus silkworm. . : . : : : ; : ; 120, 240
Anastetna raripila from Queensland : : : : - . . 120
Anniversary Meeting . , ; ‘ : 239
Aphides, Theory of Mr. Balbiani on the gener ation of 3 : 72
93 Fat apterous—found on rose-shoots which had been car efully wbaned 72
Argynnis Lathonia, Notes on habits of . : : : : : 167
Articerus, New Species of—from Western Mogens : 4 2 : . 48
Attacus Riciniand Guerinii . ; 240
Aulax glechomer, Galls formed by . 2 OI Grae ees. 23
Bahia, Insects from
Brown silk from Chefoo . ‘ - : .
Buprestide, Six new species of
eS collected at Penang by Mr. Lamb.
Burlington House, Meetings to be held at
Cabera exanthemaria, Singular variety of . :
»» pusaria, Lead coloured variety of
Caddis-worm case attached to the extremity of a rush
ae cases from Bavaria and Basle :
Catalogue of British Insects, Proposed
Catoptria microgrammana from Folkestone
Charaxes Jasius, Note on larvee of
Chelifers on a house-fly : :
Cicada larva from Mexico, with Clavaria . : 6
Cidaria fluctuata, Curious variety of .
Coceus covering on Eucalyptus
Coleoptera from Jamaica
ae », Melbourne
3 3, the New Forest
35 in South Australia frequenting Cow- —
ay 5, New Zealand wool .
Cone-shaped nest formed by an Australian spider
Confluent galls on leaves of Glechoma hederacea
Crambina, Pterophorina, &c., collected in Palestine & Beret byt the Rey. O.
P. Cambridge
Cryptoceride, New species of
Damaster auricollis, a new species -
es blaptoides
Vil.
PAGE
96
120
167
- 264
96, 120
Dasypolia Templi, Great number of small Hymenopterous parasites from
one larva of
Depressaria rutana .
Dianthecia ceesia from the Isle of Man
s capsincola, Curious variety of
Dicranocephala Bowringii from South China
a Wallichii from North India
Dicrorampha flavidorsana, a new species
Dipterous larvee in the stems of wheat
Drepana sicula taken at Stowmarket
Ectrephes formicarum from Western Australia
& affinities of
Eudorea basistrigalis, Series of : : : 3
Exotic Coleoptera
Farnborough, Excursion at, with Sie John Lubbock
168
72, 119
viii.
Galls on elms formed by Aphides : . : : . i
;, Pistacia lentiscus formed by Aphides :
2 95 terebinthus formed by Aphides’ . 3 5
Gelechia allied to costella on Hyoscyamus albus’. “ d
an atrella bred from stem of Hypericum . é : .
> biguttella (?) larvee of
+) bred from galls on Gypsophila sduitrie
op vicinella bred from Silene
Geographical distribution of Lepidoptera in Gia Britain sé Berend ;
Geometrous larva on willow at Shanghae (Agathia)
Goliathide, Description of various species of
Gracilaria scalariella, Living specimens of
Heliconides distasteful to birds ; : :
Hepialus larvae on roots of coltsfoot infested by a fungus.
Hestio, Monograph of the genus
Hipparchia Janira, Curious varieties of .
Holes in Alpine snow fields, Insects in
Hornet’s nest found in a bank .
Humming-bird moth frequenting walls, sand-banks, &c.
Hyeres, Notes on collecting at
Hylurgus piniperda devastating a plantation of Pinus i insignis in Govnivall
Hymenoptera from Champion Bay, Australia .
Hypogymna dispar bred from larve fed on different vleniial
Hyponomeuta egregiella, Larva of .
Identity of the genera Sciops of McLachlan and Hydromanicus of Brauer .
Japanese silk worm, Notes on
Larva in alder berries. :
on the bark of acting e europzus
Lasiocampa trifolii, Varieties of .
Laverna phragmitella, Larvee of
Lepidoptera from the Isle of Man
Lepidopterous larva in Aphis galls on Pistacia ishticede 5
Linnzan Society, Thanks to the .
Locusts, Swarm of—in Algeria
Macronychus 4-tuberculatus, a new British species
Madagascar, Collection of insects from
Mamestra brassice, Singular variety of
Mantispide, A decade of new species of .
Mauritius, Rhopalocera of
Melitaa provincialis, Notes on larva of
Mexican Lepidoptera : :
Micro-Lepidoptera from South France :
“ from Syria and Asia Minor
Migration of an Australian beetle
Mimetie resemblances—how caused . é
Musca pumilionis, Larve of :
™~viapod, Minute with 9 pairs of Legs
PAGE
168, 192, 216
167
191
167
120 .
119
24
48
119
264
120
48
191
192
24
216
167
72
216
239
24
240
264:
192
24
120
216
167
24
239
72
119
191
166
96
168
264:
239
280
120
72
72
120
167
280
23
167
Nest of a Lepidopterous insect from St. Paulo, Brazil
New British species of Coleoptera (71)
No sound produced by Atropos pulsatoria
Notes on collecting at Hyeres
‘ South Australian Buprestidee
Oiketicus, Case of
Osmia bicornis, Nest of—in a lock of a sata
Paper-like substance used by a Ceylon ant
Phasmidz in Jamaica, Notes on . : ‘
Phycis subornatella of Zeller
Pieride of India and Indian Islands
Pieris Pyrrha, Curious example of . -
Pistacia terebinthus, Galls on—formed by wide inhabited by oe of
Stathmopoda Guerinii
Poduridee, Black—in pools
Pogonostoma from Madagascar
Prays oleellus, Larva of : 3
Prize essay by Dr. Wallace on Bombyx Yasuda :
Psocidze, New genera and species of
Rapisma, a new genus of Hemerobide
Reigate, Excursion at, with Mr. Saunders
Rhaphidia, Notes on the genus
Rhyssa persuasoria, Ovipositing of .
Rio Janeiro, Coleoptera from
Rumia crategata, Variety of .
St. Helena, Ravages of white ants at :
Salix capreea, Stem of—attacked by larvae of Sesia femipecitee mis
Sericoris euphorbiana from Folkstone
Shanghai, Insects from 3 : ‘ : 5 r
Sierra Leone, Cetonide from :
Spilosoma menthrastri rejected by young nkoy: aeatige
Stathmopoda Guerinii, Living imago of .
Stenoperla, a new genus of Perlidze
Stenus major, a new British species
Swarming of African wild bees
Thecla betulee, Pupa of—without the usual silken band.
Throscus elateroides, new British species ;
Tinea oleastrella bred from larvee on olive
48, 120
ob,
PAGE
240
168
240
24
24,
263
167
294,
168
264
168
167
280
Tomicus monographus, Larvee of—damaging staves of walt nique Gabe: in icin 263
Toxotus Lacordairei from Greece
Trigona, Females of—from Catagallo, ona ee ee é
Vancouver’s Island, Coleoptera from . ; 3 : °
Vanessa urtice, hybernating male specimens aeeaed
pupa of—with filiform appendages from the wing-cases
Velleius dilatatus from burrows of Cossus ligniperda .
Venomous spider at Berdiansk : A
SPECIAL INDEX.
COLEOPTERA.
PAGE
Acidota cruentata at Chelsea ......... 163
Agathidium rhinoceros ...... seanteeenans 93
rotundatum ............-. 64
Agyriotes pallidulus (?) ........ mene ebaoss 233
pilosus ...... pbunBoonDSDAaNAON ACA 250
sp Do sasteuk baieeneasneiaeses 233
Aleochara brevipennis ...............65, 214
IAM ALAT ALPINA csvccscersedeeiresieetas +0092, 94
POMMOTIS eee ecseerscciieaescls iatesTsek 65
Anchomenus sexpunctatus ............ 214
VOUSUGIS maj teeessicee are 214.
Ancyrophorus longipennis ............ 282
Anisodactylus atricornis ......... 214
FATT SOLOIIA GUDIG) Bag. -cescecseceeese nese 65
GUHMNE) caguceeno pecooodbenogcae 232
Anobium tessellatum ..............6005 279
Anommatus 12-striatus in London ... 164
Antherophagus, habitat of the species of 140
Anthicus flavipes (?) .......csssese seers 233
Sal PWT 5 Mano dos scaqdbc0decbaos 233
Anthophagus alpinus........ccsereees 66
OVROM Use wemctese seca 139
Aphodius depressus ........000606- seerd wOO
iyo} stove S45 ego non cao odononnon 65
PUGS 2. aneoons snc stee cee OD
Arpedium brachypterum ...........600 66
Athous undulatus ..........0...ccceveeees 94,
Atomaria Barvani............0.sccteererers 232
Autalia puncticollis ................e0ee 65
Bagéus tempestivus, ovoid substances
adherin evolu. p.e- erste 140
Bembidium paludosum ..............5065 216
Bledinsypallipes (P)is seccwwenceeeeesecces 232
BUDLECEANOUS nec sceceas- eerie 65
Bolitobius inclinans ..................05 94.
Bolitochara Obliqua ........secsssseeces 64,
IBOSEVICHUS WAIN ET, chine stcvesne ees 250
Bradycellus collaris ..............:s0000 64
BEYOpOLUS TULUS (PF) Cone.erssacavennecsone 66
BythiMusS SCCUrIger —.....c.00 sce pee erases 66
Calathus micropterus ............:..... 66
MUI SONA 5 cs opie oe cee aoe aetie ss 66
PAGE
Calodera miptitayws.. ss: ecnuei es eens 231
PIPAVIB 0 cone adecaderlntersies ane 214
umbrosa in London ......... 67
Carabus glatbratus 3.20. /redeee ees 65, 93
Cetonia snes. 2.cccccon nee oraner 65, 93
Ceuthorhynchideus pumilio, food-
plant of ...... 140
Ceuthorhynchus hirtulus ............... 65
Cicindela campestris (vay. funebris)... 251
Cis bidentatus arc. .seseaneerssueeeenenen 65
fegtiVUS: ..... save sexe vaceneeaaesetmorte 64
lineatocribratus) \-.ccsensneceelieeeer 56
TIUAUS: 1.3. snes pete can eee meena 65
Clerus formicarias(..-:ceecr eee ee 64
Coccinella bipunctata, cannibalism of
larva Ol ry in .cseenee 95
D=punchatay seuseeeemeeeteee 65
Conopalpus flavicollis taken in cop.
with ©. Gestaceus .....sesdece ees 140
Corymbites cupreus ............00.eecer 65
Crioceris asparagi in America ......... 166
Cryptocephalus 10-punctatus ......... 65
in Staffordshire 67
HaVIUADTIS oes ccnn ooesel 67
lineol ay eesere esters 65, 67
Cryptophagus fuscicornis ............... 102
pubescens and setu-
losus, habitat of ... 140
Waterhousei ...... 101, 232
Damaster blaptoides .................s0+ 189
Deleaster dichréus in London ......... 67
Deliphrum crenatum ..............seeeee 232
PECHUTA iene: cca eae 65
Dendrophagus crenatus.........sscseeces 63
Diacanthus/eeneus ....<ss-sedeeereseaecee 94
LIMPTESSUSH Meee eee eae 65
Dictyopterus AUrora ............sseceeees 63
aftini gi Aayseatacmemanece 251
Dircesa laevigata... js... s.wscccnsersavenne 64
Donacia aquatica ..0...cccssssessseseerns 65
Drypta emarginata «......ccsesesseeees 279
Hlater balbeatitis)..a1..cscemueraeeendeer 67
COCCINADUS: asceenerenane cea 233, 249
LMFAO UES R Poo oHIeeC Jon dcecodote cc OF 65
CoLEoPreRra (continued).
PAGI
PN Stine POWIOLULA).\cciae caic ciesisiest heise dives 64,
USOUSUUS accesses scien seeestane 250
MUMAUACSI Scena; isisycGns sic rs yteielet 233
Entomoscelis, food-plant of ............ 140
Hpursea angustula .............0.0..ceenes 64,
deleta, gigantic ............... 94
WATS ALA smaspiciansiaressonedeg nina © 93
Heo See Spe hsieeysre cle ciseejetieiss iclIs «sioSe,00ee 251
HrapleChUS) HICOLOK oa. sensesek sere gcesiene 93
BREET ALLS ATV IW wc ofc ge fsiesieniee'sesieceiasie 189
Eveesthetus leeviusculus ............... 214.
Geodromicus globulicollis............... 66
Geotrupes vernalis, vars. of ............ 215
FETIO GINS TOOTS! ee ...iccse seesaw cess ‘... 164
SRYROPHGNA POWELT.....2 (0600.0 60500nae00- 235
Hallomenus humeralis .................. 94,
Helophorus arvernicus .................. 65
SEIS LCTENEPIECEUS seca sedvciudsdens selssieeis 214
SMCCICOL Aga cnasasiatasinswawcedenses 64.
EVomalota acricilay. .. ci.csescecsecsecseces 121
GLEMUULB ees sete eoreoees ae 123
fusco-femorata ............ 64, 93
Glaciallisp Brisa casccesececees: 215
hepatica in London ......... 67
ATE OVS A aire csleis eye cclataae decent 64
WM CLAN ANID “shies sade csceecies 164
PEULULCIOE eyecare eer useciiinases 66
DAUNGCESI ease enone: 121
TATA IS Ao sccesvesonanoisnene elds 66
PAGAN A Warp terceperesecssscesiensice 164
ICCA sess gesinas tists doe yeeris yin 122
PUL OSA ct ceicmecienseaccssvene sels 64.
Hydreena palustris (P) ..............065- 233
Pulehellay reas. shekecee nest: 233
PUAN eaten atcha salsne oats re 65
Hydroporus quinquelineatus ......... 231
SEA UM COB LEbe Sere sic acdc cw citee an he cease 64,
Ischnoglossa corticalis .................. 93
Lamprinus saginatus..................65 214
ILeuilama Gbps! williriadoe ges sgRgeenorosoEcHedi dc 46
Ter UATS ETM OF GALLUS rg eas oeaerssinapicns ilal7/
Leptinus testaceus, habitat of ......... 139
PAGE
Ihepiusaranaliay ca saicanwscd eee deencor 64,
Testeyay Colin ae nin teessns conse taenes 125
SSI Weare tance nists tis ah ee neee 124
Tuissodema erata ..........cessececss sees 141
Magedalinus carbonarius ............... 67
Melanotus castanipes .................. 64.
Meligethes Kunzei...))....:s.s0c.0seeeee 47
fe awLOV OWES - Ecacaoanpvencooner 47
sp (8) Sod Si oeeecaee 232
Miarus campanule in Scotland ...... 141
Miscoderajarctica)m.....:ssae seen 66
Mycetoporus lepidus..............-..+.... 214
MANUS! reconacsnuce eee eee 66
Necrophorus gallicus taken with N.
INGETYUPtOS «2.0000 +e% 140
Ocalealipicabaereesa--cccseek er eee 65
Ochina hedere in Scotland ............ 141
Omalium brevicorne (?)...............05. 232
Eleeriinesnes cpebsachtasenins os: 93
THOBIERH THs Ce onasapomEdudotdse doe 64.
Otiorhynchi on Vaccinium ............ 140
Otiorhynchus maurus .................. 65, 66
TPEeW USSG! Goegac cee nohaoades 65
Oxypoda aterrimals,. act ssn.se ope 66,9 4
Fupicolay tecccesusce eter 66
SOLOT fils cacmaaeeeneue see epee Re 66
Oxythyrea stictica, occurrence of, near
Manchester: seve serene 280
Panageous in Japan .\.-ssseu..eeseees 189
Barnus auriculatus: ssc e-n ence 65
iPatrobus) Glavipes tee seeepaeaeseeeeeeeneen 66
SEPLONUMIOMIS Maas eee seeee 66
Philonthus splendidulus ............... 64
SUCCICOlanE. serene eee 64
LenuIGOrnis’ is.-60,6-nee ane 139
Plectroscelis subcerulea .....,......... 215
Psylliodes luridipennis .................. 235
Pterostichus orinomus .................. 64
(Pins! Crenabus) s.0..qcseecesesee eee 65
snb-pllosus) (?)siscesen-meeesaee 233
yb HOGS PreSSUSh....caeseteeheeePeeee eae 64
@Onedus}fulvicolligm re -eeeeeeree a eae 94
lateralis. dtsiee merase eee 93
DGOVIS ALUMS! «|. oasteacecre sen eene 64.
XANGHOPUS|a.seeaie stares 64
xii.
CoLEOPTERA (continued).
PAGE
Rhagiom indagator .....:....csseccense 63
Rhyncolus chloropus............+sesseeee 64
Salpimeus ater ..........cccesesesevereens 64
MAPeSLda SCBlALIS........sc0sseccorsouceesns 65
SaprinUs VITESCeNS.........ccccsesseceeres 164
Scolytus intricatus...........sssesseresee- 216
NICYGmMenUs CXTUIS: <J....ceesecncereencsees 93
Scymuus nigrinus ...... Rate teler secre 65
Sericosomus brunneus ............06+ 65, 67
RSM OM ASTIT OVID ae rcitte os tesisintiaiseleletje.callsiem 65
Sitones CimMerascens ...........ceeeeesees 164
Stenolophus dorsalis ................000e 214
Stenus canaliculatus .................060. 214
cicindeloides, GO ......-..seeeeee0s 214
GIG Eis) cehendococsencéGoosascocan: 124
EME CLES tan sins -silemeeoseraeentes 65
SOnIGUIALAS \waiesiden soiedteseecnat 66
(2 ECVE NE een cstipencoaoannbcbnosenouce 21
MOTI CUGALSIS Trost: detoseseabett aoe sees 214
TUBETALON cae cans otveneedeseess 214, 232
Strangalia 4-fasciata .........cccce eens 94,
Tachinus elongatulus .........s00+0+s. 65, 66
ERRTOGS sebdgqncnepscdounoscodec 65
AOAUTO OS Beesloatete martes meatier. 65
OLONUUMUS eetee faceiaiciieseteieasiter 65
Tachyporus transversalis .............4 214.
Tachyusa concolor in London ......... 164
Telephorus elongatus ..... A oROC ROR EE 65
paludosus ..... aiiisiedsetale be 65
SOWIE). Godgen codonsundacae9e 233
Tenebrio molitor in America ......... 166
Tetratoma fungorum in Scotland...... 141
Thiasophila inquilina...........s.seseeree 189
Bryans HOWWAbICH «4.250620 08s van ose’ ma Ob
PAUTUCLIS \sceisvacnceesiancese sos 234
Thymalus limbatus ...........0s-cecees 65
TOMIcUS ACUMINALUS ........c0sc0eereres 64
IGN Wee esedein ess ssescatmee 64
MIPECHIIS (ODEISUB ss sisi es/e01s r/o wainenia sien 66
MHD GHS UM cscarcssscessaseesnres Mm!
Mrichias f4S8CiatbUs Lyivec+s.escses escapees 94,
Triphyllus suturalis in Scotland ...... 141
Wriplax TUSBICA ........2ceerersernsorerece 64
Velleius versus Vespa in Japan ...... ilaly)
Xyloterus lineatus ...........cecsseerev eee 64
QUSLCUAB sactetdeskecnecresteens 250
DIPTERA.
Athorix (DIS i ciievcnssiecnec aces weleeemante 94, 95
HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.
Agalliastes pulicarius ........ce+0 118
Berytus clavipes....... Sabaduac pastecesssis 4
montivagus ..... seein son ccaeengiee
Capsus miniatus............+.
Chorosoma Schillingi...... esntreneasastees 92
Coranus subapterus ....ceseseceseeseeee 7 2
Gorixaafinis’ stcnc.sesssscecenmesneterses 26
CONCINNA —...ssssoesescerecarereee 26
Gistinebas. ccs coe sslqein-seneet 26
hieroglyphica ....-+...seeese es 26
Tim thai, .issctecsiscensineameiseniers 15, 26
dug aris yeeecatenr Barercsoriabos occ 26
NIGTOLNEATA .....eseeserceererees 26
(PANZETI joneesecneseeeeceececas 26
PLESUSED! oon .weies ceelessetsoneneiens 26
BEMUSLTIALA «ccm ecncssseeecisseeenee 26
infested by Acari.. 213
Still... .is.iceees ee eee 26
Cymus glandicolor,.......esssseeseeeeeees 92
Dereocoris bipunctatus........c00 92
Drymus brunneus ........+.00+005 sicueee Aa
Hydrometra argentata ..... paso bey oorees 25
GORbS esc cueacest seers 25, 118
odontogaster ......seseeeeee 25
paludum .......0.c02seaee 25
Ly gus Campestris ...secsesseeseeserceeees 118
PYALCNSIA!, /éicsccssceee can teoendenn Soe
Metacanthus punctipes...... ...cseeree 92
Miris holsatus......cscsessseseeccecee senses 118
YUAICOLMIS ....ccesesseooedenssenes! ve 118
Neides depressus .....++ sos ebeaetes Hae) Wet
Notonecta maculata ........+.++ 26, 68
Pseudophzeus Fallenii .....
Ranatra linearis .......++-
Rhacognathus punctatus .....----+- 118
Rhopalotomus ater ..e+eeeeee eres 118
xiii.
HEMIPTERA—HETEROPTERA (continued). PAGE
PAGE | Eupteryx Germari................ 266
13
IC EUMIULOL Tastee y Gale oie! sfeveigie wiv ae! oe hyperici ae ne Lee eat
MAGI OMe eis a Hee stuns os sleiesie Don LLS jucundus .......seeeeee 265
riparia ve sees eeee sees ee ee ee 118 FNOLISSES scja/s, «16 =\ote sleet ee SCS
EPI OUR no cqeooddoauouoacd alks
Scolopostethus affinis ............ 118
Sehirus biguttatus.........ee2.--. 118
EIIVEODN Ss oe saisieesiesiveweacctacee 16
AO WUlans ac ccietemibicerncie ees) LLG
MAGE ad aS aoce oS O45 . 247 °
PAL VULUS! VW eyerereisle sjeleiel eta
PICEUSieyeteieleleVeleliclelatelatel fevele
pulchellas) ce clletslhsaieiie e200
Choate adgaatocaaccon Aue
‘ TOBE cccccsccccccccenss 240
Zosmerus capitatus ...cccecseeees 92 acutellania <2. ene
agar eR rqansn ae ins ee signatipennis .......... 247
Zygonotus pselaphiformis.......... 118 eraaragdnluatich 2oaeaanenae
stachydearum .......... 268
DUTIES Dobocu Good oooGGE ks)
THT LL CEO's Wate: che elelevela/lelelielsl ome OS
Acocephalus*agrestis.............. 118 VIFIdDIUS: vo ceesaceesece BAO
DUAsOIatOS. 2 scuceeise LIS VitbabUs, ./2).ejcislsie ce a6 caiateneal
MUSHICUS | avietcere slecieelcs | LAS
HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA.
Agallia consobrina.........+...++- 151 | Fulgora (luminosity of) .......... 42
MENOSOA Walston vais sls'estee 60, LOO
UUM SAMUS Metelatelslsiaiclaicispeslseisisiecie'e’ 190) || LASSUS! (GADLE)) 1c) s.0x'0\ a latalcrereterene cl cet ememneL
ANGENNALUS! se scieje «iol aielellele OU
Batrachomorphus irroratus ........ 270 argentatus .....,. jo SS
ALOMATIUS! 5.10100 oe cerercls rece
Cixius contaminatus .......2+.+.... 118 ALeUALUA co). ussctde ees
TGMOLINUAleleielcieleleie/sisieleletaielere LekS brevipennis ......2sses2«+ 270
DETVOSUS ++ +e eeereeeeseeeee 118 CrUCHEALIGS! «co. ce) viel eto eleleinlce neces
WAIELUS) 5. coice elercelele cere ctetanCe
Delphax bivittatus........-+-....+. 269
PUASIMUS) stoi clelaielialel stole iclele) lense! Oey
Clegantulas ....00.2 0.00.6 269
PULCHAMIN” oo. ss ae ccrccce one tled
PUNGCHALONS) ae eel oejeer-le ee Cows
A-notatus .......seee+-2+- 104
ranatehey Gogddnodcoscoscn all)
THOTACICUSPestaletclclcics <tc cle LOG
Deltocephalus abdominalis ........ 118
ROCIAUAMeereleleciaehe felniy LO
2
Euacanthus interruptus .......... 118 SSD LEHI CLARE ae a
Mapteryx (L616) .0 2. cvs cece sees 197
albostriellas) iieicissccrsie'sicr oe 2S
APICAL aeirelwclelareeiealelfe em lz0
SOXNOLALUG) «0 claielehetejelelere ie ohele meee
BOGIALIS’ «cre. cic: cicicie' ate aicvele he eG)
splendidulus’ 50/5. <<. << se a
ALIALUS steyelctciiatelstst evel siafeie 200 lait ulus 84
striola
blandulus .......ee0.0-. 246 ins eee
trinell 119, 218 SindGiuivesmasepooednooscos | 1KG)
i eal laa le ? subfusculus” <. cclcs oni 2 85, 118
10-punctatus............ 248
‘ VAPIALTIS! 2/5 -ciaversiarevetclele oie leisler steely
filicum ........eee0+-0. 247 ventralis. 5M Ai ceceseneeescectie 270
HMAVEECOMS) ale tele) eioic'e ce eleleies (220 VIPESCONIBS|s se sie ate cstele sales ere
MAVAPCNMIS reece sce s cece 219
geometricus ............ 247 | Megopthalmus scanicus .......... 118
xiv.
HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA (continued).
PAGE
Pediopsis fruticola.....-.+e++++++ 118
Tettigometra impressopunctata. . 149, 270
118
118
Tettigonia Viridis 2... se... ee ee ee
Ulopa obtecta.... cece ee cece ee cece
HYMENOPTERA.
Andreena convexiuscula, stylopized. .
Aneurhynchus nodicornis.......+ ++
Brachypterus means .....+--
Cremastus geminus ......eeeeeeee 92
Cryptus brevipennis ....
eoee ers eeee
incubitor ......
ease eesese
Cynips Kollari .. 1.6... ss ee eeeees
Entedon in gall of Elm........ ++.
Galesus caocutienS’......secsecececs
Hormius moniliatus ........2ee2e. 92
Ichneumon crassipes.......-++++++ 191
Meteorus ictericus ....eeeereeess 92
Oresbius castaneus ......-ee-ee0e. 193
Orgilus obscurator........esee.e05 92
Paramesius belytoides .......-++-.
Pachylomma buccata........+-..+. 92
Tiphia femorata ........seeeseees 92
LEPIDOPTERA.
Acidalia circellata, larva of ............ 90
contiguaria, larva of ......... 69
AMANCUNIAEA! «ccs ecedineseree 110
OMMa ay ANVAOL sec cae est te 44.
rusticata, NOtES ON........... 259
subsericeata or mancuniata
(?) Sbredemeamrevec. agenesis 90
Acrolepia assectella, habits of ......... 257
betuletella at Castle Eden
1B Y=s0\ = ete ore conbacrne ied nate 259
: PAGE
Acronycta alni at Haslemere ......... 37
auricoma, larva of ......... 261
Agrophila sulphuralis at a gas lamp.. 4.4.
at Exeter ...... 112
near Bury...... 186
Agrotera nemoralis at Guestling...... 207
Agrotis agathina .............seeeereee ees 11
lunigera, larva Of...........++++ 188
obelisca in Ireland ............ 75
pyrophila at sugar ......-...+ 210
Anchocelis lunosa, larva of ............ 260
Anthocaris cardaminesin myriads... 4
Antispila Pfeifferella, habit of pupa... 80
Anthrocera trifolii, hybernation and
moulting of the larva of.............4+ 18
Apatura Athalia ..........--.::ssesseseeeee 76
Aplasta ononaria at Folkestone ...... 110
Arctia villica, variety of ..............0+ 210
Argynnis Lathonia in Ireland ......... 4
Asthena Blomeraria ..............0s0000 187
Bankia argentula in profusion in Irish
DOGS f...ccdnresesoore nt conse ese ae 107
Boarmia rhomboidaria, food of ......... 20
Bombyx quercis, alkaline fluid on the
heads (Of Siesee-eeeciese come ence eee 96
Butalis incongruella ..............0++ 22, 79
Cabera pusaria, variety of ............ 111
Catagramma faustina ..........-2..2+5+ 134
guatemalena .............. 134
PACHEACA.... 0... senesereves 135
Catocala sponsa, Natural history of... 276
Catoptria microgrammana at Folk-
SEOTIONE fot sh cece mito os tote drei teaie te aenee 91
Cerostoma nemorella, larva of, at
Bideford. caiainduccues ateee son sanechpeonis 55
Cerura vinula, number of eggs in..... 206
Chcerocampa Celerio ............++ 22, 188
Charis argyrodines .-........--s6se0see 154
Chelonia caja, caprices Of ..........-.4+ 211
Cidaria immanata bred ...........0.s606 113
sagittata, larva of .............. 110
silaceata, single-brooded at
Voor iy..\:\gemeiaistyareserrnin iene 235
Cirreedia xerampelina .............:s0es 111
Cleodora striatella, larva of ............ 79
Clisiocampacastrensis, larvee abundant 95
Coenonympha Ceres .....sceeeceesereetes 78
LEPIDOPTERA (continued).
PAGE
Coleophora apicella bred .............45. 81
Cosmia pyralina in Suffolk ............ 207
Cucullia umbratica, larva of............ 208
RRR ANGI pase cicnsicvssccndn.ndsunawsse 77
Deedalina inconspicua.................5. 77
Dasycampa rubiginea at sallows & ivy 213
near Bristol ... 186
MSM ISTOMMDOUIMA ae sieoe ca siskaca snes access (i)
Deilephila euphorbiz in Ireland ...... 32
lineata in Ireland............ 32
Depressaria capreolella .................. 22
leyge(0 | Bemanoorerec 56
carduella bred ............ 56
nanatella at Lytham...... 37
Diantheecia Barrettii..................065 106
GEOSI Bee cnlseiyseeteie ais se 89, 236
capsophila ...... 89, 105, 206
compta in Ireland.......,. 106
Diasemia Ramburialis at Lewes ...... 163
Dicrorampha flavidorsana ......... 176, 186
Dircenna Callipero'.....6:.....c.c0eseceees 156
PROMOS ger saeco dnsceersserse ses 50
Hidophasia Messingiella amongst
MOIS OUI Ge asicsiesiaractetocsveiinedasees . 56
Elachista ochreella ?, larva of ......... 81
Emmelesia bifasciata, capture of forty 111
Ennomos alniaria bred .........s.0...008 112
BZ OS Olin sicacaidastoe' 160
ATV A OLs eaters lasidiecs 161
angularia, eggs of............ 160
TarvajO$, «.0cscdsane 160
CLOSATIA, CPPS Of... .....0.c0ees 160
LaRevaOL cemscene 160
fuscantaria, eggs of ......... 159
Jamvanof sccm. 161
tiliaria, CLES ORL sc. \cecnce lee 160
anvil (Oleemae chtemoetes 162
int Trelandes:) st vers. 187
Epione advenaria near Guildford...... 207
Erebia Cassiope in Ireland.............. 4
in North Perthshire 116
BESTA SPOS CUIN As. ow occhervterice duce ssares 133
Eromene ocellea near Dumfries ...... 139
Hrycina Bates and Licarsis, difference
DOLWCEMsaasasasevartadccnsdensanpate rss 53
PAGE
Eubolia meoniata near York ..... etn 187
Euchromia rufana in Lancashire ...... 139
Eudorea basistrigalis.............:0:1ee+ 1
Hueides leucomma.........ssssserces sees 88
Humica amgusta .........c.scsssescsecereee 135
Eupeecilia curvistrigana near Barn-
Htaple. Le. vascaecweagacciencaemn sass 116
Eupithecia lariciata near Rugby....... 138
Near Y OLkeneeees 45
on the Cotswolds 187
minutata, cannibalism of
TAR VG) Olin. jsnnsosiceieseteaneis 191
plumbeolata bred .......... 45
valerianata bred ............ 45
Hurygona Chrysippe .........--sseesaneee 154
Gelechia aleella bred ...............0.0068 57
arundinetella at Lee ...... Pe)
cerealella, economy of ...... 45
costella, larvae Of...........0006 . 115
desertella bred ...........00655 57
Gang winiellay- eae ceseseescstdgeees 169
temerella at Lytham......... 37
tenebrella and tenebrosella,
identity Of, .cccncssseccecsene 78
triannulella and sepiella ... 97
umbrosella at Lytham ...... 37
Glyphipteryx Haworthana at Hasle-
mere and Meseritz... 80
offer Of. nso-nuceeessee 263
oculatella at Haslemere 209
Gracilaria elongella, larvaof,on birch 80
falconipennella at Hasle-
ANOLE aoa he neoecs lee teaceaee 60
fidella, larva of........... 0. 116
Hadena suasa Dred ccrc...cseeceesceenecne 90
larval she ieee scatees 136
Harma Hypatha and fumana ......... 19
Heliconius albucilla ...............:600.0« 88
fONMOSUS Hepes eaten 87
Me] Certal.; Varden 87
OCbAVAE, 7c. dsde ea sdeeeaneaea 86
Hepialus sylvinus, larva of ............ 136
velleda (var. carnus) ...,..-.. 186
Herminia derivalis at Guestling ...... 207
Hesperocharis costaricensis .,.......+-+ 49
GROCER. 4. chacenee evens eg KAD
Xvi.
LEPIDOPTERA (continued).
PAGE
Heterochroa phylaca...........seeeeees 136
Hipparchia Janira, varicties of........ . 213
Hydrelia unca in profusion in Irish
DROP each aisieaixae sag # ston nan arbloapie 107
MONG Fecal eter coraeetosites 54
tenuicornis at Haslemere 209
Tphomia Bdelphing ..0.cccerseusesuseseenes 52
Azaraand Dorilla............. 157
IS} Mlloyo}: 9 Saanaenadtodoaongo loodsoggo 156
(Ceratinia) callispila........... 85
heraldica -.......ccosscesssscares 51
Hippocrenis .........+00000. wen oe
(Oleria) xanthina,..........0+6 52
Lasiocampa Quercus .....c.ceseeseecer eee 259
Leptogramma Boscana & scabrana 111,187
Leucania conigera, larva of ,.......+... 137
pallens, larva Of... ......+..++ 68
Leucophasia sinapis, larva of ......... 210
Lithocolletis corylifolielia on Sorbus
torminalis and §. aria... 19
. nigrescentella ........+4.. 81
Lithosia caniola at Torquay ......... 67, 110
in Ireland <......00~ 06 33
near Waterford ...... 110
Lobophora polycommata ......+0-..0e 22
Lyczena Alsus, food of .........seeseeees 205
Argus, hermaphrodite......... 114
Corydon, food of.............+. 70, 91
Macroglossa stellatarum, scarcity of., 112
and walls... 256
Madopa salicalis at Dulwich............ 43
at Haslemere..... 37
Melita: Atronias.....0.020ceissecrserseese 133
MAT OTE UI Bick vichnicieivle veieeeraeg veieleeiser 133
Mesene argentead.....scsscesersereenssenes 154
Mesosemia Carissima, .....:...0s.seeeeseee 153
MetacharisAeriUs)...cs-macivasi/o+--- sess 175
Batesii......... 175
Cadimeisiyial: cetiicascelsss cpitact 175
Ptolomeens) sieiwseislenssseccee 174
MO MAIS Hy ainalelsieel tesies alo'asle
Metapheles Dinora............s000e008 155
Miana expolita in Ireland ,,,..........-. 74.
PAGE
Micropteryx fastuosella.......:+..ee0... 55
Mansuetella at Hasle-
mere’. os
unimaculella bred......... 55
Nemeobius Lucina, habits of ,........ 114
Nepticula aurella, moulting and pupa-
tion of alarva of..... 7, 27, 61
basiguttella, larva of........ 82
centifoliella at chestnut ... 115
decentella bred ........... + 82
Nymphidium Ascolia........-......0+000 222
Avanoides i..5.0ieccscscene | BEE
Belise knepectecneestneseneet 223
Dorilisesasssses renee 156
Epiplatea............, eae mes
Lamis and Azan......... 221
Ty AAIMNOM, calveciece nesters 222
Orestes and Soranus... 221
preeclarum 7.0.2... cscs . 156
Nyssia hispidaria ..............0+s+sseees 263
Fay Van OL ve sneeaeneaee 185
Zonaria, Ofer Ol sccecccessetenee 95
Olyras Theon we. weaecctersisesleaeiaentecsteee et 50
Oncocera ahenella, habits of,........... 210
Ophiodes lunaris in Ireland ............ 108
Ornix on Pyrus torminalis......,...++... 80
Paphia aureolas.s). ....-cehenunsesense sac 152
CHYYSOPHANA ........0c0e eee ven ees 152
Phigalia pilosaria, larva of ............ 185
Procris Geryon Gros. cienaranetdessseeepes 187
Pronophila laetifica and tauropolis ., 157
Psoricoptera gibbosella bred ........... 209
Roslerstammia Hrxlebella, larva of... .79
Satyrus Semele, hermaphrodite ...... 114
Scoparia basistrigalis............+:+se0+ 1
pimellaesree skein csseh esses pstue lel
Selenia illustraria, forms of ...... 253, 256
Sericoris euphorbiana at Folkstone... 91
. 112
Sesia cympiformis .........cc00eseesee0e. 268
philanthiformis............0..0... 89
Smerinthus ocellatus, number of eggs
in setoearerrernee bocecesere eeeee eet eeeeereee 206
at Malvern ..
LEPIDOPTERA (continived).
PAGE
Sphinxligustri, larvaon holly...137, 163, 206
Spilodes sticticalis, larva of ,........... 260
Spilonota lariciana...............sceseeees 22
Stauropus fagi at Exeter ............... 112
Sterrha sacraria at a gas lamp......... 43
Stigmonota leguminana (deflexana)
BML PINOWHOLESL sasce sce sav ece ces oe: 63
PSVMIDACHIA TUDING.....0ccrcsssecesseeeces 155
Synchloe Lacinia and Tellias ..,...... 157
Tzeniocampa opima in South Wales,,, 263
Tapinostola Bondii, Notes on ......... PASE)
WAN VAMA ete ctere tae tueideerinesesaie. 206
PEAY LOUIS SYLVA. cniciasiclesictacoiscisidelsioe aaah ae 153
Tephrosia (biundularia) crepuscularia
RAMUAMOU OL ccccsccrsceegeaceastesseesee 20
PNNEOPE DASA! wecesecscecis ccs vesiiennceeens 155
hera firmatas.......:. Reece oe va Glsenlets 278
DUCHSCALAE sete woes setises seo.nse eas 278
BAO aA tabascsessswesnacccie abe: 278
-Theristis caudella bred from the egg. 56
Mbyridia Melanthoy,...sscscecscesccreses 50
Tinea, Confusella,......00,sseseesseeoee dese LAT
MEHOTEs UMDLATILISs 4.1.3 ...ceccssssees 86
PROCUIMIXOCHT CANA co, cccseessecsres sss asin: 163
Trichiura cratzgi, hermaphrodite .., 213
Triphena pronuba, eggs of ............ 239
Trochilium chrysidiformeatFolkstone 69
Vanessa Antiopa in Ireland............. 4
Xanthia cerago, variety of ......... 236, 252
gilvago, larvee of, at Derby.. 45
Xylina petrificata swarming on ivy... 107
Zinckenii at New Cross........ 163
near Guildford ..,... 235
NOLO ONY wivgcecrcentiecs 235
Xylomyges conspicillaris .............4. 22
Zygeena minos and nubigena, differ-
ENCES DECWEEN........+ ser seereeseeeenees 33
Xvil.
NEUROPTERA (in the Linnean sense).
PAGE
Apatania mulicbris ......cccscceoeseeeee 113
Atropos divinatOria.......s0..0cseceeceeere 180
Boreusibrumallignessenscaesecsssiectsares 132
Hires oe asadegaeeshesectesedeesise 132
LUV ATES! aeeD GoOCagndLoOsoRR 133
WICSEWOOCI Siscncoseesevallicinrtice 132
Caccilius)Dalitih. sl setsoteccses neato 272
HAVIAUS) ancsasdecsscaceemmmneece 271
fASCOPLELUSh sees sceoseelceeeets 272
ODSOLSUIE) sc. useeseseccliessdencsas 271
OCICS. selenseeeces ese 270
Elipsocus flaviceps....... iste ae ecmncats 275
Any alinUseessscteaesecee cera 275
TMIpUNctatus :.........0..c00e- 274:
West WOOGIIN neces ceses scene 274
Lachesilla fatidica .........scscscssecseees 196
Lestes MacrostigMa .s.rseecseseeereees 141
Peripsocus alboguttatus ..........s..eee 273
pheopterus .........s.eeseeee 273
Psocus bipunctatus .....seerseesecseeeeees 243
fASCIAGUS Hs aeais dos oee doesent 230
HaKO)U9) GarMooagoooHENOGAcNS GenGeToC 244
NEDULOSWUSt es eeoeces sashes 243
quadrimaculatus......s.s.eeeeeee 242
SCXPUNCLALUS 000. ee sersereeeeeeee 241
VATICZATUS .eececececeseesseronens 230
Psoquilla margine punctata .........++- 197
Gialis fuligin0sa ......sesseeeeeeeeeee eee 95
Sisyra Dalii........sssscessseseeeeeeneeeeee: 68
FOLININDTS te deceekeddeddeaweectae 68
Stenopsocus cruciatus ...-...sesssseeees 244,
immaculatus .......66 see. 244
TICE VOSUN tesiectiectsaealdaneiials 244
XVlil.
INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE
Bakers Grosses cme ttatiisiy alsiesiesieteleoote hanes 45
Barrett, C. G. ...19, 37, 42, 118, 114, 186,
209, 289
Bates, H. W., F.Z.8. ......49, 85, 133, 152
Birchall, E. ...2, 31, 57, 73, 105, 110, 128,
145, 169, 202
Black burns.d. LEvstcenemnccansae vackme saeco 262
Blackburn ls cen..esee 92, 93, 116, 117, 139
Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., M.A....... 206, 207
TAHT WADE ge NRE SOAP 17 Le 47, 213
Terragen MINE ASE ae Sa on du dondusenopcoBcoqeo: 206
Buckler, W.......... 68, 112, 136, 137, 188,
208, 261, 276
Butler, A. G., F.Z.8. ......19, 53, 76, 165,
174, 221
(Chima) ally (O nadacoonobuscepnaceocrndac 90, 263
amin VELONS.esacnayesacssadearast 207, 235
Carrincton, Te Je 2. iss sqeeye9se 45, 111, 236
(hrapoman PAL eML Der csceeemeesacultewineis 94,
(Clenjon@ebals WG Sopsonsacsdcnsee st rnusescdocorer 251
‘ETS f5y gTLDs 206, 216
(Ohara sy) LEO Been eeretaanc seme ceAnncrceaene 190
TORUS NaH nyt Gael. tl DB ABS Ar gl
TDs isos ea Oe een eee a aone 263
ZO rivals blest en eee eA LE a 187
Doubleday, H. ...67, 68, 91, 235, 236, 257
Douglas, J. W.":....+...0006..18, 25, 91, 200
TOD ARV cei ciehion creer cattensichioneres sossiecete seine 163
BieMNG BA Shs, aves naddenuacs savenuciests 184.
Forster, J. A. ...... : 278
HAV CIMA siteceNacib crest sisieceiacnstticiepinesisar = 110
REAITICVS: IWVs.. ciacesncc snc se lauappadacryesnate ne
Gad renee ccs accicelsenisic 70, 204, 205,206
Greene, Rev. J.,,M.A. .,.... 286, 253, 256
(Ciepstoul, (Gb 135 cnanancencocencpepneaneneronce 252
scorer EtAc even sestndc ses cess 132, 165
TelGhanvascb) 04 Ma fink G A) ee a A Aenea om! EL
TELS tae ASE Fee ane REET A 280
oaleys(Ositicunsvseaseresctvesyieec 36. 7, 27, 61
Heard ersaiGad 4a aitcnevens se -caieoloo
Hellins, Rev. J., M.A...... 44, 69, 112, 118,
159, 185, 191, 210, 289, 259, 260, 278
MAG RIOp Wusjes coacearecesen ewes steseeccilaetes 260
Hodgkinson, J. B. ......0e 22, 37, 111, 138
PAGE
HMlopley,, Hes. .tdectqaaescseass non ssemennen 88, 211
Horton, Rev. E., M.A. ......... 22, 111, 112
Le hots (6 Eyed De aanesacanrmnoceinoacadeson ies dish e
Engram; dis. cdsuscchddehanaee ssa cusnaeaenee 213
Jordan, R.C.R., M.D.......20, 41, 109, 251
Bieby, We Bosessteibessese ltl Ae 261
Knages, H. G., M.D., F.L.S. ... 1, 37, 110,
163, 176, 202, 217, 278
Tacy, Gi. "FE Vsvcscecdcnesassaateeeeeneetires 279
Lawless, Hon. Hmily ii. 5. 0..0.3.js0c00 2 kOe
Haver, EH. ... ssiedeawsensane teeter Ome O
Hewis;: Gin’... Jcssssnecaeueastaneamenseee 117, 189
Llewelyn, J. T. D., M.A., F.L.8....20, 263
ongstatf, G.I, .ecceuearseaeneuanaces 138
McLachlan, R., F.L.S.......68, 70, 95, 113,
137, 141, 157, 166, 177, 194, 226, 241, 270
MeNab, W. Re ....capageseseaemarenaie tees 46
Mathew, Gr cH. STs. sop uavameetienaaane 163
Marshall, Rev. T. A., M.A....9, 29, 82, 92,
103, 118, 125, 149, 190, 193,
197, 218; 223, 246, 265
Mceks Hwicceecsssnaehes 69, 91, 116, 163, 186
Miers Aner ss iear atte Sean ctanetss siete 114, 213
Riffard, B.......00» Jgelyousn sad sgessie een 110
Prest,) Wyiisstiedavunsvasntnetaudeastep es 186, 231
Ra ronoty his wecnssn-loeelengessiss castes 95
Rothneys G:vAl er ast csesenciaetesents 235
Rye; ECan 21, 47, 63, 101, 121, 139,
163, 189, 214, 215, 231,
249, 250, 251 ;
Sooth, Tees isle tire ates eater lele secdal ete 13
Sharp, D. MOBGF Wes. coletidccharbidebecines 164
Smaith, Hy WeOiiieaevenssececeaccesees 181, 279
Stainton, H. T., P.L.S......45, 54, 79, 97,
115, 116, 257
Todds Rev Hh Hv Ape re sce 20, 183, 210
Tylden, Rev. W., MA, tic. eccssscsane 140
Ul yett; Hee ccccpccmeneeiereecesemsccstencer 90
Verrall; Go Bisietenaedenuuteteresneecodveetied Os
Waterhouse; clsAte cccmesmsaiiestas 67, 164
Whelan, J.'Weeatvivcascaseetaceenstee Loe
Zeller; Prof, PiCivetiseereredesureesecatere a!
xix.
LIST OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED IN
THIS VOLUME.
COLEOPTERA.
PAGH
Cryptophagus Waterhousei, Rye 101, 232
Elater coccinatus, Rye ......... 233, 249
Homalota eremita, Rye ............ 123
Saundersi, Rye ......... 121
Lesteva Sharpi, Ryé .............. 124
Oxypoda rupicola, Rye ......se000 66
HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA.
Iassus corniculus, Marshall ...... 119
rupicapra, Marshall..,...... 30
HYMENOPTERA.
GENUS.
ORESBIUS, Marshall .........000seeeee 193
SPECIES.
Aneurhynchus nodicornis, Marshall 225
Cryptus brevipennis, (Desvignes)
iikipestoadl, = sagepene eaecaceoasccacdes
Galesus ceecutiens, Marshall ...... 225
Oresbius castaneus, Marshall...... 193
Paramesius belytoides, Marshall.. 224
LEPIDOPTERA.
GENERA.
METACHARIS, Butler ......ccccsceeeees 174
METAPHELES, Bates ........0ssceses8. 155
SPECIES.
Apatura Athalia, Butler ............ 76
Catagramma Faustina, Bates...... 134:
Guatemalena, Bates.. 134
pacifica, Bates......... 135
Charis argyrodines, Bates ......... 154
Czenonympha Ceres, Butler ...... 78
Cyllo Crameri, Butler ............+4+ 77
Deedalma inconspicua, Butler...... 77
Debis Embolima, vale M.S.)
LOW ef reda ents sts vs dues cai ans'siaae 77
Dicrorampha flavidorsana, Knaggs 176
186
Dircenna xenos, Bates,.............. 50
Hresia peecilina, Bates .............. 133
Eueides leucomma, Bates ......... 88
PAGE
Eunica angusta, Bates.........-.++65 135
Hurygona Chrysippe, Bates ...... 154
Heliconius Albucilla, Bates......... 88
formosus, Bates......... 87
Melicerta, Bates ...... 87
Octavia, Bates ......... 86
Hesperocharis costaricensis, Bates 49
crocea, Bates ...... 49
Heterochroa phylaca, Bates ...... 135
Ithomia adelphina, Bates ......... 52
callispila, Bates .........+6 85
heraldica, Bates.....-...... 51
hippocrenis, Bates... ..... 51
Spruceana, Bates...(note) 52
Xanthina, Bates............ 52
Melitzea atronia, Bates ............ 133
nigrella, Bates ..0......++ 133
Mesene argentea, Bates ........... 154
Mesosemia carissima, Bates ...... 153
Metacharis Batesii, Butler ......... 175
regalis, Butler ......... 175
Metapheles Dinora, Bates ......... 155°
Nymphidium azanoides, Butler... 221
Dorilis, Bates ...... 156
epiplatea, Butler ... 222
preclarum, Bates... 156
Olyras Theon, Bates .....csceservee 50
Paphia aureola, Bates ...........0+6 152
chrysophana, Bates......... 152
Scoparia basistrigalis, Knaggs ... 1
ulmella, (Dale, M.S.)
Knaggs). cian
Symmachia rubina, Bates ......... 155
Taygetis sylvia, Bates............+-. 153
Theope basilea, Bates .........++++6 155
Thyridia Melantho, Bates ......... 50
Tithonea umbratilis, Bates......... 86
NEUROPTERA.
Apatania muliebris, McLachlan... 118
Cecilius Dalii, McLachlan ......... 272
Elipsocus Westwoodii, McLachlan 274
XX.
ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH INSECT FAUNA NOTICED IN
THIS VOLUME.
COLEOPTERA.
PAGE
AANARA AIDING ..sediseseeccoorareeres 92, 94
Anthicus flavipes (?) .......cec00.0. 233
Anthophagus pyrenzus ....., sothive 139
Bryoporus rufus (?)..........scsc0ee 66
Cryptophagus fuscicornis ...,..... 102
Waterhousei......101, 232
Hlater coccinatus ....,.......+.- 233, 249
Epurzea variegata ........0.cscseses 93
Hiosvathrigie ts. Te .. ccovaesaccces 251
Homalota eremita ee L ZS
Saundersi ...........000. 121
Woaihridins filam esses sse ee sssseee 46
IDeStevanSbAarpilenesderenseerasa+ sa cee 124
Missodemai gorata fis. o..cteses.. 0s e0e 141
Meligethes Kunzei ..............000 4'7
OChTOpUsil. wares eee 47
Omalium:Heerii 80/0.) 600..0883 93
Oxypoda rupicola.......... 66
SOLON Sacre catecieeiasieaivecwes 66
Philonthus tenuicornis ............ 139
Stenus glacialis ......5....secesccee 21
HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.
Corixa dimiitatian.. itech desatidedsee vee 15
preusta 26
Hydrometra Costa .....6.....ceeeeee 25
odontogaster ......... 25
Salda Flori ... 13
ATT OLIO, (aie swash ciwaisis seeeoccmaeeaes 13
HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA.
GENUS.
PECOITGOMBDRIA ogecsase sca csdeceess cre 149
SPECIES.
PAETANTA VOTIORD oces<jeneonleonnenivo='ai 150
Delphax bivittatus ................5 269
elegantulus (2) .......... 269
thoracicus......... Soa gconke 269
Hp LeKyes APICAlIS spare eng econ icesene 220
HaWAPSMNIS! seeeesentceries 219
Germari 266
LLY GMIGIA Ree desnias avers ce 220
ULCUNACLULS Fh sv sate v'us'sis i 265
Eupteryx parvulus ......
scutellaris ye. sn: -s-mense
signatipennis
Tassus antennatus ...........-.0+0+
brevipennig ,..........
cormiculugiy. eseace:
rupicapra
CU i en
7-notatus
Semen e weer eneeeee
Striatolus aaa ereeeere
abylatas’::.,.a.sapesices seses
ventralis
Pee tee eee ree eweeeesee
virescens
Tettigometra impresso-punctata..
HYMENOPTERA.
GENUS.
ORESBIUS.
SPECIES.
Aneurhynchus nodicornis
Cryptus brevipennis
eee
Galesus ceecutiens ................0:
Oresbius castaneus .........:cs.emes
Paramesius belytoides
eee eeeerenetes
LEPIDOPTERA.
GENUS.
APLASTA,
SPECIES.
Aplasta ononaria............
Dicrorhampha flavidorsana.........
Nepticula centifoliella...............
Scoparia basistrigalis
ulmella
Stigmonota leguminana
sete e re weree
Tortrix Ochrean ane aessseeeeeeEe eee
Xylina Zinckenil,..............0 163,
Zygeena Minos
Pee ee eee eee eee eee eee
NEUROPTERA.
Apatania muliebris .............06
Ceecilius Dalii
Clothilla picea
Elipsocus Westwoodii
eee eee eee eee eee
Se iy
Psoquilla marginepunctata......,..
PAGE
220
246
24:7
30
270
119
30
126
84
10
270
103
149
225
190
225
193
224
othe Se Ne eee - aden lal
a
XXi.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Atropos divinatoria, pl. 2, fig. 1
Ceecilius Dalii, pl. 2, fig. 6
¥ (neuration of), pl. 2, fig. 13
Charis (antenna and palpus of) . : , P : : ; ; : 174
Clothilla picea, p. 2, fig. 3
FF pulsatoria, pl. 2, fig. 2
Diantheecia Barrettii, ne ty figs 7
PAGE
capsophila, pl. 1, fig. 9
x compta, pl. 1, fig. 8
Elipsocus flaviceps, pl. 2, figs. 9 and 10
Eupeecilia albicapitana, pl. 1, fig. 1
Galesus ceecutiens . : : : : : s : é ‘ 224
Gelechia tarquiniella, pl. 1, fig. 2
Lemonias (antenna and palpus of) : 5 ; 5 Z : ; : 174
Lithosia caniola, pl. 1, fig. 4
Metacharis (antenna and palpus of). : : : , . 2 : 174
Oresbius castaneus. : : : : . ° : : - , 193
Paramesius belytoides a : : 2 : . . : ‘ 223
Peripsocus (newration of), pl. 2, fig. 4
55 alboguttatus, pl. 2, fig. 8
Psocina (tarsi of), pl. 2, figs. 15 and 16
Psocus (proper ; newration of), pl. 2, fig. 11
Psocus fasciatus, pl. 2, fig. 5
Psoquilla marginepunctata, pl. 2, fig. 4
Scoparia ambigualis . c : c : : : - c 3 lL
s basistrigalis .
- ulmella ‘ ; ‘ : 4 ‘ : ‘ ‘ : ; 217
Stenopsocus cruciatus, pl. 2, fig. 7
ro (neuration of), pl. 2, fig. 12
Tinea confusella, pl. 1, fig. 3
Zygzena minos, pl. 1, fig. 5
a3 nubigena, pl. 1, fig. 6
REVIEWS.
The Practical Entomologist: Philadelphia : :
A Catalogue of Phytophaga, Part I.—Rev. Hamlet Clark : : : ‘ 23
Ailanthiculture.—A. Wallace, M.D. : : ; : . : ; 5 47
The Record of Zoological Literature ; 1865 . A 2 5
“ British Bees.’—W. EH. Shuckard : - é : ; : : . 142
my)
| 5 Tate ‘i hsahgide “ |
UT La 1h aN hey Bite ae
; aoa ae an at Sg iy aioe
‘ Marin . ny Tyg Ko aphid is.
; i or eo ‘ae hls init iy wietn d mitt is AL er
f ‘i : P ae | :
, bn
A gat: if hey ate he Shin ve
: 5 4 } 7 LG Ad iy! eit she A ek ha, ole Lice h
fi rp : ares 5a ts ed ¥ + eat FERN
are yl eh ili ) int a Ta a
: wi) . gi 4 ny ones Mi
nt " ; aurer stall By ly
| ; Esty ; * ' on my Wf, Cee ‘ty a
; | hha ‘ tH Oth eisted
sed pel ans 2 AO
‘et } i chy Hin ae fl
Bi iW - 4 hei
x ee ae
ie ‘ a
i | i ii ‘ Fi ip
4 ‘a ? > rata bake hia at” : issue f Mleatp i Diy vi a
aah | EL ere re ae ol Se iiaiesniapii ts me
; ak il esi Pas dvpatiaivt a ykaiphuh Lan rf
Bait (Mig na abhi inns a ‘deceit it ne
SEA Ee be Mee ty ie Riu inetd oom "|
VO net) Mon TET.
DESCRIPTION OF A BRITISH SPECIES OF SCOPARIA (EUDOREA) NEW
TO SCIENCE.
BY H. G. KNAGGS, M.D., F.L.S.
SCOPARIA BASISTRIGALIS, n. sp. Alis anticis, apicibus rotundatis et mar-
ginibus apicalibus fere verticalibus, sub-rhomboideis, canis, nigro-
erroratis ; strigis basalibus conspicue nigris ; lineis primis costam
versus obliquis ; secundis denticulatis, albido-marginatis ; margin-
ibus apicalibus punctatis ; ctliis saturatiore regulariter intersectis :
posterioribus candidis, sub-hyalinis, vie. fusco tinctis.
Exp. alar. feminis, 92'"-10}""; maris, 9'"-92"".
Habitat : Surrey, Sussex, Worcestershire.
Fore-wings in both sexes broad, of rhomboidal shape, having
the apex, rounded and the hind margin nearly vertical—ground colour
i clear greyish white,
thickly sprinkled with
numerous black atoms.
Basal area with two
short distinct black
Tens nastatrigatis. 2. S. ambigualis. streaks passing from the
base of the wing along the sub-costal and median nervures respectively,
the edge to the space preceding the first line generally paler. First line,
commencing obliquely from the costa, passes backwards and inwards to
the orbicular stigma, thence forwards and inwards to meet the claviform
stigma, which is incorporated with (not detached from, as in some of
the genus) this line, and finally with an S-like bend, reaches the inner
margin. Medial area; the orbicular and reniform stigmata are situated
on patches of dark fuscous colour, the black outline of the latter (the
reniform or 8 mark) forming an @-like mark. Second line rather
serrated, two of the serrations situated above the middle being promi-
nently produced towards the hind margin. Aprcal area: in this space
the edging of the second line is pale whitish-grey ; the upper and lower
dark shades usually join; hind margin of wing dotted; the pale cilia
cut up at regular intervals with square patches of dark-coloured scales.
Hind-wings silky-white, with a very slight fuscous tint.
June, 1866.
9 ‘ [{June,
The only species with which Se. basistrigalis can possibly be con-
founded is Se. ambigualis ; but the greater width of the fore-wing, giving
the appearance of its being actually shorter, the rounded apex, and
especially the vertical apical margin, together with the distinct basal
streaks, the oblique commencement of the first line, &c., are amply
sufficient to separate it from that insect.
I believe that Sc. basistrigalis will be found pretty generally mixed
up with Se. ambigualis in collections. I detected several examples,
both g and 9, among a number of Scoparie forwarded to me for
investigation from Haslemere, by Mr. Barrett. Mr. Bond, a few years
since, noticed the insect in some numbers at Tilgate Forest ; but, con-
sidering it at the time a variety of ambigualis, contented himself with
the capture of only two or three specimens. Mr. Horton has also sent
me this species for identification from Worcester ; and I have noticed
it mixed up with Sc. ambigualis in some of the collections to which I
have had access.
I may add that in a future number of the Magazine it is my
intention to make an attempt to smooth the difficulties which beset the
study of this interesting but much neglected little group; and that
Mr. Rye will draw on wood most of our indigenous species, for the
purpose of illustrating my proposed paper on the subject.
Kentish Town, May 9th, 1866.
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND.
BY EDWIN BIRCHALL.
Ten years having elapsed since the publication by the Dublin
University Zoological and Botanical Association, of lists of Irish
Lepidoptera, drawn up by the Rev. Joseph Greene and the Rev. A. R.
Hogan, together comprising 636 species, I venture to offer the following
revised and extended list, in which 961 species are recorded as indige-
nous, amongst them seven species not known to occur in Great Britain.
Much has yet to be done before a catalogue, even approximately
complete, can be prepared; still I hope that a record of the present
state of our knowledge of the distribution of Lepidoptera in Ireland
will not be without value as a basis for future observations, and the
sooner it becomes obsolete the better will its purpose be answered.
“Enough if something from our hands have power,
To live, and act, and serve the future hour.”
I have been unwilling to reject any reputed indigenous species
which could be retained with the least show of reason ; and in some
1866.) 3
cases species have been retained on the strength of very old and solitary
observations ; but the authority on which this has been done will, I
hope, be held fully to justify the step. That the observations of the
late Dr. Ball and Mr. Tardy are in many cases unconfirmed, proves, in
my judgment, not the absence of the insect, but merely the want of
observers; and until there are resident entomologists in every part of
Treland the indigenous species can never be otherwise than imperfectly
known.
Where only one or two localities are named, it is not intended
that the reader should infer that the insect does not occur elsewhere,
but simply that there was no further information at my disposal.
The list is still a very meagre one compared with that of English
Lepidoptera ; but when it is considered that an addition of upwards of
300 species has resulted from the very partial exploration of small dis-
tricts in Dublin, Galway, and Kerry; that three-fourths of the counties
of Ireland, including the whole of the great province of Ulster, and the
extensive coast line of the island, except a small portion near Dublin,
are up to the present time terra incognita, I think the idea which has
been entertained that Ireland was singularly barren and unproductive
in this order of insects, must be given up; it has probably arisen from
the circumstance that the Lepidoptera are not by any means so
generally distributed as in England; over a large portion of the island
grazing farms now extend, wood of any kind is very scarce, and stone
walls take the place of hedges ; such districts are not likely to possess
a rich lepidopterous fauna; but in very restricted localities, and under
more favourable conditions both species and individuals exist in extra-
ordinary numbers. As a rule, if you take a species in Ireland you may
take it in plenty, but you run a great risk of overlooking it entirely by
missing the precise spot where it alone occurs. The lists of Zortrices
and Tinee have been drawn up by my friend C. G. Barrett, and though
undoubtedly still very incomplete, include 150 species not previously
recorded as indigenous.
DIURNI.
Lrvcopnasia stnapis—Abundant near Galway and at Killarney ; but
has not been noticed in Ulster or Leinster; only a June brood has
been observed.
Preris cratmeai—Mr. Greene inserts this species in his list on the
authority of Mr. Hely. Ihave not met with it, and am unable
to say where it occurs.
» BRAssic®#—Generally distributed.
» RAPE— do.
5, NAPI— do.
4, {June,
ANTHOCHARIS CARDAMINES—Common in May, 1860. I observed this
species in myriads at Sligo, reminding me of the migrating clouds
of tropical Oallidryas.
GoNEPTERYX RHAMNI—Killarney ; apparently confined to the south of
Treland.
Cotas EDUsA—Common in some seasons on the South and East
coast; occurs more rarely north of Dublin. In profusion at
Killarney in August, 1865.
HYALE—In same localities as preceding species, but less fre-
quently.
ARGYNNIS PAPHIA—Common. Is very abundant at Killarney and in
the county Wicklow.
5 AGLAIA—Common ; especially so on the sea-coast near
Dublin.
LATHONTA—Killarney, in the lane leading from Muckross
to Mangerton, near a limestone quarry on the left of the road,
August 10, 1864.
MELITmA ARTEMIS—Common; Galway, Killarney, County Wicklow. -
ATHALIA—Killarney, abundant.
99
VANESSA URTICH— Common.
POLYCHLOROS P—A specimen seen near Galway in 1861, but
as the insect was not captured, and has not been observed
elsewhere, I insert it doubtfully.
”
Jo—Common in Leinster, Munster, and Connaught; but
apparently rare in Ulster.
ANTIOPA—A specimen captured near Killarney, July, 1865,
by W. G. Battersby.
VANESSA ATALANTA—Common everywhere.
of carpuI—Do. ; often to be found on the summits of mountains.
EreBia casstope—CroaghPatrick, near Westport. The locality for
this species is about half way up the mountain on the Westport
side, in a grassy hollow where a little hut is erected for the shelter
of the pilgrims. I captured a fine series here in June, 1854.
SATYRUS HGERIA—
MEG EHRA— ;
eels 2 Nd, Generally abundant throughout the island.
5 JANIRA-—
TITHONUS—County Wicklow, and near Cork.
HYPERANTHUS—Rather local. I observed it in profusion near
Galway and in Malahide Park.
1866.] . 5
Cuorrosius Davus—Common in Galway, Mayo, and Kerry. All the
Trish and Seotch examples of this insect which I have seen
are the typical form of Davus of Fab.; they may be dis-
tinguished from the variety which occurs on the bogs of
the north of England by their larger size, and by the more
or less complete absence of the ocelli on the under-surface
of the hind-wings: the English variety is the Rothliebu of
German authors.
= PAMPHILUS—Common everywhere.
THECLA RUBI—Common Dublin, Wicklow, and Kerry.
» QUERCUS—Do. do.
»» | BETULm—Very common in the lanes and roadside hedges ot
the south and west of Ireland in August, frequenting the flowers
of the bramble, and settling the moment the sun is obscured,
when it may readily be taken with the fingers ; has not been
noticed in Ulster or Leinster.
PoLYOMMATUS PHLZAS—Common.
Lycana xGon—The Murrough of Wicklow, and near Ross Trevor.
. AGESTIs— Dundrum, near Dublin.
o ALEXIS—Common everywhere.
“a corypDoN—Mr. Greene inserts this species on Mr. Hely’s
authority. I have not met with it.
_ ALSUs—Very common in Galway; also occurs near Belfast,
and on the Portmarnock sand-hills.
; araioLtus—Generally abundant throughout Ireland where
the holly, on which the larva feeds, is a very common tree.
Nemeogivs tucina—In Mr. Tardy’s collection, now incorporated with
that of Trinity College, Dublin, there are specimens of this insect,
but I am unable to say where captured—most probably in the
county Wicklow, a district he searched assiduously for many
years. I have not met with the insect.
THANAOS TAGES—Hitherto only noticed near Galway.
Hesperius sytvanus—The Murrough of Wicklow.
qe LINEA—Powerscourt and near Cork.
It thus appears that only 43 of the 64 British Butterflies have
been observed in Treland. The 21 absentees may be thus classified,
following the divisions of Mr. H. C. Watson’s “ Cybele Britannica”: —
Argynnis Euphrosyne— 3 species of the “ British Type,’ so called
» NSelene— from the universal diffusion of the species
Syrichthus alveolus— throughout Great Britain. I have little
-doubt all three will eventually be found in Ireland, especially as
they occur in Scotland, from whence Ireland seems, to a large
extent, to have derived its insect population.
6 (June,
Phecla w-album— 5 species of the English type; none of them
Lycena Acis— occur in Scotland except A. Adippe. The
» Arion— others are most abundant in the south
Vanessa c-album— of England, and all decrease in frequency
Argynnis Adippe— northwards.
Papilio Machaon—-
Pieris Daplidice —
Thecla pruni—
Polyommatus Hippothie—
Lycena Adonis—
Liminitis Sibylla—
Melitea Cinzia—
Apatura Tris—
11 species of the “ German Type,” also
all absent from Scotland, and mostly
attached to the south-eastern portion
of England.
Arge Galathea—
Hesperia Paniscus—
» comma—
Hesperia Acteon—One species of the “ Atlantic Type.” It is not
improbable that this insect will be found on the south coast.
There is no part of the British Islands in which an Atlantic type
of fauna and flora is so strikingly developed as in the south-western
portion of Ireland.
Erebia blandina—One species of the ‘Scottish or Northern Type.”
As this insect is widely spread over the Northern part of Great
Britain, and abounds in Argyleshire almost within sight of the
Irish shores, I confidently anticipate its discovery in Ireland. I
have never collected in Ulster, where it is most likely to be found.
Enjoying, as Ireland does, a milder climate than any other portion
of the British Islands, the absence (if it should prove such) of the
foregoing 21 Butterflies, of which 16 are also absent from Scotland, is
a remarkable circumstance; and I know of nothing in the physical
condition, or in the flora, of the island, to account for it.
In the present imperfect state of our knowledge of Irish Lepidop-
tera, perhaps it is premature even to hazard a conjecture as to the
cause; if, however, we suppose the separation of Ireland from England
by the formation of St. George’s Channel to have taken place previously
to the introduction of the bulk of the present fauna, and a connection
to have existed with Scotland toa later date, it will offer an explana-
tion of the northern character of the Irish fauna which is very strongly
marked even in the extreme south of the island at Killarney, amidst
conditions of climate and vegetation offering the most complete contrast
with Scotland within the limits of the British islands.
(To be continued.)
1866. ] 7
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ECONOMY, MOULTING, AND PUPATION OF
A LARVA OF NEPTICULA AURELLA, TOGETHER WITH SOME
REMARKS RESPECTING THE HABITS OF THE PARASITE OF
THAT SPECIES.
BY CHARLES HEALY.
Early in 1863, I spent some time in the pleasurable study of the
economy, &c., of this little bramble miner, and I noticed that it was
rarely that any two larve agreed in their markings during the period
of moulting, and in some few instances the differences were very great.
On several occasions, after carefully following a larva through its
moulting, &c., my studies were abruptly terminated, just as the larva
was about to enter the pupa state, by the sudden appearance of the
larva of a parasitic Hymenopterous insect. The parasitic larva
emerges at the back of the head of the Mepticula larva, and then, ap-
plying its mouth to the hole through which it emerged, it proceeds to
absorb the juices of its victim, till there is nothing left of the unfortunate
Nepticula larva but the dry empty skin. The parasitic larva is then
full fed, fat and plump, there being just sufficient nourishment in the
body of one larva of WV. aurella to supply it with the proper amount
of food.
The aureila larva whose moulting, &¢, I am about to describe,
was collected in the last week of January, 1863. The day after I had
it in my possession, it left off feeding, and remained perfectly quiescent
in its mine, when all the colour and markings on the head disappeared,
and on the anterior portion of the body of the larva were two reddish-
brown lines, at an angle of about 60°, and ending with a dull red
blotch; the head and all the parts of the body situate between the two
angular lines having a semi-transparent appearance ; the remainder of
the body dull yellow, the dorsal vessel being invisible.
In this position the larva remained for the space of ten days. At
the end of the first week in February, the mouth of the larva became
brown, and on the back of the second segment there appeared a square
dull reddish patch. The next day the back of this segment became
decorated with two faint brown triangular spots, margined with darker ;
these two triangular spots were followed by a couple of longitudinal
lines, having a dull reddish blotch at their bases (the dull red blotch at
the ends of the two reddish-brown lines had then disappeared). Two
_days later a pair of reddish-brown spots became visible on the back of
the second segment, and were immediately followed by a small reddish
blotch.
8 (June
On the 10th of February, the entire surface of the mouth turned
dark brown, and all the various spots and markings on the anterior
portion of the body of the larva became merged in one general dull
blotch. The larva then re-commenced feeding, but at first very slowly,
and appeared to be in a very weak and languid state. As the food
passed into the stomach, the anterior portion of the dorsal vessel
(which before the larva began feeding was invisible) became tinged with
green, and after a short interval its posterior portion assumed a darker
tinge. As soon as the larva has refreshed itself with a little food, it
rested for a time, and, during this interval, threw off the old covering
of its head. (On one occasion, as soon as a larva began feeding after
moulting, I watched it narrowly, from the instant it swallowed the first
mouthful of food to the moment it ejected the first pellet of “ frags,” and
found that it occupied precisely half-an-hour, thereby implying that it
requires that amount of time, after deglutition, for the food to be
digested, the nutritious properties extracted, and the coarse indigestible
portion finally ejected as “ frass.”)
After this partial moult, the larva, as if trying to make up for lost
time, fed with remarkable rapidity, its jaws being in constant motion ;
and as it ate its way forwards, the anterior portion of its body became
stouter. By the time the larva had fed for a space of six hours, it had
so far extended its mine as to enable it to withdraw half of its body
from its old skin, and then the “ frass” gradually began to accumulate
in the partially thrown-off skin, the latter serving as a receptacle in
which the “ frass’’ was deposited ; and as the larva moved the extremity
of its body about within the walls of its old skin, the “frass” was
distinctly observable as it fell pellet by pellet.
The “frass’’ did not flow in a continuous line to the extremity of
the body of the larva, but appeared in pellets at the base of the ante
penultimate segment; each pellet then slid gradually down till it
arrived near the centre of the penultimate segment, when it seemed to
be taken in charge by the branched portions of two darkish coloured
muscles, and conducted to the point where the remaining portions of
the muscles lay parallel with each other down the posterior portion of
the penultimate and the anterior portion of the anal segments; these
muscles then immediately expanded, and received the pellet of “ frass,”
and guided it to their extremities, and then deposited it near the
middle of the anal segment, out of which it gradually slid, and became
intermixed with the other pellets of “ frass” in the mine.
(To be continued.)
1866. ] 9
AN ESSAY TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH HOMOPTERA.
BY THE REV. T. A. MARSHALL, M.A.
(Continued from page 268 of vol. 2.)
Subg.—Arnuysanus, Burm.
Two only of the species referred by authors to this section have
fallen in my way, but it is probable that several more will be found to
exist in Great Britain, a considerable number being described by Flor
and Kirschbaum. That the method of making divisions of intermediate
value between genus and species is a bad one, few entomologists will be
likely to dispute. It is not, however, so much the object of these
sketches to deal with genera and reform systems, as to apply the existing
materials, such as they are, to the recognition of our species. The
sections of Burmeister are therefore introduced in this place, although
they can only be regarded as a provisional and occasionally useful
device for ascertaining the names of insects. The single character of
distinction in the group Athysanus consists in the assumed absence of
the membranaceous prolongation of the hemelytra. It is true that in
some species this appendage is nearly obliterated, but in others it is
plainly to be seen, although small; while some of the genuine Jassi are
equally defective in this respect. The Athysani, in fact, would be as
well merged in one or other of the co-sections, according to the form of
their vertex and general habit.
14,—Tassus (A.) argentatus, Fab.
Pallide fusco-testaceus. Vertex late rotundatus, angustus, medio
non productus ; linea inter oculos incurva nigra, cui sepe additur alia
posterior brunnea. Frons nigro-cancellata. Clypeus et lora nigro
tenuiter limbata. Pronotum antice linea transversa, medio obtusangula,
impressum ; post hanc lineam transverse rugulosum. Abdomen nigrum,
segmentorum margines et latera (9 etiam segmenta tria ultima
maximam partem) testacea. Hemelytra ¢ abdomen celantia; cellule
fusco-marginate ; membrana brunnea :— ? abdomine conico, acuminato,
breviora, cellulis vix fusco-marginatis; membrana concolor. Pedes
pallidi, coxze et femora plus minus nigro-maculata; tibie postice intus
nigro-lineatze. Long. ¢ 2, 2 34; alarexp. ¢ 4, 2 5 lin.
Cicada argentata, Fab., Ent. Syst. 4, p. 38 :—S. R. p. 77, 72.
Jassus argentatus, Burm., Gen. fig. 2—Boh., Ofv. 1845, p. 156:
Handl. 1845, p. 28.
Tassus interstitialis, Germ., Mag. 4, p. 90.
10 (June,
Apparently an unusual species in this country, but once taken by
me in abundance on water plants growing in a shallow pond by the side
of the road from Ramsgate to Sandwich, in September.
15.—Jassus (A.) stylatus, Boh.
Pallide fusco-testaceus. Vertex angulatus, productus, sua inter
oculos latitudine quarta parte brevior, longior pronoto, apice supra
nigro trimaculatus, macula media maxima; inter oculos etiam striole 4
breves, sinuate, transversim 2 et 2 disposite, nigre; vertex apice
albidus. Frons late transversim nigro-trifasciata. Pronotum postice
sepe nigro lituratum. Scutellum vel basi media nigrum, vel concolor.
Hemelytra abdominis tertiam tantum partem obtegentia, fusco-testacea,
immaculata; ale abortive. Pedes plus minus fusco-maculati et
lineati. . Long. 14 lin.
Athysanus stylatus, Boh., Handl. 1847, p. 31.—Flor, R. L., 2,
p. 276.—Kirschbaum, Athysanus—Arten, p. 14, 18.
This species has the facies of a Deltocephalus, with its elongate
vertex, flattened above, and short body, of which at least two-thirds are
uncovered by the hemelytra. It differs widely from the preceding,
which has the vertex even more broadly rounded than that of the
following sub-genus, and seems very ill-placed in the section Athy-
sanus. A. stylatus may be found, but very seldom, on the dry parts of
Wimbledon Common, in August.
Subg. ITI.—Tassvus, Fab.
The following is a tabular view of the 18 species known to me up
to the present date :—
I. Hemelytra apice attenuata, acuminata.
a. Cellula apicalis longissima, linearis, tota
USCA acca tecbc 2 z eae ..attenuatus, Germ...(16).
aa. Cellula ere tees Fusion ‘macula intus
Hiya ina y, ci ctense.cs ocea ane pleaser eee ..rupicapra, a. sp...(17).
II. Hemelytra apice non ait vix adtentinta, ‘rob eat,
A. Yertex medio quam lateribus haud longior ;
pronoto dimidio nunquam longior.
a. Caput cum oculis pronoto latius ...... striola, Fall...(80).
aa. Caput cum oculis pronoto haud latius.
b. Vertex medio et lateribus equilongus,
sue inter oculos latitudinis quadrantem
non excedens. Caput cum oculis pronoto
angustius. (Minimus, corp. long. 1 lin.
Ale apice infuscate.) ...............pumetatus, Fall...(33).
1866.)
bb.
Vertex medio paulo longior quam
lateribus, sux inter oculos latitudinis dimi-
midium equans. Caput cum oculis pro-
noto zequilatum.
Cc.
Frons ab antennarum insertione
ad clypeum usque sua ipsius inter an-
tennas latitudine brevior. Hemelytra
striolis plurimis brevibus, transversis,
nigris, sepe confusis ...............matus, Fab.
ce.
Frons ab antennarum insertione
ad clypeum usque sua ipsius inter an-
tennas latitudine non brevior. Hem-
elytra atomis rubris dense con-
SPOTS Ae aeien ete ec ohiss sjardisg sie names cruentatus, Fall.
d. Vertex inter oculos maculis 2
nigris rotundis notatus. Prono-
tum postice leve ........punetifrons, Fall..
dd. Vertex maculis rotundis nul-
lis. Pronotum postice transver-
sim rugulosum ............atomarius, Fab..
AA. Vertex medio longior quam lateribus, sub-
angulatus.
a. Antenne corpori longitudine equales ......
antennatus, Boh..
aa. Antenne corpore breviores.
§ Species parve; corp. long. vix ultra
1 lin.
1.
2.
Seutellum immaculatum.
* Vertex nigro 4-maculatus, (sed
macule interdum desunt). Cly-
peus quadrante brevior quam
frontis inter antennas latitudo ...
quadrinotatus Fab.
** Vertex semper immaculatus.
Clypeus non longior quam frontis
inter antennas latitudo ...virescens, Fall.
Seutellum nigro-maculatum.
* Hemelytra transversim irre-
gulariter fusco bifasciata. Vertex
11
C10):
..(28).
(19).
(22).
(18).
(28).
..(27).
[June,
maculis 4 equalibus, nigris, ro-
tundis ....0.....00... 400-0... variatus, Fall...(82).
** Hemelytra haud transversim
fasciata, rarius longitudinaliter
fusco-striata.
+ Vertex maculis pluribus
quam 4 nigris. Abdomen
nigrum. Hemelytra rarius
longitudinaliter fusco-striata
sexnotatus, Fall... (29).
++ Vertex maculis 2 minori-
bus interocularibus, necnon
2 majoribus in fronte, rotun-
dis nigris. Abdomen flavum,
medio supra nigrum. Heme-
lytra immaculata. septemnotatus, Fall...(31).
§§ Species majuscule: corp. long. 2 lin.
et ultra.
1. Hemelytrorum cellule nigro-mar-
ginate, ocellatée ............+0+-+- striatulus, Fall. (24).
2. Hemelytrorum cellule non nigro-
marginate.
* Frons maculis 4 distinctis
NIGTIS ........-.+4-++...---Splendidulus, Fab...(20).
** Frons haud nigro distincte
maculata.
+ Supra pallide viridis, vel
sub-rufescens, cellulis imma-
culatis. Frons haud nigro-
lineata. Scutellum immacu-
latum...............0.....prasinus, Fall...(26).
++ Supra rufo-brunneus,
cellulis quibusdam obscuri-
oribus, brunneis. Frons ni-
gro-lineata. Seutellum nigro
varium ...............subfusculus, Fall...(25).
(To be continued.)
1866. 13
ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH FAUNA (HEMIPTERA).
BY J. W. DOUGLAS AND JOHN SCOTT.
(Concluded from page 276 of Vol. 2.)
Section II.—OCULATINA.
Famity 1.—SALDID.
Genus 1.—Satpa, Fab.
Species 9.*—Satpa Morro.
Saztpa Morro, Zett. Ins. Lap. 267, 3 (1848).
Deep black, shining, without hairs, and generally spotless; the ¢
with yellow legs.
Head—4delicately crenate-punctate. Antenne with very fine hairs,
some of which project; in the ¢ the Ist joint yellow on the upper
side. Rostrum black, piceous at the apex; labrum yellowish or
yellow.
Thorax—Pronotum narrow in front; sides nearly straight, their margin
narrowly reflexed ; hinder angles prominent ; anterior margin and
the transverse furrow behind the callosity of the dise with a row
of punctures, the callosity with a central fovea. Scutellum at the
base somewhat flattened, delicately punctured, the central depres-
sion sub-quadrate, wide, not very deep, finely shagreened, posterior
to this the disc delicately transversely crenate. Hlytra :—Clavus
narrow, punctured more distinctly and more crenate than the
corium ; Coriwm sometimes with 2 or 3 fine yellow streaks in the
middle; Membrane concolorous with the corium. Legs, in the ¢
yellow, the ends of the thighs and tibie and the last joint of the
tarsi, black,—im the 9? entirely pitchy black ; ¢/bce with short,
strong hairs ; tars? with fine close hairs.
Length 24—2¢ lines.
One specimen in Dr. Power’s collection, taken in Scotland by Mr.
Robert Hislop ; four taken at Scarborough by Mr. T. Wilkinson; and
one from Mr. Somerville, locality not recorded.
The name of this species is incorrectly quoted by us in the
“ British Hemiptera” as a synonym of SV. littoralis.
Species 13.—Satpa Ftort.
Satpa Frort, A. Dohrn, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxiv., 393 (1868) ; xxi., t. 1,
fig. 11 (1860).
Black, broad-oval. Head, eyes, pronotum, and scutellum glossy.
Antenne black; 1st joimt in both sexes on the apical 3rd, and
14 {June,
in the ? the 4th joint, except the base and apex, orange yellow.
Oorium with fine, erect, black hairs; anterior margin entirely yellow,
the colour extending broadly and angularly inwards on the basal half.
Legs yellow-brown.
Head, especially the face, with fine golden hair. Antenne black,
finely haired; 1st joint, in both sexes, on the apical 8rd, and the
4th, in the 9 only, except the extreme base and apex, orange-
yellow. Rostrum light piceous ; labrum black, punctured.
Thorax—Pronotum convex, trapezoidal, narrow and constricted in
front; sides depressed, flattened, but a little incrassated, the
margin scarcely reflexed ; anterior callosity large, with one deep
impression ; the transverse furrow of the disc deep, filled with fine
golden hairs; the sides and posterior portion of the dise with
erect, fine black hairs. Scutellwm rather convex, with a few fine
golden hairs; the central depression not very deep, foveate.
Elytra dull velvety-black; Clavus with fine, close, appressed
golden yellow hairs, and a thin white streak inwardly below the
apex of the scutellum ; Coriwm broad, outwardly much rounded ;
anterior margin rather wide and reflexed, yellow throughout ;
disc with fine, erect black hairs; on the basal half the yellow
colour extending from the margin inwardly as far as the nerve, in
the form of a long triangle, which is intersected by an oblique
black or brown dash, the black ground colour then extending almost
at a right angle to the inner side of the yellow margin, like a large
blotch, the outer margin of which recedes considerably before the
apex, which is left broadly yellow: below the blotch, close to the
posterior margin, a conspicuous, large lunate white spot; higher up
are two small white spots nearly in a line transversely, another
very small one near the apex of the clavus contiguous to a greyish
blotch, and one or two more or less distinct on the inner side of
the chief nerve. The disc is set with long, rather distant, fine,
black, erect hairs. Posterior margin black or piceous. Membrane
clouded, brownish-yellow, with broad black nerves and one or two
blackish spots between them: exterior to the nerves the margin
is concolorous with the disc, except that from the first nerve a
black blotch extends to the extreme margin, and below the apex
of the corium the colour is clear yellow. Legs yellow-brown,
finely haired; thighs with spots on the inner side, light-brown on
the 1st and 2nd pairs, black and forming a streak on the 8rd pair ;
tibie narrowly black at the apex, ¢arsz, 38rd joint black, piceous at
the base.
1866. ] 15
Abdomen—black, beneath with fine whitish pubescence.
Length 2 lines.
Taken by Dr. Power, near Hammersmith Bridge, in March and
May. This is the species of which, in the “ British Hemiptera,” p. 534,
we stated that Dr. Power had taken two specimens which in some
respects differed from S. elegantula. Dr. Power having captured more
examples, we were convinced it was distinct, and proposed to describe
it under the name of 8.” pulchra; but Dr. Fieber, having seen two
specimens, thinks it is probably 8. Flori of Dohrn, and although there
are slight differences between his description and our examples, we
conclude that they are not sufficient to establish a new species.
CRY PTOCERATA.
Secrion 5.—CORIXINA.
Famity 1.—CORIXID &.
Genus 1.—Corixa, Geoff.
Species 9.*—CorIxa LIMITATA.
CorIxa STRIATA, p., Zett. Ins. Lap. 284, 2 (1840).
Corisa LimrTata, Fieb. Syn. Coris. No. 25 (1848) ; Spec. Coris. 35,
42, t. 2. fig. 20, pale (1851) ; Europ. Hem. 95, 19 (1861).
Above blackish-brown, with pale yellow transverse markings,
slightly shining. Pronotwm with 7— 8 fine yellow lines, mostly entire ;
Clavus with rather wide, parallel, yellow lines throughout ; Coriwm
with irregular markings, interrupted inwardly and posteriorly, and
outwardly on the basal half, by a longitudinal black line ; line of the
membrane-suture indistinctly yellow. Zibie of the g short, swollen
on the upper-side; Pale of the g short, broad-cultrate, rounded
above, oblique at the base.
Head pale yellow; Crown sometimes brownish posteriorly ; Face, in
the ¢ the depression obovate, reaching to the frontal angles of
the eyes.
Thorax.—Pronotum slightly rounded at the sides and apex ; dise with
7—8 fine, yellow lines, mostly entire. Hlytra:— Clavus with rather
wide, straight, yellow lines throughout, broader and more distinct
on the basal half; Coriwn with fine, close, irregular, confused
transverse markings, interrupted posteriorly and mwardly by a
16 (June,
longitudinal black streak, and by. another finer one on the basal
half close to the edge of the anterior marginal channel, to which
latter only a few of the transverse black markings extend ; anterior
marginal channel clear pale yellow, its inner margin with a black
line, at the end of the embolium an indistinct dusky spot, and a
larger and darker one towards the apex ; line of the membrane-
suture indistinctly yellow ; Membrane glossy, with somewhat broad,
confused, hieroglyphic markings, more regular, straight, and trans-
verse on the inner margin, the rest of the margins broadly black.
Sternum black, side lobes pale yellow. Legs pale yellow ; 1st pair
short, curved, in the ¢ much swollen on the upper side; pale, in
the g short, broad-cultrate, rounded above but oblique at the
base, on the under-side a little sub-angularly widened at the base ;
in the ? roundly-cultrate, narrow, regular; 2nd pair, ¢ibie indis-
tinetly brownish at the apex ; 3rd pair, cilia of the tarsi black.
Abdomen—beneath, dusky yellow; in the ¢ the first three or four
segments, in the 9 the first two, except on the sides, black ;
genital segments black at the sides.
Length 24—22 lines.
A few examples taken by Dr. Power in Parkhurst Forest in July,
and at Ditchingham, Norfolk, in August.
This species comes next to C. semistriata, which it much resembles
in many respects.
[ We observein the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for November
that Mr. E. Parfitt has described an insect under the name of Capsus
miniatus as new to science, and, as he says, returned to him by us as
such. We certainly did examine it, and expressed an opinion that it
might be extra-European from its having been found in the Nurseries
of the Messrs. Veitch, at Exeter, but beyond this we said nothing.
Had it remained with us a little longer it would have been forwarded
to Dr. Fieber along with other insects we were about to send, in order
that he might, if possible, identify it. Capsus miniatus, although
belonging to the Section Capsrna, is not a Oapsus, but stands near to,
if not identical with, the Genus Dioncus of Fieber, Europ. Hemip-
tera 268. |
[It having been pointed out that the name Sphyracephalus has been
previously used in a Genus of Dipterous insects, we propose to substi-
tute for it that of Sphyrops. |
1806. | 17
On 4 NEW METHOD or COLLECTING MICRO (AND OTHER) LEPIDOPTERA.
BY C. @. BARRETT.
The extreme sensitiveness which many of the Tineina, and
especially the Gelechie, exhibit to the slightest breath of wind, must
often have attracted attention. Let a Gelechia or Depressaria be ever
so snugly ensconced in a chink of bark, or among grass roots or rubbish,
a puff of air is sure to send it skipping and darting about, to find a
sheltered place to hide in. For this reason, those species that frequent
tree trunks are only to be found on the sheltered sides, where they
often creep close into the chinks of the bark for greater security.
This peculiar sensitiveness makes it easy to capture them, by
placing the net in a suitable position, and blowing sharply upon the
tree trunk, when the moths will start off at once, and be intercepted by
the net.
I have adopted this plan with some little success during the last
two seasons, the greater portion of species taken being among the
Tineina, but several other families being represented.
In May I obtained by this method Ornix torquillella and guttea and
Trifurcula pulverosella, from apple trunks; Nepticula argentipedella
and aurella, from birch ; Nepticula Tityrella, from beech ; Lithocolletis
tristrigella and Schreberella, Buceulatrix Boyerella, and Nepticula
marginicolella, from elm; and EHupithecia abbreviata, Leptogramma
literana, Micropteryx Thunbergella, Gelechia aléella and luculella,
Coleophora murinipennella, Bucculatrix ulmella, Nepticula atricapitella,
ruficapitella, subbimaculella, floslactella, and salicis, from oak; many of
them in some numbers.
Nepticula sub-bimaculella continued common on oak trunks in June,
and I found a lot of Gelechia fugitivella on a wych elm, to the bark of
which they bore such a resemblance that it was very diflicult to see
them until they darted off.
It was in July and August, however, that I found blowing the tree
trunks most productive. Elm trunks produced Cerostoma vittella com-
monly ; sycamore, C. sequella ; oak, C. alpella; and apple, C. scabrella.
Psoricoptera gibbosella tumbled off the oak trees in numbers, and was
to be found till the middle of September. From apple trunks I
obtained Oleora lichenaria, Gelechia umbrosella, and G. rhombella in
plenty ; and, singularly enough, two specimens of Depressaria pul-
cherrimella, almost the only Depressaria I ever saw on a tree trunk.
Eudorea resinalis and mercuralis, and Grapholitha nisana, occurred on
elm trunks; Eudorea truncicolalis was plentiful on firs, and Laverna
is {June,
sub-bistrigella on one little group of spruce firs. This species and
L. decorella were also occasionally to be found on oak trunks, from
which also I took Eudorea cembre and truncicolalis, Leptogramma
literana, Pedisca profundana, Grapholitha Paykulliana, Tinea argenti-
maculella, Gelechia sororculella, Lyellella, maculea, tricolorella, gemmella,
and the pretty novelty, Knaggsiella, Chelaria conseriptella, and Tri-
furcula atrifrontella; and once I was startled by blowing off —what I
might have seen had I looked more closely,—Liparis monacha.
The success of this mode of collecting depends, as will readily be
supposed, in a great measure upon the weather. Ifa steady breeze is
blowing, it is often very productive ; while, if it is stormy or gusty,
hardly a moth can be obtained,—they doubtless get puffs of wind on
all sides of the tree; if, on the other hand, it is still and hot, they
have no need of the protection of the tree at all.
I hardly need say that some little strength of lungs is almost
indispensable. Indeed, it is impossible to avoid some inconvenience
from constant puffing; and I have often been almost stupified with
headache for a short time, when I have kept too closely at it.
One great advantage of this plan is that such things as Cleora
lichenaria, Leptogramma literana, Psoricoptera gibbosella, and Gelechia
fugitivella, which so exactly resemble the bark or lichens of the tree
that it is next to impossible to detect them upon it, can be collected
with perfect ease, and those that creep close into the chinks of the
bark can be persuaded to come forth, while it is obviously easier to
box them in the net than on a tree trunk.
Haslemere, 17th January, 1866.
Note on hybernation and moulting of Anthrocera trifolii.cHaving never before
reared from the egg any of the Burnets, I watched with much interest a brood from
a batch of eggs sent me by Dr. Knaggs in the summer of 1864; and I have made a
note of one or two things, which struck me as deserving notice. The larve were
hatched about the end of July, and fed and grew slowly till the beginning of winter.
Those I had in 1864 were about 2 lines in length when their hybernation com-
menced, but another brood which I had in 1865 were half as long again. Having
made up their minds that winter was coming, these larvee congregated together in
two or three little companies on the side of their glass cylinder, and spinning—each
for itself—a firm foothold of silken threads, put themselves side by side in position
for their long fast. Up to this time they had been of a green tint, with rows of
black spots, and this colouring was not affected by the variation in the size, which
in the different years they attained before ceasing to feed ;—but for winter wear
there came in a new fashion altogether: they became semi-translucent to look at,
1866 ] 19
and in colour dirty white ; their rows of spots changed to reddish-brown, a pair of
small dots only on each segment being black, and their bristles seemed more
prominent. And seeing them in this dress at such a time, one could not help
thinking that it was meant to assimilate them whilst torpid to the withered stems
of their old food plants.
Some time in February they began to part company and to feed again, and not
long after—having moulted--they appeared in a greenish-grey coat, with a row of
pale primrose spots on each side of the dorsal rows of black X-like spots. Finally
the ground colour became much more vivid, either of a bluish-green or else of a
rich yellow-green, but the rows of black spots on the back retained their X-like
form, and this seems to me to be one of the chief distinctions by which this species
may be known from filipendule, these dorsal rows in the latter being formed of a
broad and a narrow black spot alternately. Their cocoons may be distinguished
by their colour—that of trifolii being yellow, while that of filipendule is white.
By the way, has it been recorded before that Burnet larvee cast their skins, not
by creeping out of them through a split in front, but simply by standing still, and
bursting them open all down the middle of the back? and singular they look just
at the change, with half their old coat lying in a crescent-shape on either side of
them.—JouHN HELLINS, Exeter, February 7, 1866.
Note on Lithocolletis mines in Sorbus torminalis.x—Last winter I found Litho-
colletis mines in the upperside of leaves of Sorbus torminalis. These produced, as
might have been expected, Lithocolletis corylifoliella. I have also found the mine
of this species in leaves of Sorbus avia.—C. G. Barretr, Haslemere, Jan. 17, 1866.
Observation on two species of Harma.—In the last part of the “ Exotic Butter-
flies” Mr. Hewitson has figured and described a female insect, belonging to the genus
Harma, under the name of H. Hypatha, and states that it is placed in the British
Museum Collection as the female of H. fumana, of Westwood ; he also makes some
remarks on their non-resemblance, and concludes by considering it a distinct
species.
We do not, however, possess the species figured by Mr. Hewitson, and I think
the insect which, in our collection bears the name of H. fumanaw §, is undoubtedly
the female of that species. It agrees with the male even more closely than some
of the allied species do.
H. fumana 2 Westw. differs from H. Hypatha 9 Hew. in having the hinder
margin of the front-wings distinctly lobed below the apex: in pattern and coloration
it differs as follows :—
Front-wings above with the row of white spots much nearer the centre of the
front margin, no red band within the cell.
Hind-wings ; markings much less distinct ; outer margin clear, ochreous, as in
the male, with no broad marginal brown border or sub-marginal waved line.
Front-wings below with no central red band, white spots as above.
Hind-wings; central red band much more irregular and less distinct ; the rest
of the markings as in male, but less distinctly defined.—A. G. Burner, Assistant,
Zoological Department, British Museum.
20 ‘ (June,
Food of Boarmia rhomboidaria.—I wish to substantiate what Mr. Horton says
about the food of this insect. Here it occurs in abundance, the larve always feeding
on ivy. I have reared numbers on this plant, and never found them take other
food.—H. Hatuerr Topp, Windrush, Eastern extremity of the Cotswolds.
Notes on Variation.—Thanks to Messrs. Davis and Ingall for their communica-
tions in Nos. 21 and 23 of the “ Magazine” respectively. I agree with the latter in
preferring constant varieties to a chance aberration from the type.
On referring to my Notes in No. 11 of the “ Magazine’”—a year ago—I find I
omitted one species, Tephrosia crepuscularia of Stainton (biwndularia, Dbd.), which in
this locality is subject to a very fine and tolerably constant variation. This consists
not in size, but in colour which is an uniform smoky dark grey, in which the
indented whitish sub-terminal line is conspicuous.
The species is common here, and I have taken the variety regularly, but in
limited numbers, for some years past; and this year I am glad to say I have a few
ova from a dark female.
As Stainton, in his Manual, gives Manchester as one of this species’ favourite
haunts, and as that district is well worked, perhaps some of your readers would kindly
inform us if the variety I have described occurs there also.
The numbers in which I have observed the variety may be stated roundly
at 1 in 25 or 30 of the usual colouring..-Jonn T. D. LiEWwELyN, Ynisygerwn,
Neath, April 11th, 1866.
Notes on “‘ double-brooded”’ insects.—Warmth, when coupled with an abundant
supply of good and nourishing food, has clearly so much to do with rapidity of
development, that almost any insect may be forced by artificial circumstances into
having a second brood during the same season, thus, I lately had Orgyia gonostigma
producing two, and Clostera anachoreta producing three broods in one year. Without
doubt a hot summer may and often does perform the experiment naturally for us,
and for the same reason (like the “‘ biferi rosaria Pesti’”’) an insect is often double-
brooded in a hot climate, when in a colder region there is only one brood in the
year. Polyommatus Argiolus certainly appears twice a year in the south of England,
but seems only to appear once in thenorth. There seems another and more obscure
cause of a second brood, where there is in some individuals a very brief duration in
the pupa state, this stage of development seeming almost, as it were, hurried on
unnaturally. This never happens to a whole brood, but only to single individuals,
and there is some evidence that the reproductive organs are often in these cases
not fully perfected. Insufficiency of food seems also to retard development to a
_ certain degree, but its natural effect is probably rather to lessen the size of the
specimen—bred specimens of some insects especially are always small, and un-
usually diminutive examples are sure to be recorded in dry summers. I do not
mean to infer that these are the only causes of these effects, but that they are
amongst the chief causes I have no doubt. Another curious fact connected with
this twofold appearance of some insects is the difference between the size and
colouring of the two broods, the most familiar example being that of the common
turnip white butterfly, Pontia rape, but the most striking being that of some species
of Cynipide, the history of which cannot, however, be said to be as yet completely
1366. 21
worked out. As far as colouring is concerned, there seems to me some ground for
the hypothesis that light is the chief agent, and that the chief time of its producing
this effect is during the larva state. There is much ground from analogy for this
belief, and some from actual fact. If we take Pontia rape for example, we find that
the autumn brood, i.e. those whose larvae are exposed to the greatest duration of
sunlight, are the most abundantly supplied with pigment scales. For the same
reason boreal varieties, where the larvee are summer feeding, are generally darker
than more southern examples. We must bear in mind that light produces its effect
in a twofold manner—by intensity and by duration. Now, in any animal whose
life is for a year, as the actual quantity of daylight is equal all the world over,
intensity alone is brought into play ; but this is not the case with a larva living
only, perhaps, for one or two summer months. That the chief period in which this
is caused is during the larva state I presume from the fact that shutting up pups in
dark boxes has no evident effect, and that many Noctue (as X. lithowylea for
example), whose pups are always excluded from light, are yet strongly subject to
boreal variation. That rapidity of development in the pupa state does not produce
the difference may be easily proved, as the chrysalides of P. rape, if kept in a very
warm place and perfected, before Christmas even, are always of the light variety
or Metra. It must be remembered that these thoughts are only given asa possible
hypothesis which may lead to the working out of an unsolved problem by calling
other experimenters into the field ; and it must be looked upon as very fortunate
that such a corpus vile as Pontia rape is provided for all who wish to work at
the subject.—R. C. R. JorDAN.
Occurrence of Stenus glacialis, Heer ; a species new to Britain.—My friend Mr.
R. Hislop, of Falkirk, has sent to me for examination a specimen of a conspicuous
Stenus, taken by himself on the 4th of last August, on the Cheviots ; and which I
am inclined, from the preponderance of characters wherein it agrees with the
published description of that insect, to refer to the S. glacialis of Heer (Faun. Col.
Helyv., P. I, fasc. 2, 224, 35; Kraatz, Ins. Deutschl., ii., 787, 58). On account of its
size, colour, general appearance, and build,—and especially its very slender legs
and antennz,—Mr. Hislop’s insect is primo vist strongly suggestive of S. lustrator,
and its allies with simple tarsi; but a close examination reveals the narrow and
small bilobation of the fourth joint of its slender tarsi. It is black, slightly metallic,
shining, sparingly and very strongly punctured; with thin long pubescence, and
testaceous palpi and legs, the femora (especially of the middle and hinder pair)
being broadly fuscous at the apex. The head is wide, with prominent eyes, and
very long and slender antennz, dark at the apex, and set with fine hairs,—the
3rd joint being twice as long as the 4th. The thorax is somewhat strongly con-
tracted behind, with a fore-and-aft abbreviated longitudinal furrow, and other slight
irregularities ; the elytra are rather depressed at the suture, and about one-third
longer than the thorax; and the punctuation of the abdomen, though deep and
strong for the most part, nearly vanishes towards the apex.
The long pubescence, especially pointed out by Kraatz as an efficient diagnostic
for this species, is not conspicuous in all parts of Mr. Hislop’s specimen, which is
rather abraded; but, towards the sides of the elytra, and elsewhere, it is very
evident.
22 (June,
Kraatz gives 1} lin. as the size of §S. glacialis in his diagnosis; commencing
however, his description with ‘‘ Nicht unbedeutend grésser als St. impressus,’—for
which he gives 2 lin. as the size. The 1} lin. is evidently a mistake for 24; Heer
giving 2%. Mr. Hislop’s insect is apparently a large female.—E. C. Ryb, 284,
King’s Road, Chelsea.
Note on Butalis incongruella.—April 20th I took about 30 specimens of this
insect at Witherslack, with the assistance of some boys; we had only occasional
gleams of sunshine, so I got the little fellows each to watch one until it settled
down, and then I went and boxed it; it was rather amusing to see them, and
reminded me of so many pointer dogs at work, for if the eye were taken off the insecti
for a moment there was no finding it again, as it would drop down among the
withered sprigs of heath.—J. B. Hop@Kinson, Preston, May 12th.
Cherocampa celerio in the North.—Whilst at Witherslack after some summer
birds on 20th April, I had the pleasure of getting a very fine celerio that was taken
last October, and a few weeks before I got a specimen at Carlisle, taken in October
on a window-sill. This specimen had not been so well used.—Ip.
Xylomyges conspicillaris.—I have now to announce the capture of two fine
specimens of X. conspicillaris, one on the 24th, the other on the 27th of April; also
the emergence of a crippled example of the same species. I am keeping a @ for
eggs, but at present have not succeeded in getting any.—H. Horron, Powick, near
Worcester, May 3rd, 1866.
Occurrence of Spilonota lwriciana.—At the same place where I took Eupithecia
lariciata last year, namely, Lickey Hill, near Bromsgrove, and at the same time
(May 24th, 1865,) I beat out from larch three or four Tortrices, which I thought at
the time were something different from 8. ocellana, especially as they were all
alike, which would not have been likely if they had been merely varieties. I have
since ascertained that they are undoubtedly the novelty Spilonota lariciana.—Ib.
Occurrence of Depressaria capreolella.—My friend, Dr. Hearder, took a few
examples of this variety in poorish condition this time last year, one at sallow, the
others flying in the sunshine by a warm hedge-side. I saw one yesterday, but had
no net with me, and did not secure it.—ID.
Lobophora polycommata at Bristol.—I have as yet done very little in collecting
here, but the capture of one L. polycommata may be worth mentioning, it being the
second example taken in the Bristol district.—ALFrep H. Hupp, 1, Gloucester Row,
Clifton, May 3rd, 1866.
eviews.
Tue Practicat Entomoxoecist ; a Monthly Bulletin published by the Entomological
Society of Philadelphia, for the dissemination of valuable knowledge among Agri-
culturists and Horticulturists.
We have only seen isolated numbers of this useful and somewhat novel
periodical (the last, No. 6, for March, 1866, extending to page 56). The enterprising
1866.) 23
Society from which it emanates deserves great credit for this attempt to disabuse
the minds of agriculturists and horticulturists of the many popular misapprehensions
respecting the insect pests by which they are injured and tormented, and to point
out to them the real history of these natural enemies, and the most reasonable
means of preventing or mitigating the evils they occasion, by an exposition of their
modes of life. Our own countrymen engaged in kindred pursuits would probably
find much in this periodical to interest and instruct them. We wish the Society
every success in its laudable undertaking. The price (50 cents per annum) at
which it is issued, cannot possibly recoup the expenses, and, with all justice, the
deficit is attempted to be made good by advertisements, which figure largely in the
later numbers. We would suggest that a little supervision as to the class of
advertisements inserted would be desirable; one or two savour somewhat of
quackery.
A CaTaLoGuE or PHyTopHAGA (COLEOPTERA, PSEUDOTETRAMERA), by the Rev.
Hamirr Crark, M.A., F.L.S., Part 1; with an appendix containing descriptions of
new species by H. W. Bares and the Rev. H. Chark; WiLitAms and Noreatr,
London, and A. DreyRoLue, Paris ; 1866.
To the names of our countrymen, Messrs. Clark and Baly,—so well known in
connection with the Phytophagous Coleoptera,—must now be added that of Mr.
Bates as a worthy fellow-labourer in the same field,—with the additional distinction
that the species he describes so well are of his own taking. The present part of the
above Catalogue comprises the Sagridw, Donacide, Crioceride, and Megalopide of
the world (giving many references to authors, synonymy, varieties, and localities) ,—
being the families included in the first volume of the Monographie des Phytophages
of Lacordaire.
Of these families 975 species are here registered, including 368 not known to
the latter author; and of these 158 are described in the appendix. The 2nd part
is promised as soon as Mr. Clark is sufficiently recovered from his recent serious
illness to be able to attend to Entomological matters.
The benefit of concentrating the attention to any particular group is here
exemplified to the fullest extent; and, from the differential characters given, it is
evident that no new species have been passed over by the describers.
EnromoLoaicaL Society or Lonpon. May 7th, 1866.—W. WiLson SAUNDERS,
Ksq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
W. Stavenhagen Jones, Esq., of 793, Gracechurch Street, and P. Green, Esq.,
of 11, Finsbury Circus, were elected Members.
Mr. Borthwick, of Alloa, sent for exhibition some dipterous larvee in the stems
of wheat, just above the root. These he supposed to be the larvee of Musca (Chlorops)
pumilionis.
Mr. McLachlan exhibited a cluster of four round confluent galls on the leaf of
a dead stem of probably Glechoma hederacea, found recently at Lewisham ; he con-
sidered them to have been formed by Aulax glechome, one of the Cynipide.
Mr. Bond exhibited, on behalf of Dr. Hearder, a singular variety of Cabera eran-
themaria (with the colouring of (0. pusaria).
24 (June, 1866
Mr. Saunders exhibited a singular cone-shaped nest formed of a leaf of some
Australian tree, and explained the method of its construction; he considered it to
be the nest ofa spider. Mr. Stainton remarked that the larve of the micro-lepi-
dopterous Corisciwm cuculipennellum formed similar cones on the leaves of privet.
Mr. Saunders also exhibited the case of Oiketicus from Australia, formed of twigs
arranged in a regular longitudinal manner, and proving that they were constructed
in three or four instalments, according to the requirements of the inmate, this latter
taking the precaution, when it enlarged the case, to provide beforehand for a con-
siderable increase of size.
Mr. Haward exhibited a collection of insects from Natal.
Mr. Layard, of Cape Town, said that he had been requested by the inhabitants
of James Town, St. Helena, to bring before the Society an account of the extra-
ordinary ravages of the white ants in that island. These insects had been intro-
duced some few years previously, and now prevailed to such an alarming extent,
that, unless some means were devised for their destruction, the whole of James
Town would be ruined. Various remedies had been tried without effect, and the
inhabitants had gone to considerable expense in importing cyanized timber from
England, but this had proved worthless, owing to the wood being insufficiently
prepared.
Mr. Layard also remarked that it was generally understood that the swarming
of bees was caused by insufficient room in the hives, but that in South Africa,
where large numbers of wild bees, allied to the honey-bee, live in large caverns
(the entrance to which they blocked up with a curtain of propolis), they invariably
swarm, though there could be scarcely any want of space. Mr. Tegetmeier said that
in England it had been found possible to prevent swarming by adding to the size of
the hive before the usual period arrived.
Mr. Newman sent for exhibition a number of larve, probably of Hepialus
lupulinus, found by Mr. Whittaker, feeding on the roots of coltsfoot, and infested by
a large fungus of the genus Clavaria, which had destroyed them; the mycelium of
the fungus proceeded from the anterior segments, and equalled in length that of
the larvee. Vide “ Entomologist” for May, and the “ Field.”
Mr. Stainton exhibited a large number of beautiful coloured drawings by Miss
Wing, representing the larve of various Tineina found by him during his recent
visit to Cannes and Mentone, including Acrolepia smilacella of Milliére, found on
Smilax aspera, Hyponomeuta egregiellus on Erica scoparia, Gelechia biguttella? on
Dorycnium, Prays oleellus on the olive—the true position of the last-named insect
had only been pointed out last year by Herr Kaltenbach of Aix-la-Chapelle, but
both in the form and habits of the larve, and in the form and even markings of the
perfect insect, it was manifestly closely allied to P. Curtisellus. Mr. Stainton also
exhibited a drawing of a Lepidopterous larva which he had found commonly,
gnawing the bark of Huonymus ewropeus in his garden at Lewisham, and which
lived in galleries, formed under the “ frass” and web left on the spindle-bushes by
the last-year’s larvae of Hyponomeuta ewonymellus ; he was uncertain as to what
species it would produce.
Mr. Janson exhibited a Coleopterous insect new to Britain, viz., Throscus
elateroides of Heer; taken by Messrs. Brewer and E. Smith, and Dr. Power, near
Rochester.
The Rev. Douglas Timins communicated notes on collecting at Hyéres, in the
south of France, during the first four months of 1866.
July, 1866.] 95
ABOUT AQUATIC HEMIPTERA; INCLUDING NOTICES OF NEW BRITISH
SPECIES, &c.
BY J. W. DOUGLAS.
The following have been recently taken, mostly in the spring, in the
localities named.
Hydrometra paludum, Fab.—About a dozen on an isolated pond at
Caterham, and a single one at Eltham. This, one of the largest
species, also remains one of the scarcest.
Hydrometra odontogaster, Zett.—This species, new to our lists, has been
taken at Gravesend, Lee, and Esher. It is smaller than H. lacus-
tris, which it most resembles, but the abdomen is black beneath ;
in the ¢ the last abdominal segment, on the under-side, is furnished
with two short, black, downwardly and forwardly projecting spines,
and inthe @? the first genital segment has a deep transverse furrow.
These characters are best seen, in both sexes, by a transverse view,
and by them the species is easily distinguished from all others.
Hydrometra argentata, Schum.—Mr. Scott and I were fortunate enough
to take several of this, the smallest European species, on a pond at
Esher, through which a stream runs. The characteristic silvery
scales on the hinder margin of the pronotum, conspicuous enough
in life, for the most part got removed by abrasion in the collecting
bottle. This may account for the want of any mention of them
by Curtis in his description, or of representation in his figure of
his H. apicalis, which is, nevertheless, identical with argentata.
Mr. Dale, who furnished Mr. Curtis with the example he described
and figured, had also the kindness to give me one, taken at the
same time and place, in which a trace of the white scales still
exists.
Hydrometra Coste, H. Schf—Mr. McLachlan took a single specimen
in Perthshire in June last, which I believe to be this species, new
to us, but I should like to see more examples and some of each
sex. I should therefore be greatly obliged if any collector in
Scotland this summer would capture and send to me any Hydro-
metre he may see, in the hope that this fine species may be among
them. It is rather larger than H. thoracica, is broadly red on the
middle of the pronotum, and is especially wide across the region
of the middle coxe.
Ranatra linearis, Lin.—In clay pits at Lee, and the pupa, covered with
mud, in a pond at Esher; so it would seem that the winter 18
passed by the insects while in an imperfect state.
26 (July,
Notonecta maculata, Fab.—This species, hitherto received only from the
West of England, has been found in clay pits at Lee.
Corixa Panzeri, Fieb.—Two or three ina pond at Esher. It is con-
siderably smaller than C. Geoffroyi, which in the character of its
markings it greatly resembles, but the lines on the pronotum are
less in number, straighter, and wider apart.
Oorixva affinis, Leach.—One only at Lee.
Coriza distincta, Fieb.—Common at Lee.
Corixa preusta, Fieb.—New to our list. A few taken in one pond at
Lee; it has also been found at Cowley by Dr. Power, both in
autumn and early spring, but one was first captured by Mr. Scott
at Eltham several years ago, and overlooked. It has not occurred
since April, although other species then existing with it remained
five or six weeks later; hence it may be deemed to be a species
that dies early in the season. The first joint of the yellow hinder
tarsi is traversed posteriorly by a broad black band (very clearly
seen on the under-side), which at once distinguishes this species.
Oorixa concinna, Fieb.—Occurs sparingly at Lee and Esher. The first
joint of the hinder tarsi has a large blackish spot on its inner side
only, not extending across it as in C. preusta, but spreading a
little only on the second joint, and being covered by the cilia, may
be overlooked.
Oorixa nigrolineata, Fieb—Abundant in ponds at Lee, Eltham, Esher,
&c., in spring, also in running water at Southampton in September.
Distinguished from all its allies by the dusky yellowish (not
blackish) cilia of the hinder tarsi.
Coriza semistriata, Fieb.—Scarce at Lee.
Corixa limitata, Fieb.—Common at Lee.
Corixa hieroglyphica, L. Duf.—Common at Lee. A constant and dis-
tinguishing character is the blackness of the last joint only of the
posterior tarsi.
Coriza Stali, Fieb.—Abundant in a ditch at Gravesend. It is much
like the following species, but is rather smaller, and the pleure and
parapleure are yellowish on the outside only.
Corixa lugubris, Fieb—Common at Gravesend and Lee. This species
has the sternum black, like the last mentioned, but the pleure and
parapleure are entirely light yellow.
1366.) 27
Mr. Scott took three species of Coriva at Dunoon, in May, of
which there will be more to say hereafter. Two are new to us; the
third differs a little in colour and marking from C. Douwglasi, Fieb., but
as that species was described from a single ¢, and all Mr. Scott’s are
2, there is just room for a doubt about the identity until some males
are captured at Dunoon; which event is “ on the cards.” I should be
very glad if beetle-hunters in Scotch waters captured Corixe also, for
I have great reason for hope that there would be new species among
them.
I believe I do not err in saying that all the Corive hybernate in
the perfect state, in the mud at the bottom of the water, as particles of
earthy matter adhere to examples taken in the early spring; but, as
Westwood has recorded in his “ Introduction,” they may sometimes be
seen moving about when the surface is covered with ice. In spring
and autumn they are most abundant ; in summer they are scarce, ex-
cept in the larva state. All the species love open water of which the
bottom is clear clay or mud, free from vegetable growth, although they
like to cling to the stems or higher leaves of aquatic plants ; some in-
habit indifferently running or stagnate water, others only the latter.
They often come to the top for air, but their usual habit is to swim
rapidly about near the bottom, frequently assembling near the margin,
whence they recede quickly into deeper water and to the bottom on the
slightest alarm. Therefore, he who would capture them should reach
beyond them with his net, force it at once to the bottom, and then draw
it towards him. The individuals of a species-are not only gregarious,
but several species usually live together ; yet though they are so mixed,
their respective characteristic markings are preserved wonderfully dis-
tinct, and the differences in the structure of the pale of the males,
peculiar to each species, are retained with undeviating regularity.
Lee, June 7th.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ECONOMY, MOULTING, AND PUPATION, &c.,
OF A LARVA OF NEPTICULA AURELLA, TOGETHER WITH SOME
REMARKS RESPECTING THE HABITS OF THE PARASITE OF
THAT SPECIES.
BY CHARLES HEALY.
(Continued from page 8.)
At the expiration of twelve hours, the larva succeeded in entirely
escaping from its old integument; the “frags,” instead of forming a
continuous line down the centre of the mine as it had done before the
28 (July,
larva moulted, then assumed a scattered appearance, this change in its
arrangement arising from the larva jerking its posterior segments about
each time it deposited a pellet of “ frass.”
The larva continued feeding for ten days longer, by which time the
dorsal vessel lost its green appearance, but could be traced by its faint
brownish outlines.
As the larva lay in the clear space which it makes in the mine
previous to quitting it, it appeared, judging from the movement of the
jaws, to be eating something, but though I watched it very closely with
a lens, I failed to detect the exact nature of the substance it was ap-
parently swallowing. The larva then being quite full fed bit a hole in
the leaf, which hole was exactly of the same shape and form as the front
and sides of the head of the larva, and gradually drew its body out of
the mine. The larva was then exactly four lines in length, and rather
more than half-a-line in width.
(The larva does not always spin up on a leaf or twig, nor even
amongst the leaves on the ground, several instances having come under
‘my notice in which the larva has penetrated the damp sand in the
breeding jar to the depth of more than an inch, and there spun its
cocoon. )
The larva under observation, directly it had crawled on to the sur-
face of the leaf, twisted and tossed itself about, as if not knowing what
to make of its new position; these gambles occupied some little time,
after which it set about the more serious work of fabricating its cocoon,
and began carpeting with silk the part of the leaf on which its body
lay curled up, twisting and twining itself about in all kinds of ways,
whilst constructing the flooring of its cocoon; when this was done, the
larva still keeping its body in the same cramped position and moving its
anterior segments backwards and forwards, gradually threw a number
of silken filaments over its body, fastenig them to the sides of the
cocoon flooring, thus imparting a slightly convex form to the cocoon ;
this formed only the frame-work of the cocoon, but the larva set
vigorously to work and continued spinning additional threads till, after
nearly nine hours of assiduous labour, it had entirely completed its
cocoon.
I find that a larva, if ejected from its cocoon at this period of its
existence, is not only unable to spin another cocoon, but does not even
possess the power of entering the pupa state, and, after lingering a few
days, ultimately dies.
The body of the larva, curled round as it was, occupied nearly the
whole of the interior of the cocoon ; a fortnight later its body had so
1866. } 29
much shrunk that it lay in the centre of the cocoon with much room to
spare. If the larva be allowed to remain in its cocoon till this stage of
its economy is reached, and it be then turned out, though it has no
power to construct another cocoon, it is yet able to assume the pupa
state, and being acquainted with this fact, I cut open the cocoon and
gently ejected the larva, when, on measuring it, it was found to be only
two lines long, and one line wide in its stoutest part, having thus lost
just half its length by the peculiar shrinking process it had undergone,
and the body was also of a paler yellow than it had been when in con-
structing the cocoon. ' At this time it lay quite motionless. The fol-
lowing day the head became slightly swollen, and gradually the four
anterior segments assumed the same swollen appearance ; the posterior
segments also became slightly swollen, but not nearly so much so as the
four anterior segments. Doubtless the convex form of the cocoon is
designed by the larva to allow ample room for this change in its form.
At this stage I perceived a pale reddish patch at the back of the
head, which I apprehended was the first indication of the reddish tuft
on the head of the imago.
The swelling of the anterior segments continuing, eventually caused
the larval skin to crack, and the larva then began to enter the pupa
state. The head had a pale reddish blotch on the back, but on the front
only the faint reddish outlines of a couple of spots were indistinctly
traceable. The larval skin slowly contracting, ultimately collected in a
little heap at the posterior end of the pupa.
(To be concluded in our next.)
AN ESSAY TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH HOMOPTERA.
BY THE REV. T. A. MARSHALL, M.A.
(Continued from page 12.)
16.—Jassus (1.) attenuatus, Germ.
Angustus, elongatus, albidus, nitidulus, longitudinaliter testaceo-
striatus. Vertex obtuse trigonus, transversus, pronoto brevior; apex
striis 2 brevibus punctisque totidem ante oculos lateralibus fuscis,
inconspicuis: supra lineis 3 testaceis. Pronotum lineis 5, scutellum 2,
longitrorsum ductis, testaceis. Hemelytra abdomine longiora, apice
perquam attenuata, lanceolata; nervi albi, interstitis linearibus, testa-
ceis; cellula apicalis elongata, fusca, cum cellula preecedentesub-infuscata
30 [July,
lineam longam constituens. Clavi apex interdum infuscatus. Abdomen
supra nigrum, basi late, apice anguste, testaceum. Pedes testacei ;
tarsorum apices, cum linea interiore tibiarum posticarum, fusci. ¢ ?.
Long. 2—2+; alar exp. 4 lin.
Lassus attenuatus, Germ. Mag., 4, 91, 31.
? TIassus tenuis, Germ. Mag., 4, 92, 32.
Amblycephalus nervosus, Curt., B. EH. 572, No. 7.
Lassus striatulus, Brit. Mus. Collect., nec Fallén.
The apical nervures of the wings are darkened, forming a fuscous
cross. The living insect has a pearly or metallic gloss above, and from
its pale hue, longitudinal yellowish-brown stripes, and narrow shape,
superficially resembles Delphax lineola, being also of the same size.
The hemelytra have no vestige of the apical membranaceous apendage,
and herein resemble those of the division Athysanus, Burm. Locally
abundant among grasses in several localities of the midland district :
on the railway embankment near Leicester,—on the islands near
Wakering, Essex (Curtis),— Milford Haven, with the following species:
Rare near London.
17.—Lassus (1.) rupicapra, u. sp.
Precedenti persimilis ; differentiis hisce abludit :—Hemelytra tertia
parte breviora, apice minus angustata, vix lanceolata, testaceo-hyalina,
nervis inconspicuis; cellula apicalis breviter oblonga, fusca, macula
intus pallida ; corii cellule plus minus fusco marginats, seu ocellate ;
costa late immaculata. Clavi apex tenuiter nigricans. Abdomen supra
nigrum, lateribus et apice segmentorum 2 apicalinm testaceis. ¢ 9.
Long. 1}; alar. exp. 3} lin.
Two sutural black spots, formed by the ends of the clavus, are con-
spicuous when the wings are closed. The membrane at its interior
apex presents a slight hyaline extension, as in Jassus proper. Numerous
in thick tufts of grass and among marine plants at the base of the cliffs
which surround Milford Haven, occurring all the year round.
18.—Jassus (I.) antennatus, Boh.
Pallide brunneus ; supra (excepto vertice) nitidus. Abdomen nigrum,
lateribus et apice testaceum. Vertex Deltocephali, apice nigro bipunc-
tulatus. Antenne prelonge, corpori equales; articulus 2dus basi
interdum nigricans. Pronotum transversim rugulosum. Hemelytra
abdomine longiora, apice rotundata, perparum angustata, pellucida,
1866. | SL
nervis distinctis, flavicantibus ; membrana appendiculata. Pedes testacei,
tarsis brunneis ; tarsorum posticorum articuli 1—2 apice subtus fusci ;
femora postica apice, tibiw postice latere interiore, nigro lineata. ¢ ?.
Long, 24; alar. exp. 5 lin.
Thamnotettix antennatus, Boh.. Handl. 1845, 1, p. 35.
I. antennatus, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 335.
Similar in appearance to J. 4-notatus Fab., but larger, of a colour
more inclining to brown, and with much longer antenne—the last
character separating it easily from all its congeners. Found in abund-
ance on reeds surrounding a pool near Leicester, in August and Sep-
tember.
19.—Iassus (L.) punctifrons, Fall.
Flavus, supra pallide brunneus, nitidus ; pectore, atque abdomine
supra, nigris. Vertex brevior quam apud precedentem, apice rotun--
datus, medio perparum longior quam lateribus, flavus ; maculz 2 inter-
oculares nigre, vitta rufo-brunnea plerumque connexe, (interdum he
macule in lineas products medio fere concurrunt) ; frons supra maculis
2 magnis sub-rotundis nigris, utrinque transversim nigro tenuiter can-
eellata. Pronotum flavum, antice bi-impressum, fascia obscura trans-
versa rufo-brunnea. Hemelytra brunnea, nitida, nervis pallidioribus ;
corii margo externus late hyalinus. Pedes testacei; tibiarum posti-
carum linea intus (raro), tarsorum posticorum articuli apice, fusci. ¢ ?.
Long. 1$—2 lin.
Cicada punctifrons, Fall., Hem. 2, p. 42.
Thamnotettia punctifrons, Boh., Handl. 1847, p. 33.
Tassus punctifrons, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 328.
This species is common in Epping Forest, frequenting apparently
several different kinds of trees.
(To be continued.)
THE DEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND.
BY EDWIN BIRCHALL.
(Continued from page 6.)
NOCTURNI.
SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS— Widely distributed, but apparently rare.
Ms poputi—Common everywhere.
ACHERONTIA ATROPos—Generally distributed, but not so abundant as
might have been expected in the metropolis of the potato plant.
32 {July,
SPHINX CoNVoLVULI—In 1859 very common in Dublin and adjoining
counties.
» Llaustri—Mr, Haliday has found the larve, but I am
unable to say where.
DeEILEPHILA GALII—Two specimens said to have been taken on the
coast (Mr. Greene’s list).
i: EUPHORBIH—lInserted in the list by Mr. Greene on Mr.
Hely’s authority, who observed the larve at Killiney. The
food plant, Euphorbia Paralias, grows abundantly on many
parts of the Irish coast.
LINEATA—Two specimens are in the collection of Trinity ~
College, captured near Youghal by the late Dr. Ball; and I
possess a pair taken near Killarney in 1864, hovering over
a bed of Petunias.
CH@ROCAMPA PORCELLUS— Widely distributed and common.
3) ELPENOR— Do. do. do.
MacroGrLossa STELLATARUM—Very common ; seems to be on the wing
day and night for the greater part of the year. It
frequently comes to sugared flowers in the evening, and
once, about midnight, it tapped for admission at the
lantern of the Bailey Light House, and was secured.
rs BOMBYLIFORMIS—Common in suitable localities, espe-
cially in the County Wicklow.
SESIA BEMBECIFORMIS— Common in the County Wicklow ; also occurs
at Howth.
ApPrFoRMis—Cork and Waterford; but has not been observed
farther north.
MYOP#FORMIS—Dublin and Cork.
rormMicmFormMis—Mr. Haliday. No information as to locality.
TIPULIFORM1s—Common near Dublin.
§COLIBFORMIS ?—I have observed traces of a Sesia in the trunks
of the birch trees at Killarney, which I believe to be this species,
but I have not yet obtained the insect.
Cossus LIGNIPERDA— Wicklow ; apparently scarce.
Heptatus necrus— Wicklow and Killarney ; common.
LUPULINUS—Common everywhere.
syLvInus—County Wicklow, by Mr. Bristow.
VELLEDA—Common everywhere.
A HuMULI—Do. do.
Procris statices—Generally distributed, and common.
1866. }
ZyamNa MINOS (Type) [Plate I., fig. 5 a]—Galway.
33
I captured a
considerable number of this insect in a pasture near Galway,
in July, 1860.
i. NUBIGENA (Variety) [Plate I., fig. 6 6|—Galway and Clare ;
local, but in profusion wherever found. The differences
between minos and nubigena are, I think, sufficient to justify
the separation which has been made by continental entomolo-
gists, and may be thus stated :—
Minos.
Imago appears middle of July ...
Frequents pastures ‘3
Expanse of wings, 13 to 14 in....
aie steel
blue.. 25 eA sree apa
ie — ‘The red costal
streak never meets or overlaps
the point of the discal or cen-
tral streak . Peck
Tendency of eae 18 ears
division of streaks into spots...
NUBIGENA.
End of June.
Rocky places.
1 in. 2 lines.
Covered with long, shaggy, dead
black hair.
Costal streak always meets or
overlaps the point of the discal
streak.
Tendency of variation is towards
a suffusion of the whole wing
with red.
The specimens of Zygena taken in Argyleshire, and noticed in the
Zoologist for 1861, p. 7716, as minos, are nubigena. I possess a pair
of them through the kindness of Professor Wyville Thomson.
ZYGHNA TRIFOLII—Galway ; local.
a FILIPENDULZ—Hverywhere ; but most common on the eastern
side of the island.
It occurs on the same ground as nubigena, but
in comparatively small numbers.
Nota cucULLATELLA—Common.
», ORISTULALIS— Wicklow, Dublin, and Howth; Mr. Barrett.
», STRIaULA— Killarney.
NvpariA MUNDANA—Common.
SETINA IRRORELLA—Common on the coast.
CaLLIGENIA MINIATA—Galway.
Lirnosta MESOMELLA —Mr. Greene’s list ; locality unknown.
x AUREOLA—Abundant at Killarney.
- HELVEOLA—Mr. Greene’s list ; locality unknown.
- cCOMPLANULA—Generally distributed.
MA RUBRICOLLIS—Do.
do.
canroua [Plate I., fig. 4]—Discovered by Mr. cabal in
1860, on the Hill of Howl : abundant, but extremely local ;
34 (July,
far as at present observed, it only occurs on one closely-sheltered
bank, although its food (Lotus corniculatus) grows everywhere on
the hill. The larva feeds at night on the flowers of the Lotws, pre-
ferring them to the leaves, though it will eat the latter in confine-
ment. On the Continent it is understood to feed exclusively on
lichens, frequenting the roofs of houses and churches. Lichens of
various sorts abound at Howth, but the larve do not appear to
eat it.
How this South European insect obtained a settlement on one point
of the Irish Coast, and in no other part of the British Islands, is a
curious problem in Natural History. The extreme sensitiveness of the
larvee to cold, the slightest frost (in confinement) proving fatal, gives
the idea of an insect not thoroughly acclimatized ; and it does not seem
improbable that it has been introduced in the larva state among moss
or lichen by some of the smugglers for which this part of the coast was
formerly notorious, and for whose repression a numerous coast-guard
is still maintained, as the entomologist who attempts to use a lantern on
the cliffs of Howth will soon find to his cost. The moth appears early
in August; it flies for about half-an-hour at dusk, and again in the
morning dawn. The males may be attracted abundantly by a bred
female, and both sexes come freely to sugar.
EUCHELIA JACOBHEZ—Very common.
CALLIMORPHA DOMINULA—Mr. Haliday ; locality not stated.
EUTHEMONIA RUSSULA—Abundant on the heaths of the south and west.
CHELONIA PLANTAGINIS—Generally distributed.
casa—Common.
FS vrLLicA—In Mr. Greene’s list; I have not met with the insect.
ARCTIA FULIGINOSA—Common.
MENDICA—Mr. Greene’s list.
LUBRICIPEDA—Common.
» MENTHRASTRI—Do., especially in the west.
Liparis CHRYSORRH£A— Common.
AURIFLUA— Do.
SALICIS—Do.
pDIsPAR—Dr. Ball. I have turned out large numbers of the
larvee of this insect among the Myrica Gale on the bogs at
Killarney.
monacHa—Not uncommon.
OrGyiIa PUDIBUNDA—Common.
4 ANTIQUA—Do.
)
99
”
1866.]
35
Dermas coryrI—Common.
TRICHIURA CRATHGI—Killarney ; but seems a scarce insect.
Pa@crinocamMPpa POPULI— Very common.
ERIOGASTER LANESTRIS—Not scarce.
BomMByxX NEUSTRIA—Common.
?
”?
9
CASTRENSIS—Dr. Ball. I do not know any locality for this
insect, and I think it possible Dr. Ball mistook a variety of
neustria for it, as no Irish specimen is extant.
RUBI—Common.
guErcus (Var. cALLUN/)—Abundant. I have not met with
the true quercis in Ireland.
TRIFOLII—Mr. Tardy is said to have found the larve. I have
not met with the insect myself.
ODONESTIS POTATORIA—Common.
ENnpDROMIS VERSICOLORA—Larve on alder at Powerscourt.
SATURNIA CARPINI—Common.
70 species only of the 108 British Moctwrni appear to have yet
been noticed in Ireland. The poverty of the list is most marked in
the Seside and Lithoside, of which 8 and 11 respectively of the British
species are absent.
It may also be noted that all the fen insects—
Macrogaster arundinis Arctia urtice
Nudaria senex Orgyia caenosa
Lithosia muscerda
appear to be absent.
GEOMETRA.
OURAPTERYX SAMBUCATA—Common.
EPIoNE VESPERTARIA— Wicklow ; Mr. Bristow.
9
APICIARIA— do. Powerscourt.
Rumia cRaTHGATA—Common everywhere.
Veninta MacuLata—Common, especially at Powerscourt.
ANGERONA PRUNARIA—Common.
MerTrocaMPA MARGARITATA— Very common.
Exboria FasctarrA—Howth and Killarney.
EvuryMENE DoLoBRARIA—Mr. Haliday’s list ; locality unknown.
SELENIA ILLUNARIA—Generally distributed.
9
LUNARIA—Powerscourt, by Mr. Barrett.
ODONTOPERA BIDENTATA—Common.
CROCALLIS ELINGUARIA— do.
36 (July,
Ennomos bErosarta—Cork and Kerry.
. ANGULARIA—Common.
HIMERA PENNARIA— do.
PHIGALIA PILOSARIA— do.
Nyssta zonartsa—Malahide. Larve from the Cheshire sand-hills
turned out here haye made themselves at home.
Biston HIRTARIA— Wicklow.
AMPHYDASIS PRODROMARIA—Do.
- BETULARIA— Common.
HEMEROPHILA ABRUPTARIA—County Wicklow.
CLEoRA VIDUARIA—County Wicklow, by Mr. Bristow.
» LIcHENARIA-—Generally distributed, and common.
BoaRMIA REPANDATA— do. do., and very common. The
variety conversaria, Hiibner, which has a broad blackish
bar across the middle of the wings, is common at Kil-
larney.
7 RHOMBOIDARIA—Counties Dublin and Wicklow ; but much
scarcer than repandata.
> cincTar1a—Common at Killarney.
m4 ROBORARIA—County Wicklow, by Mr. Bristow.
TEPHROSIA CONSONARIA—Common ; Wicklow and Kerry.
CREPUSCULARIA—County Wicklow, by Mr. Bristow.
& BIUNDULARIA—Dublin and Wicklow.
ites! puncTULATA— Wicklow and Kerry.
GworHos opscurATA—Generally distributed, and common.
Dasypra opFruscata—County Wicklow, by Mr. Bristow.
PsEUDOPTERPNA CYTISARIA—Generally distributed, and common.
GEOMETRA PAPILIONARIA—Common at Killarney; also in County
Wicklow.
NemorIa Virtipata—County Wicklow; Mr. Bristow.
Iopris VERNARIA—County Down ; do.
,, LACTEARTA—Generally distributed.
HeEMITHEA THYMIARIA—Galway.
Epuyra porata— Mr. Greene’s list.
ye PENDULARIA—Do.
» PuNcTARIA—County Wicklow.
Hynrta avrorARIA—Common on the heaths of the South and West.
ASTHENA CANDIDATA—Common.
a sYLvVATA— Wicklow and Galway.
VENUSIA CAMBRICARIA—Powerscourt.
1866. 37
AcIDaLia scuruLata—Generally distributed, and common.
be BISETATA— do. do.
TRIGEMINATA—Galway.
5 rusticaTaA—Killarney ; Dr. Battersby.
OSSEATA— do.
(To be continued.)
Captures at Witherslack.—On the 20th of May I paid a visit to Witherslack, and,
considering how cold it has been lately, I met with very fair sport. Butterflies were
plentiful, including rhamni, Argiolus, Lucina, rubi, Ageria, sinapis, Jc. It turned
out a fine warm afternoon, and for the first time I met with Gelechia velocella, of
which I boxed about 20 specimens. I also captured Bapta punctata,1; Cidaria
suffumata, 2; Hupithecia indigata,5; Cochylis ruficiliana,6; Anchylopera siculana,
2; Penthina marginana,1; Micropteryx Allionella, 6; M. Tunbergella, 12; Enny-
chia octomaculalis, 2, &c., &c.—J. B. HopGKrnson, 31, Christchurch Street, Preston.
Captures at Lytham.—On the 22nd of May I visited Lytham, and took a few
Gelechia wmbrosella and desertella, and found in the shoots of the dwarf sallow a
good many larvee of Gelechia temerella. I also found several larvee of Depressaria
nanatella in the leaves of the carline thistle ; and rather to my surprise, I took a
specimen of Pancalia Lewenhickella, the first time I have ever met with it on our
coast.—ID.
Acronycta alni bred.—Early in August last, a full-fed larva of Acronycta alni
was picked up in an orchard here, and given me. That it might have every facility
for spinning up, I supplied it with some bits of bark, and with these it formed a
strong cocoon, from which, on the 3rd inst., the perfect insect, a very handsome
specimen, emerged.—C. G. Barkett, Haslemere, June 17th.
Re-occurrence of Madopa salicalis at Haslemere.—-A few specimens of Madopa
salicalis have again occurred. ‘This insect seems completely to change its locality
every year or two. This year it wasin a piece of two-years-old underwood, and
showed no preference for the long grass of the paths, while in the old localities not
a specimen could be found.—Ib.
NOTES ON COLLECTING, MANAGEMENT, &c., (LEPIDOPTERA).
BY H. G. KNAGGS, M.D., F.L.S.
THE CATERPILLAR STATE—MANAGEMENT.
(Continued from page 278, Vol. IT.)
Manipulation.—The diversified habits of larvz, from their exclusion out of the
egg forwards, frequently perplex the breeder as to the best means of managing
them. To begin with the juveniles: some of them will not take kindly to their
food :; and this often happens if a substitute have been forced upon them in lieu of
38 [July
their legitimate diet; they become restless, crawl wildly about, flock to the lightest
part of the cage, squeeze themselves through ridiculously small apertures, entangle
and suspend themselves hopelessly in festoons, and in fact do anything rather than
settle down rationally to their breakfasts. Such individuals should be reared, until
more accustomed to their new mode of life, in air-tight jam-pots, the tops of which
are covered over with green glass, for the purpose of darkening the interior of the
vessel ; a condition of things usually promotive of quietude amongst the brood—
quietude giving time for reflection, and rise to second thoughts (proverbially best)
that the cravings of nature should be satisfied even though the fare set before them
be not precisely to their palate, and the apartment suggestive of the converse of
their ideas of liberty ; moreover, at this, and indeed every stage, they should not be
overcrowded.
Then, again, others drop by silken threads on the approach of real or imaginary
danger ; a wise provision, as I believe, for their preservation against birds and also
cannibals, which, of course, could not well follow them down the thread. These,
too, are most easily and best fed in air-tight cages; but in their case the green
glass cover may be dispensed with.
It is the peculiarity (evidently in some way connected with the well-being of
the creatures) of certain larve to make their first meal off the egg-shells, or part of
them, from which they have recently emerged ; others, for some inscrutable reason,
shedding and devouring their first skin* before betaking themselves to their more
orthodox mode of living. These should be left alone to crawl to their food; indeed
it should be put down as a rule that stationary larvae (especially little ones) should
never be meddled with; while crawling larve are generally in want of some
attention.
Nor must it be forgotten that many small larvee (and big, too, for that matter)
render themselves invisible by mining, entering buds, and spinning together leaves ;
or elude our vigilance by closely fixing and assimilating themselves to the twigs,
stalks, mid-ribs, and edges of the leaves of their food. With such experts to deal
with, great circumspection is necessary in the changing process, not only that none
of our cares may escape observation, but also that no clumsy handling may bring
grief or even demolition to the tender objects of our solicitude. When larve are
known to have this sort of propensity, it is best to supply them with as small a
quantity of fresh food as is consistent with their requirements, ard in changing the
same to let all parts remain which are in the lest degree suspected of, or capable of,
containing occupants.
N.B.—Of course, when pellets of excrement, even though in the case of certain
neophytes microscopic, are observable, it may be taken for granted that (always
excepting the presence of interlopers introduced with the food) our “cares” are
availing themselves of their diet.
Having thus touched upon some of the habits of little larvee which act as
obstacles with which the larva-rearer has to contend, let us see in what manner
other habits may be turned to account in assisting us in the changing process.
Firstly, sometimes a very slight jar or even a puff of breath will dislodge pretty
nearly every tenant of the bunch of food,—in which case we can quickly transfer
* Some larve also, Cerura vinula, for example, eat their cast skins after each moult.
1866. 39
them to the jam-pot, or the cylinder turned topside (muslin end) downwards : in
the latter case they will not be long in attaching themselves to the muslin.
Secondly, a more or less sharp jar will cause certain of them to lower themselves
by threads, by which they may be readily shifted on to the fresh food. Thirdly, a
slight touch with a camel’s-hair pencil causes others to fall perpendicularly down-
wards ; while a fourth batch exhibits a very keen sense of the proximity of newly-
gathered food, and may be left to find their own way from the stale to the fresh
supply, and go on.
In conducting the changing process I would impress upon the reader the
advisability of first preparing a duplicate cage (whether jam-pot, flower-pot, or
cylinder), by “sweetening” it with free currents of dry fresh air, and then stocking
it with a proper quantity of appropriate food. In the second place the contents of
_the cage to be operated on, live-stock and all, should be turned out on a large
white meat-dish, an utensil possessing prodigious advantages over the more-often-
used sheet of paper, both in point of cleanly whiteness of material and also in
smoothness of surface, such as would puzzle even a “lubricipede” to escape from ;
while a similar attempt on the part of a geometer would be simply preposterous ;
indeed, the position of most larvee on the glazed superficies is much that of an
incipient skater down on the ice, and gladly as a rule do they avail themselves of
the proffered twig: easily, too, may such as spin threads be lifted by their silken
appendices with the aid of a camel’s hair brush, and transferred to the newly-
prepared quarters; while those that sham death can be literally shovelled into
their fresh domicile.
The old food having been jarred over the dish, and larvee which fall transferred,
should next be searched over for such as show no disposition to leave go their hold,
and these latter may be detached by clipping off carefully (for if done witha “ snap”
the larves are jerked away) with a pair of scissors the portion of the food on which
they rest, and allowing the larvee with the pieces thus cut off to fall gently on the
fresh supply of food ; for I hold that, though several kinds of larvee do not appear
to sustain injury from tender handling, it is, as a rule, neither necessary nor
desirable to touch them with the fingers.* The old food should not always be thrown
away at once, but left on the glazed dish for future examination, in the event of
there being amongst it any larvee which may have eluded us.
In a few instances, these being chiefly among the larvee of the Noctwina, it is
necessary to provide hiding-places; for those of Orthosia, Xanthia, Noctua, &c.,
dead leaves, pieces of bark, broken chip boxes, bits of flannel, &c., may be employed ;
- while for Agrotis and a few others a considerable depth of fine earth or sand is
necessary.
Larves which in Nature hybernate must either be stimulated by warmth and
fresh food to feed up unnaturally fast, or else through the winter must be exposed
to out-door temperature.
Some hybernating larve are full fed before taking up their winter quarters, in
which case they will of course feed no more. Others exhibit no desire for food
* Painfully undesirable indeed is it to handle the larva of Porthesia chrysorrhceea, and other
hairy larve in less degree, for should their easily detached spines become applied to any tender part of
our skin, an intolerable irritation is produced, which is very difficult to alleviate. Indeed, on the
Continent, the hyperzsthetie symptoms produced by the larva of Cnethocampa processionea and
pityocampa have been known to result even in death.
40 [July,
until the spring. But not a few come forth during the warm days and evenings of
winter and early spring to practise with their jaws. These latter, when reared in
captivity, require some attention on the part of the breeder. Of a certainty
however, as trees and shrubs, with the exception of evergreens, are bereft of foliage
in winter, larve feeding ordinarily upon them must, if they have to eat at this
season, content themselves with other pabulum in the shape of non-deciduous
plants, of which arbutus, lawrustinus, ivy, heath, and fir are the greatest favourites,
or low growing plants, such as forced seedlings of knotgrass (strongly recommended),
chickweed and groundsel, plantain seeds, as well as grasses and mosses; though in
the case of some low feeding larvz, especially geometers (Acidalie), they are quite
satisfied with nibbling during the winter the withered leaves and stems of the
plants on which they have been reared; but this does not prevent their keeping a
very sharp look-out for the earliest buds that come in spring.
T may just note here that, as water in its metamorphosis to ice is apt to
inconveniently expand our vessels, potatoes are serviceable not only as supplying
moisture in its place, but also as a provender, it being sometimes found that larves,
on becoming aware of the presence of the tuber, have availed themselves of it
as food.
Hybernating hairy larvee must during the winter be kept dry, or in a well-
ventilated place, otherwise the damp seems to hang about their fur, and causes
them to be attacked by a white fungus which creeps through their frame and
speedily destroys them : smooth larve, on the contrary, seem to require the natural
dampness of the soil. Most of the hybernating larve of the Noctwe require hiding-
places, seeming to quickly pine away if not freely supplied, for the purpose, with
soil, dead leaves, &c.
Norr.— My friend Mr. Gibson strongly recommends that during the winter all
cages containing larve be placed in front of a window facing the east or north east,
so that the inmates may be kept as cool as possible. This he considers of vast
importance; and his very great success in rearing hybernating larves, so generally
looked upon as stumbling-blocks in the path of the breeder, adds much force to his
suggestion. As soon, however, as he can procure food, he supplies them with it,
and simultaneously endeavours to rouse them to activity with all the natural heat
of sun-rays at his command.
A word or two is necessary concerning the treatment of cannibal and viciously
disposed larvee. Some, such as Cosmia trapetzina, have such depraved notions of
gastronomy that they cannot always be trusted even with their own brothers and
sisters,—these must, of course, be fed separately. Others, which devour with
avidity the larvee of other species, feed up harmoniously enough inter se, such are
the larvz of the blood-thirsty Scopelosoma satellitia, Teniocampa miniosa, and Orocallis
elinguaria; they must not be stinted in their food, though, for the cravings of a
hungry stomach would probably render them conveniently oblivious of the ties of
relationship. I suppose, too, they should be supplied with living animal food
occasionally ; but it seems a horrible thing to recommend, and it is doubtful
whether it be absolutely necessary. Again, certain larve, though not actually
carnivorously disposed, but not naturally meant to live grogariously, act in a
quarrelsome, snappish, and vicious manner to other larve crossing their path or
interfering in any way with their comfort, often by their bite causing the victim to
dwindle and eventually die: these individuals also should be placed in solitary
1866. | Al
confinement; others not naturally cannibalistic (at least I suppose not), would
appear to assume the habit in captivity, as the account of that of Thecla quercis coolly
demolishing the pupa of his more advanced brother seems to indicate. A weather
eye must be kept open for, such customers, and their propensities circumvented,
Then, again, nothing is more common with careless breeders than for the
peaceable hawk-moths, “kittens,” and other larve, when kept on short commons,
to nibble off the caudal appendages of their relatives, an operation which [ am by
no means sure does not originate in their erroneously considering these excrescences
to be of a vegetable character.
What a blessing to the slovenly would such larve as those of Glottula pancratir
be! M. Milli8re thus quotes from a letter of his friend M. Danbe:—They eat the
leaves of the Pancratiwm, then the flowers, the seeds (if not too forward), and the
root, which they attack in the last place ; and when they have demolished the bulb,
which they void just as if it had been ground up by their powerful mandibles, they
eat their frass; and curious to tell, those which are nourished after this strange
fashion, undergo their transformations quite as well, and produce imagos quite as
fine, as the others!! It is, the only larva which has this peculiarity.” I fear that
M. Daube is quite right in his latter supposition : at least, no such contented and
utilitarian larva has yet been detected in Great Britain.
(To be continued.)
On the similarity of the insects of North America and of England.—On receiving
lately a box of Lepidopterous insects from an entomological friend in Quebec,
it was impossible to help being struck at the first glance with the great
similarity between them and our British species. Sixty-six species were sent to
me (the only selection being that when an insect was known by my friend to be
English it was excluded) ; of these no less than ten may be classed as decidedly
common to the twocountries. These were Vanessa Antiopa, Chrysophanus Americana
(C. Phileas), Deilephila chamenerii (D. galii), Smerinthus evcecatus (I think, without
doubt, ocellatus), Hydrecia nictitans, Mamestra adjuncta (M. brassice), Agrotis tritict
Scoliopteryx libatrix, Melanippe hastata, and Scotosia undulata. On the other hand,
there were eighteen only without any English generic ally : andin making this last
selection a rigid exclusiveness has been observed: thus, Danais Archippus, Limenitis
Disiphus, two species of Neonymphe, and three Saturnie (Io, Polyphemus and
Cecropia), are amongst the eighteen, as also are Ellopia ribearia, Zerene catenaria,
and Cidaria diversilineata, as these three last-named scarcely seem to belong to the
genera to which they are referred. The remaining thirty-eight are generically
related to our native species, and in many instances the approximation is so close
as to suggest specific identity also.
It is the business of entomologists to deal with facts, and not with hypotheses,
yet the question of how are wo toaccount for this similarity will obtrude itself upon
our minds. Naturalization will account for some part of it, certainly: and the
history of this in Pieris rape has been most admirably traced out by the friend to
whom I am indebted for the very specimens now under discussion, Mr. Bowles ;
thus the Vanessa and Scoliopterye may be brought over whilst in their winter sleep,
‘and awake in a new country, there to deposit their eggs, but hastata and undulato.
42 (July,
at least would be difficult to account for on any theory. If there was a distinct
centre of creation for the two countries, we must either suppose that undulata was
created alike in both regions, and Nature reproduced herself, or else if we turn
Darwinians for the nonce that wnduluta was “ developed” in both regions ; now it
seems to me that if we are to take two cells or germs as our starting points, it is
but an N’th chance (where N is infinitesimally small) that any process of natnral
selection should even develope the same order, Lepidoptera, in both the centres.
How utterly impossible, then, must it be that that they should both develope the
same species!
Tf, on the other hand, the Continents were ever continuous. we have then in
our friend undulata that often often quoted individual “the oldest inhabitant,”
and a thorough-going Tory he seems to be, for not a spot or speck is changed on
his coat, though he must have lived under different climates and under different
circumstances in the two countries from those old days when mammoths were
plentiful as blackberries, and long before the time when Adam was a little boy.
Seriously speaking, however, the wndulata must teach us how vain at pre-
sent is any attempt at a theory of creation, and how difficult to reconcile with the
facts around us. We feel how little we do know, and how truly Tennyson speaks
when he calls man—
*« An infant crying for the light,
And with no language but a cry.”
R. C. R. Jorpan, M.D., Edgbaston, Birmingham.
Note on the luminosity of Fulgora.—At the séance of the Entomological Society
of France, 22nd November, 1865, M. Moufflet communicated some details on this
question, which has been so frequently asserted and denied by Entomologists ; he
affirmed that he had seen examples of Fulgora laternaria near Soleda, in Mexico,
which in the evening emitted a somewhat brilliant light from the cephalic pro-
longation.
Notes on Moths attracted by Gas Lamps. —While in London, in 1858 and ’59, I
worked hard many a night in the examination of the gas lamps which light the
various roads round the outskirts of London, for the sake of the insects attracted
by the lights. Several of my friends have, I know, tried the same plan of col-
lecting since then, and have taken many good things; but a few notes on what
was to be done in that locality may still be interesting.
I hardly need say that, for success in this mode of collecting, a dark night is
almost indispensable, and a moderately still one nearly equally so. It should also
be dry, for moths do not seem to approve of wet lamps. On such suitable nights
something may be found at almost any time of the year, although, in the first three
months, it is not likely to be anything much rarer than Phigalia pilosaria, the
Hibernia, Larentia multistrigaria, &e. In April occurred my first specimen of the
then very rare Camptogramma fluviata, hybernated of course, but tolerably fine.
Selenia lunaria, too, made its first appearance In May Smerinthus populi, though
common, looked a fine thing on alamp. Scotosia certata frequently occurred in the
first half of the month. Selenia lwnaria was still out, and Drepana hamula,
Peridea trepida, Notodonta dictea, and Dianthecia carpophaga made their appearance
with Parapony» stratiotalis, which continued to appear till August.
1866 .] 43
In June, Smerinthus ocellatus made its appearance, and Drepana hamula was
still out. Ptilodontis palpina dashed round the lamps in a furious and bewildering
manner, or, when settled, looked precisely like a bit of dry stick: and, on one
memorable night, Madopa salicalis occurred on a lamp at Dulwich. The attitude
of this specimen struck me as remarkable. It stood with its wings arched exactly
in the style of Platypteryx lacertula, but not so much so as Cilia spinula.
In this month I found, too, the handsome Arctia villica ; and Pyralis fimbrialis
was rather common, and continued out till October. Eupithecia plumbeolata,
Pempelia betule, and, oddly enough, Pterophorus trigonodactylus, occurred occa-
sionally, while the host of other common things would be wearisome. Much more
was this the case in July, when the number of species was really remarkable.
Among them were the following :—Zenzera Alsculi, Gastropacha quercifolia, Iodis
vernaria, Acidalia emarginata, Cidaria dotata, Drepana hamula (second brood)
Apamea ophiogramma, Agrotis corticea, Cosmia affinis, Tethea subtusa and retusa,
Hadena chenopodii, which had been out ever since May, Pyralis glaucinalis,
Pionea stramentalis, Spilodes cinctalis, Phycita formosa, Myeléis pinguwis, Pempelia
earbonariella, and even a few common Tortrices and Tinew, Pelurga comitata (at the
end of the month, and plentiful the next), and Campt. fluviata, which appeared
occasionally till October.
In August, a diminution in the number of species was observable, but the
quality was in no degree deteriorated, for in this month I met with the best
capture I ever made at a gas lamp, Sterrha sacraria, at that time the second or
third British specimen, I believe. In this month the second broods of Ptilodontis
palpina, Notodonta dictea, and many others, made their appearance ; with Hepialus
sylvinus, Ennomos fuscantaria, tiliaria, and angularia (all three out also in
September), Emmelesia wnifasciata, Phibalapteryx vitalbata, Cosmia difimis (common,
but most lovely), Cerigo cytherea, Catocala nupta, a grand looking thing on a
lamp, Spilodes sticticalis, Myeliis advenella, Acrobasis twmidella and consociella, and
many more.
In September there was a material decrease in the number of species, but not
so of specimens, the lamps being fairly alive with the numbers of Anthocelis
lwnosa and Luperina testacea, dashing wildly about all the early part of the night,
and afterwards settling down on the lamp frames in plenty. Hydracia micacea
was less common, and Agrotis saucia and Xanthia citrago occurred. For the
remainder of the year, besides the species already mentioned, little, except very
common things, was to be found.
Occasionally I have been surprised by the appearance of day-flying species,
such as Orgyia antiqua, Pyrausta purpuralis, and others; and once I found a
Vanessa Atalanta actually on the lamp door, which had been opened when the lamp
was lighted. Probably it had been accidentally disturbed from its roost for the
night.
My plan of collecting was, generally, to climb the lamp-posts. Moths flying
round may often be netted, but somehow it is not very easy; and some may be
touched by the net when settled, and then caught, but very many, especially the
good ones, settle under the lamp, or on some part of the frame-work where they
are not easily got at, or even seen, without climbing.
Tf I had not climbed, on speculation, the lamp on which it was settled, 1 should
44. (July, 1866.
never have taken Sterrha sacraria, as it was quite out of view from the ground;
and another time, on descending, I found a splendid Gastropacha quercifolia on my
waistcoat, by which it was actually wiped off the iron without my noticing it.
Notodonta dictea, the Smerinthi, and many others, get close underneath the lamp,
and peep at the flame from below; while the Phycide, and numbers of other small
species, find their way into the flame, and sometimes, though not by any means
always, get burned, as was the case with an unfortunate Agrophila sulphuralis, of
which enough only remained to identify it and tantalize me. Very many species,
Noctue especially, delight in posting themselves on the dark outside of the upright
frame which generally supports a lamp, or on the leaded case itself, and settle
themselves so closely, that a very near and keen inspection is required to detect
them; while Peridea trepida, and some of the other “ prominents,” viewed from
the ground, have a most inconvenient resemblance to dead leaves, sticks, and the
lumps of mud which are often thrown at the lights by small boys, and individuals
under the exhilarating and ennobling (?) influence of intoxicating liquors. /
I, therefore, most decidedly recommend the “swarming” plan, as my friends
derisively call it ; for, although it is not desirable in the case of a newly painted lamp-
post, nor easy in that of one a dozen feet high, —straight, smooth, or fluted, with
no rest for the feet,—luckily these cases are the exceptions. Any one who feels
himself too heavy to climb may, if he thinks proper, carry a ladder, or get some one
to carry it for him, for a night’s work would tire him without carrying a load; but
he must place it very carefully, as the least jar will send many moths away, not to
return. An opera glass, too, might probably be useful, though I never tried it or
the ladder. ; ‘
The time to commence the search is about ten o’clock, p.m.; very few things
come to lamps sooner, but they continue to appear till dawn, and often settle down
towards the latter part of the night, so that all the sport sometimes occurs in the
last hour or two, from two to three o’clock a.m. being a capital time.—Cuaries G.
BARRETT, Haslemere.
Description of the larva of Acidalia ornata.—I have more than once had eges of
this species, but never succeeded in rearing the larve to full-growth. Onthe 30th
last July I received eggs from Mr. Wright, the larve from which are at the time
IT write this still quite small, and not looking likely to come to perfection, although
I took some trouble to procure for them plants of wild thyme, thinking it might
suit them better than the garden sort. However, almost on the same day with
Mr. Wright’s eggs, I received from the Rey. J. Greene some larve feeding on mint,
which had even then (last July) nearly attained their full growth; and from other
larvee of the same brood, Mr. Greene, in the course of last autumn, bred the moths,
My small hybernating larve are about 4 lines in length, very rugose, and very dark
and dingy to look; but with alens one can see that the back is brownish ochreous,
with a pale grey interrupted dorsal line, and five dusky As on the middle segments,
with their apices pointing forward. When full-grown the larva is not quite an
inch in length, rather slender, almost uniform in bulk throughout: the head
slightly notched, the skin rugose; the spiracular region puffed out and puckered.
The ground colour of the back is brownish ochreous ; the dorsal line fine and
1886. | 45
interrupted, darkest near the head, afterwards showing pale grey edged with dusky ;
sub-dorsal line dark brown, commencing very distinctly on the head. On each
segment from five to nine there are two obtuse dark Ys, one pointing forward, the
other backwards (their arms reaching nearly to the sub-dorsal line, and terminating
in the usual 4 dots), and between them enclosing a blunt diamond of the ground
colour, through the centre of which the dark-edged dorsal line shows distinctly.
The posterior segments are marked only with the dorsal and sub-dorsal lines, and
the usual 4 dots in each, here showing more distinctly as being not confounded
with the other markings. The spiracular stripe pale ochreous, freckled and edged
below with dusky ; the belly pale grey, freckled and mottled in the same way.
Certainly mint seems to have suited the growth of these larve better than
thyme, but I perceive that after they have once tasted the latter they will not leave
it for another food.—J. Hretuins, February 7th, 1866.
[N.B.—I always find A. ornata amongst wild marjoram, not thyme.—H. G.K.]
Eupithecia lariciata near York.—I had the good fortune to capture a long
series of the above insect, in very fine condition, in a small larch plantation near
York. The first was taken on May 20th. I found them as good at the end of a
fortnight as at first, which, with the fact of their being difficult to dislodge from
the trees, and that when beaten out they generally drop and remain on the ground,
would suggest that the imago is sluggish, or does not fly much, which may account
for its comparatively recent discovery as a British species. I obtained a small
batch of ova from one female by placing her in a tube containing a sprig of larch.
I had tried several others in gauze-covered boxes, but they would not deposit eggs.—
T. J. CarninGton, Fulford, York, 9th June, 1866.
Larve of Xanthia gilvago at Derby.—I was fortunate enough this morning to
beat the larva of X. gilvago in some numbers off wych-elm, in this neighbourhood.—
Gero. Baker, 47, Kedleston Street, Derby, June 7th, 1866.
Eupithecia plumbeolata and Eup. valerianata bred.—On the 12th of this month
I bred E. plumbeolata from larve taken last season off the Melampyrum pratense ;
also at the same time FE. valerianata from larve taken on Valeriana officinalis last
July.—Ib., June 18, 1866,
Economy of Gelechia cerealella.— A grain of wheat or of barley contains the
precise quantity of food necessary to nourish the larva from its birth till it is full
fed. If we open a grain which contains a larva just ready to change, we find it is
nothing but a husk ; the entire farinaceous substance has been devoured. In the
cavity then occupied by the larva, which is the most spacious apartment it has had
in its life, we find some brown or yellowish particles, which are its excrements. If
we open a grain inhabited by ayounger and smaller larva, we find that there is more
or less of the substance of the grain still to be consumed, according to the size of
the larva. But what is remarkable is, that in the latter case we find at least as
much, and probably more excrement, and in large pellets, than we find in a grain
tenanted by an older larva. If we bear in mind that the grain has no perceptible
opening —no place by which the larva could extrude its excrement, we may conclude
that at first it feeds with little economy, and that afterwards it is driven to eat
46 - (July,
over again what it has already eaten, and perhaps to repeat this process more than
once.” (Reaumur, Memoires II., pp. 490-491.) This curious notice of economy of
material in the larva of Gelechia cerealella has not, that I am aware of, been verified
by any subsequent writer. I stumbled upon it quite by accident just as I was
writing the last sentence of the General Observations on the genus Gelechia for the
10th volume of the Natural History of the Tineina.—H. T. Stainton, Mountsfield,
Lewisham, S.E., May 18th, 1866.
Proposed accounts of Entomological excursions.—I fancy it would be interesting to
English readers to learn what our districts, which are of so different a character
from England’s, produce in Lepidoptera. How would it answer were I in each
month to write out a full account of the most productive excursion? I can only
account for our not having such notices, as far as I can recollect at this moment, in
our German periodicals, by supposing that one fears to make a communication
which should not be of sufficient interest ; hence we have accounts of excursions to
the Alps, to the Riesengebirge, &c., but none of excursions in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of towns in the plain. In the Intelligencer there are, indeed, many such ;
but as it appears to me they are generally written by beginners, who therefore
confine their attention to a few butterflies—P. C. ZyLLEr, Meseritz, Prussia, May
15th, 1866.
Occurrence of Lathridius filum, Aubé ; a species new to Britain.—I have taken a
species of Lathridius here, under the following circumstances :—Two years ago I
wished to dry specimens of some of the species of Aconite cultivated in the Botanic
Garden; and accordingly gathered a few examples from plants growing here.
The plants were put in drying paper, and left untouched for some time,—
absence from home preventing my changing the papers. On returning, I
found the specimens moulded and useless, and several examples of a beetle
among them. Beetles and plants were immediately destroyed, with the excep-
tion of two of the former; as I desired to rid myself of what I thought a pest.
These specimens were in February shown by me to Mr. D. Sharp, who at once
recognised them as belonging to a species new to Britain; and by careful exami-
nation of the old drying paper, which had been left undisturbed, numerous other
examples were discovered. The Aconites were not British species, but had been
for some time in cultivation ; and there are but few exotic specimens in my herba-
rium. I do not think, therefore, that the insect can have been introduced in any
way from abroad. The drying paper and remains of the Aconites have again (June)
yielded a few specimens.—W. R. McNas, Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, June
llth, 1866.
(Mr. McNab has kindly sent me some examples of the insect above recorded,
which I have no difficulty in referring to the Lathridius filum of Aubé, Ann. de la
Soc. Ent. de France, 2me Série, 1850, 334, 44; a species much resembling L. fili-
formis, Gyll., but differing from that insect in being even more linear in shape, with
its thorax more cordate, less widely margined, and with a small but distinct and
rounded impression on the disc. M. Aubé mentions that it was detected by M.
Guérin Méneville, who bred it from a fungus received from Algeria: the species,
however, is probably as much entitled to rank as British as many of its easily
introduced allies.—E. C. R.]
1866. 47
Ocewrrence of Meligethes ochropus, a species new to Britain.—In May last I took
a large bright-looking Meligethes on the sea-banks near Hartley, which I at once
referred to ochropus, Schiip. Sturm, Ins. Deutsch, xvi. 23. Tab. ocevi. fig. h. H. ;
and, having recently submitted the specimen to Mr. Crotch, he has confirmed my
opinion ; remarking that he has examples of the same insect taken in the London
district.—Tuos. Jno. Botp, Long Benton, Newcastle-on-Tyne, March 26th, 1866.
Note on Meligethes Kunzet, a species not included in the British list of Coleoptera.—
In examining my specimens (taken in the London district) of Meligethes allied to
distinctus, memnonius, &c., I find one that agrees very well with Hrichson’s descrip-
tion of M. Kunzei (Ins. Deut. iii., 182, 15). It resembles difficilis in size and build,
but has even more widely and strongly punctured elytra, of which the pubescence
is very fine and scanty: it is, moreover, of a deeper black colour, without any trace
of greenish reflections on the head and thorax; and the anterior tibiz are not so
strongly denticulated, the teeth being finer and blunter. Hrichson appears to have
originally had some doubts whether M. Kunzei was specifically distinct from difficilis,
but to have finally determined that their diagnostic characters were constant and
sufficient. Both these insects resemble M. ochropus (recorded in the present No.
by my friend Mr. T. J. Bold),—a species not uncommon in the London district, and
long known both to Mr. Waterhouse and myself; but not brought forward on
account of a slight difficulty in connection with the Erichsonian types examined by
Mr. Waterhouse.—E. C. Ry, 284, King’s Road, Chelsea, S.W.
AH eviel.
AILANTHICULTURE ; or the Prospect of a new English Industry. By ALEXANDER
Wattace, M.D., Oxon., M.R.C.P., Lond. (Transactions of the Entomological
Society of London, 1866, 3rd ser., vol 5, pp. 185-245. The Society, or Longman
and Co.)
It is now about ten years since the repeated failures of the silk-crop in Europe
induced sericiculturists to look about them for some other silk-producing species
which should in some way be able to supply the place of the Bombyx mori. Amongst
those, species experimented upon with so much success in France by M. Guérin
Méneville and others, Bombyx cynthia, the Ailanthus silkworm, has probably found
more favour than any other, producing a silk, inferior in fineness and gloss to the
old-fashioned sort, but to the durability of which there is said to be no end; and in
Paris, fabrics woven from this silk are publicly sold. In England, Lady Dorothy
Nevill and others had made, to a certain extent successful, trials of this novel kind
of sericiculture, but it was probably not carried on to any considerable extent until
the author of the above-mentioned paper tried it on an extended scale on the railway
bank at Colchester, he having planted half a mile of the bank with Ailanthus trees
to the number of about 2,300, and in this valuable paper, to which was awarded
one of the prizes offered by the Entomological Society of London for the best essays
on Utilitarian Entomology, Dr. Wallace details minutely the plan pursued, and
gives copious extracts from the many notices on the same subject published in
France, winding uv with a discussion of the events which led to the introduction of
48 [July,
this new silkworm, and of the prospects of its ultimate success, regarding which
latter point we will allow him to speak for himself.
“Fortunate will it be for England,—fortunate, indeed, for Ireland, if land,
“hitherto valueless, can be so tended as to furnish, with little care and slight cost,
“a fabric warm and durable. Fortunate will it be for women and children (espe-
* cially for workhouse habitués) if another health-giving industry be opened up for
“their nimble fingers.”
“T cannot but be deeply struck with the remarkable chain of events which
“have preceded these novel projects, and I feel confident that at no very distant
“period Ailanthiculture will take high rank among English industries.”
As to whether this day-dream will ever be realised, is not for us to say; both
the insect and its food-tree are perfectly hardy in this climate, and it is to be hoped
that when we shall have overcome the (in England) hitherto unconquered difficulty
in winding the silk from off the cocoons, Dr. Wallace may, in watching the develop-
ment of a new kind of manufacture, earn the reward he so justly merits.
ENToMOLOGICAL Society oF Lonpon. 4th June, 1866.—Sir Jonn LussBock,
Bart., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The President announced that Mr. W. Wilson Saunders had invited the Mem-
bers to an excursion at Reigate on the 6th of July.
Osbert Salvin, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., of Bolton’s Grove, Brompton, and T. Turner,
Esq., of Exeter, were elected Ordinary Members; and Count Mniszech, of Rue
Balzac, Paris, was elected a Foreign Member.
Prof. Brayley communicated an extract from the report of Mr. Consul Zohrab
to Government, respecting the occurrence of a venomous spider amongst growing
wheat at Berdiansk, from the attacks of which many persons had suffered severely.
Mr. McLachlan made some observations concerning a caddis-worm case con-
taining a dead pupa, which had been found attached to the extremity of a rush, two
feet above the surface of the water. He remarked that the instinct of the larva
had been at fault, for when it had fixed its case previously to assuming the pupa-
state, it had not taken into consideration the growth of the rush, and had thus
been carried out of its element.
Mr. Pascoe exhibited a number of Coleoptera, chiefly from ant’s-nests, sent to
the Rev. H. Clark by the Rev. G. Bostock, of Freemantle, Western Australia ; they
included two new species of Articerus, a singular insect (Ectrephes formicarum,
Pasc.) with somewhat the form of Paussus, species of Anthicus, &c.; descriptions
of these were laid before the Meeting.
Prof. Westwood exhibited coloured drawings and read descriptions of various
species of Goliathide, including G. Kirkianus of Gray, from the Zambesi, G. For-
nassinit of Bertolini, &., &c.
Mr. Stainton mentioned that from galls on Gypsophila sawifraga, recently
found at Mentone, he had bred a species of Gelechia very closely allied to leuco-
melanella, and remarked on the difficulties attending the discrimination of those
species of this genus which fed on Caryophyllacee.
Mr. C. A. Wilson, of Adelaide, communicated further notes on South Australian
Buprestide.
August, 1866. | 49
NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES FROM GUATEMALA AND PANAMA.
BY H. W. BATES, EGS:
(SUPPLEMENT.)
According to the promise made in the first volume of this Magazine,
p- 205, I now proceed to describe a further series of species of butterflies
from Guatemala and Panama, received from the collectors of Messrs.
Salvin and Godman. These descriptions, as well as those already given,
it is scarcely necessary to remark, are merely preliminary; it being the
intention of Mr. Salvin to publish a more complete faunistic work on
the Diurnal Lepidoptera of the countries he explored, wherein will be
figured a large number of the new species. .
Some of the species now described are from Costa Rica and Veragua.
84.—HESPEROCHARIS CROCEA.
Exp. 2” 4." Light yellow, deepening in tint towards the apex of
the fore-wing ; outer half of the hind-wing clear saffron-yellow. ore-
wing triangular, apex pointed, outer border a little incurved: hind-wing
elongated at the anal angle, outer border a little ineurved near the anal
angle, then rounded outwards. Wings, beneath, deeper yellow than
above, apical part of the fore-wing and the whole of the hind-wing
saffron-yellow ; destitute of the dusky lines which distinguish other
species of the genus; sides of prothorax and breast reddish-saffron, a
small spot at the root of the hind-wing sub-costal nervure bright red.
This species exhibits the short clavate antennew and peculiar neuration
of the genus Hesperocharis, notwithstanding the absence of the charac-
teristic dusky lines beneath.
From Costa Rica, Central America.
85.—HESPEROCHARIS COSTARICENSIS.
Exp. 2” 1." White, tinged with greenish-yellow above towards
the fore-wing apex, where the nervures are dusky olivaceous; beneath,
pale buff, except the basal three-fourths of the fore-wing, which are
white. Fore-wing triangular, pointed, outer border distinctly incurved ;
hind-wing produced, and obtusely pointed at the anal angle, outer
border regularly and slightly rounded. Under-side of hind-wing with
the nervures, a zig-zag line near to the outer border, and an oblique
streak extending from the base to the origin of the third median
branch, faintly dusky. The costa of the hind-wing strongly dilated at
the base.
Tnhabits Costa Rica.
50 [August,
86.—OLyras T'HEON.
gb. 4.” Near O. Crathis. Fore-wing more broadly rounded at the
apex, with outer margin a little incurved after the middle. Hind-wing
much less angular and longer, the length of the lower radial nervure
being 68” instead of 53” as in O. Crathis. Colours very similar ; fore-
wing crossed by three transparent, yellowish, macular belts (besides an
oblong spot at hind angle), but the first belt across the cell is very
oblique and narrow, and is not continued between the branches of the
median nervure except as a round spot near outer margin. The longi-
tudinal spots forming the second belt and the costal spot of the third
belt are very much longer than in O. Crathis, and the black outer
margin is very much narrower, both in the fore- and hind-wings. The
underside differs in the disc of the hind-wings being dull brownish-
tawny, without a trace of yellow tinge either on membrane or nervures ;
the number of oblong shining white spots near the costa is three instead
of two.
Guatemala.
87.—Tuyrip1ia MELANTHO.
g. Exp. 8” 8.” Resembles closely, in size, form of wings, and —
neuration, Zh. Atdesia. Differs conspicuously in colours, the hind-
wings being of a rich orange-tawny instead of isabelle-colour, and the
fore-wings being of a deep black, with semi-transparent spots scarcely
tinged with pale greenish-yellow. The spots are much smaller than in
Th. Aidesia, there being two confined within the cell (the basal one
small and dusted with black), and three sub-apical in the same relative
positions as in 7. Adesia, but less rounded, as well as smaller. The
hind-wings have a black border and spot over the end of the cell; the
border has three or four small white spots, and is broad and indistinetly
limited towards the apex. Antenne black, club yellow. Underneath :
same as above, except that the black outer-borders have a continuous
row of white spots.
Panama.
88.—DIRCENNA XENOS.
g. Exp. 2” 9."" Insize and general appearance resembles a small
male of Thyridia Jemima, Hubn., but differs remarkably in important
points of structure. The terminal fork of the fore-wing sub-costal
nervure is much farther removed from the apex, and the second sub-
costal branch arises from near the end of the cell; the recurrent nervule
in the fore-wing arises from the middle, instead of the lower, disco-
cellular, and is absent altogether from the hind-wing; the corneous
receptacle for the pencil of hairs in the hind. wing is broad, and resem-
13866. : 51
bles that of the section of Ithomia, to which I. Hyala, Diasia, &e.,
belong. The colour and markings are the same as in tawny specimens
of D. Jemima, but the dark borders form only a very narrow and ill-
defined edging, and there is no pale yellowish tinge on the dise of the
wings. The antenne are yellowish, with the base black.
Costa Rica.
89.—ITHom1A Hippocrents.
o. Exp. 2.” Closely allied to LZ. Diasia, Hewits. (Exot. Butt., Ith.
f. 28) and belonging to the same section, in which the males have an
oblong vessel near the costa of the hind-wings filled with long hairs.
The wings are hyaline with black borders, and the fore-wing has a
black streak across the middle and another over the end of the cell ;
but the latter in LZ. Hippocrenis forms a broad spot, very wide on the
costa, and the two radial nervures are white near the base. The black
space behind the median nervure is much narrower and longer than in
I. Diasia ; the wing is more elongated, and the outer border rounded.
Beneath: the borders of the wings are all rufous. The antennas are
black; the collar is red, and the thorax streaked with white.
Panama.
90.—ITHOMIA HERALDICA.
3 2. Exp. 2" 5.” Closely allied to I. Iphianassa (Dbldy. & Hew.),
but quite distinct from all the local forms of that species. The neuration
of the hind-wing differs from that of Z. Iphianassa in the middle disco-
cellular running much less obliquely towards the apex, and the whole
wing is shorter. The fore-wing differs in being very much broader,
andin having an upper disco-cellular of considerable length, whilst this
nervule in J. Jphianassa is so short as to be scarcely visible.
The fore-wing is blackish-brown, with an elongated diaphanous
stripe extending from the base to near the hind angle, a second oblique
discoidal belt consisting of two elongated spots, a third sub-apical belt
also of three spots, and an apical row of three round spots; the basal
stripe and middle macular belt are bordered with dark tawny, which
colour also occupies the basal half of the costal area ; the other macular
belt is yellowish, the apical spots whitish. Antenne black, club tawny-
yellow. Collar dark fulvous, thorax and wing lappets black lineated
with grey. The hind-wing is reddish-tawny, paler, and diaphanous in
the middle, and having a dentated narrow black border. Beneath: all
the dark parts are ruddy-tawny ; fore-wing with five rounded white
spots at the apex, hind-wing with six white marginal spots, and basal
streak yellow.
Costa Rica.
52 (August,
In the “ Proceedings of the Zoological Society” for 1863 (p. 245,
pl. xxix., f. 5), I described a local form of I. Iphianassa brought home
by Messrs. Godman and Salvin from Panama. I have since found that
this form, J. Iphianassa, var. panamensis, agrees very closely with
Fabricius’ description of his Heliconia Lycaste in Entom. Systematica
Il. I. 161, 497. Mr. Tryon Reakirt, of Philadelphia, has received this
species from Kansas, much beyond the northern tropic.*
91.—ITHOMIA ADELPHINA.
I. vireinrana, Hewits. Exot. Butt. Ithomia, f. 112 (?).
This species is closely allied to L. virginiana, Hewits. loc cit. f. 54,
and it is probable the same as represented in fig. 112 of the same work.
Its chief difference from J. virginiana consists in the dark parts of the
under-surface being of a deep black hue, including the outer border of
the hind-wings ; these parts in the true L. virginiana being of a muddy-
tawny hue. There is also a difference in the extent of the orange-
tawny spot of the upper-side of the fore-wing, which in Ith. virginiana
extends as far as, or beyond, the second median branch, and in J.
adelphina does not reach the first median branch.
I. virginiana inhabits Mexico and Guatemala; Ith. adelphina the
Isthmus of Panama and New Granada; they may therefore Be con-
sidered local forms of one and the same stock ; the differences, however,
are constant and well-marked, and the two forms must be designated by
separate names.
92.—ITHomr1a (OLERIA) XANTHINA.
o. Exp.1’10." Alhed to Z. Gazoria, Godt., and I. Zemira, Hewits-
Wings blackish ; fore-wing with an elongate triangular basal spot, and
an oblong sub-apical one yellowish-hyaline, the former sulphur-yellow
and sub-opaque in the middle. Hind-wing with a broad discal stripe
of the same colour (also opaque and sulphur-yellow in the middle),
extending to the abdominal edge. The broad outer borders have a row
of white spots in both wings. Beneath: the same. Antenne black ;
collar and wing-lappets reddish.
Panama.
(To be continued.)
* An interesting form of the group to which I. heraldica and I. Iphianassa belong is the following,
which I alluded to in the Proceedings Zool. Soe. loc. cit. as a local form of I. Iphianassa. Its differ-
ences are too well marked to allow of its being considered as merely a local form of that species.
Ith. Spruceana. Similar to the var. of J. Iphianassa figured in Hewits. Exot. Butt. Ith. f. 92,
differs, however, in having a distinct upper disco-cellular nervule in the fore-wings (¢ & Q), in the cell
spot of the fore-wing being prolonged towards the base, aud in the hind-wings being free from all trace ©
of black spot at the end of the cell, The colours are nearly the same, but the black border of the fore-
wings is searcely widened at the apex. Western foot of Chimborazo, alt. 3—4,000 feet. Sent home in
considerable numbers by Dr. Spruce.
1866.) = 53
REMARKS ON THE DISTINCTIVENESS OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF
ERYCINA.
BY A. G. BUTLER, F.Z.S.
I find in the “ Annales de la Société Entomologique de France,”
Tom. VI., p. 419 (1837), that Hrycina Butes of Clerck, and H. Lhetus
of Cramer, are placed by M. Morisse as synonyms of #. Licarsis of
Godart.
In the “Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ #. Butes being the
older name, has been adopted as the specific title, and £. Licarsis
placed as the synonym, #. Rhetus of Cramer being very properly con-
sidered as a distinct species.
Although the Licarsis of Godart may be identical with H. Butes,
I do not think that the ZLicarsis of Fabricius can be the same, as his
description does not suit that insect; and, moreover, he quotes #.
Rhetus of Cramer as his species : with regard to the Licarsis of Morisse,
I am fully convinced, from a careful examination of the two insects,
that it is quite distinct from H. Butes.
It is very probable that Fabricius’ species may be distinct even from
Cramer’s insect, as the description does not at all agree with his figure ;
it runs as follows :—
“ Ale antice supra atre, fasciis duabus albis, subtus concolores,
lineola punctoque baseos rubris. Postice supra atre fasciis duabus
obliquis, albis, posteriore obsoleta. Cauda elongata, obtusa, punctis aliquot
obsoletis, albis. Ad angulum ani puncta duo rubra.
Subtus concolores at inter maculas anales puncta duo parva cyanea.”
This description more nearly approaches H. Butes than the other
species. Fabricius, however, makes no mention of the brilliant blue
which is always found upon the hind-wings of that insect, and his
description of the anal spots is rather vague.
M. Morisse evidently considers his Licarsis to be the Brazilian
form of Butes. He says—
“Tes individus du Brésil ont les bandes blanches, un peu plus
larges et moins teintées de bleu.”
There are, however, several specimens of Butes from Rio Janeiro
in the National Collection, and it is impossible to distinguish them
from Venezuelan specimens.
The species figured by Dr. Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. pl. 20, f. 6, is
undoubtedly the true Butes.
The following description of the insect will, I think, show how very
distinct H. Butes and EH. Licarsis are from one another : ~ ~
D4 [August,
E. Bures, Clerck, Icon., pl. 46, t. 6 (1759). '
Ale antice supra atre, fasciis duabus angustis albis ceruleo tinctis ;
macula basali rubra: postice atre fasciis duabus, interna brevi albi,
externa coerulea ad caude extimum continuata; macula, fasciave brevi
anali iridescente rubra, punctisque duabus tribusve indistinctis albis serve
undulata positis; cauda elongata, obtusa, nigro-acuminata ; corpus nigro-
Jfuscum, thorace ceruleo.
Ale subtus atre, fasciis albis velut supra dispositis, macula anali
rubra, punctisque tribus analibus albis : corpus fuscum, abdomine a latere
rubro-punctato : exp. alar. une. 1,
Hab. Brazil, Venezuela.
E. Licanrsts, Morisse, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France
Tom. VI, pl. 24, f. 1 (1887).
Ale antice supra atre, fasciis duabus latis obliquis albis, macula
basali rubra: postice atre cauda elongata cerulea albo-acuminata ; fascius
duabus albis, interna lata angulum analem approximante, externa apicali,
obsoleta ; fascia anali parva iridescente rubra, punctisque tribus albis
distinctis serie obliqua positis.
Ale subtus fasciis posticarum iridescentibus, cauda nigra: corpus
abdomine a latere rubro: exp. alar. wne. 1%.
Hab. Brazil.
Both of these species are figured as HZ. Rhetus of Cramer in
“Swainson’s Zoological Illustrations.”
OBSERVATIONS ON TINEINA*
BY H. T. STAINTON, F.LS.
Incurvaria masculella.—On the 20th of June, 1864, Mr. Healy sent
me a small case-bearer, which he had found at Snaresbrook on the 16th
of that month. It was then mining the leaves of the wild rose, making
a small whitish-green blotch ; and, afterwards, it appropriated the upper
and lower cuticle of its blotch mine in the construction of its first case.
Mr. Healy only collected three of these larve, but found many
rose leaves with indications of where the larve had been. By the Ist
of July, these larve had enlarged their cases on one side only, in the
true Incurvaria fashion.
In the spring of 1865, these larve produced Incurvaria masculella;
thus this species also feeds on rose. Ihave an impression that it feeds
on nearly all sorts of shrubs and young trees.
SE gE OR AN Dal BE SS Ae
* These were intended to appear in the Entomologist’s Annual for 1866, but were unavoidably
excluded from want of space,
1866.] 55
Micropteryx unimaculella.—Farly in March, 1864, Mr. Healy
kindly sent me pups of this species, from which I bred a nice series.
It is ordinarily one of the most opaque of the group, and the bred
specimens have a very fine appearance. Mr. Healy bred upwards of ©
80 specimens, all of which were wnimaculella ; the larvee were collected
by him at Wimbledon at the end of April and beginning of May, 1863.
Mr. Healy says the larve were identically the same with those described
as Nos.-8 and 9, Ent. Ann., 1862, p. 124.
I have no doubt whatever that semipurpurella, purpurella, salopiella,
and wnimaculella, are all good, true, and distinct species, and am disposed
to believe others of the group will yet be detected. The continental
specimens I have of amentella do not seem to accord with any of our
species.
Micropterya fastuosella.—1 visited Manton Copse, near Marl-
borough, the first week in June, hoping again to meet with these larve
in the nut leaves, but was entirely disappointed. I neither saw a single
larva, nor even a leaf that had been mined by the larve, yet I looked
on the very bushes where I had met with them in 1863.*
It is well known that a leaf mined by a Micropterysx larva will
remain in sitw for weeks and weeks after the larva has quitted it ; and
as I could not have been too early, for the leaves were rather more
expanded than in 1863, we have here an instance of the apparent
disappearance of an insect.
With reference to the habits of some of the larve of this genus,
I may remark, that when they quit their mines and descend to the
earth, they sometimes penetrate beneath the surface to a considerable
distance ; thus, in February, 1865, Mr. T. Wilkinson wrote to me as
follows :—
“J am much afraid that I shall not breed any Microptery« this
spring, as I believe that most of the larve which I had collected
escaped out of the bottom of the flower-pot before I was aware of the
fact of their going such a depth into the mould; this, no doubt,
accounts for my non-success of last year with them.”
Cerostoma nemorella.—When at Bideford in May, 1865, I collected
these larve pretty freely by beating the honeysuckle towards dusk ; at
that time of day they come up to the top of the plant to feed on the
leaves. Mr. Healy had called my attention to the fact that it had been
recorded that the larve of this species fed on the bark of the honey-
suckle, but that, according to his experience, they fed on the leaves
* Visiting the same locality this year, June 13th, I found a few nut leaves which had been tenanted
by these larve, but was too late to find any larve still in them.
56 {August,
(and I can now confirm this from my own observations). Mr. Jeffrey
informs me that the young larve of this species are extremely like the
young larvee of the common C. xylostella.
Theristis caudella.—On the 10th of May, 1865, Mr. Dorville wrote
to me that he had induced a specimen of this insect to lay some eggs,
and had the young larve then feeding.
The female deposited her eggs on the inside of the leaves of the
expanding bud on the 6th and 7th of April, and the larve hatched on
the 18th.
Mr. Dorville kindly sent me some of the larve, which fed up with
great ease before the end of June. It will be remembered, that in the
Entomologist’s Annual for 1865, p. 182, it is noticed that larve of this
species occurred near Saffron Walden, at the end of July and beginning
of August.
Eidophasia Messingiella.—Of this pretty species Mr. Jeffrey took
a single specimen in a lane, near Saffron Walden, in the summer of
1864.
About the third week in June, 1865, Mr. Hodgkinson met with
this insect at Wildbottoms flying amongst Hgwisetwm ; he took about
100 specimens between 4 and 7 p.m., the dry weather having made the
swamp traversable.
Mr. Hodgkinson says that they seem to be attached to the
Equisetum, that they are extremely local, and never leave the spots
where that plant grows.*
Depressaria capreolella.—l have bred specimens of this species
from larve received from Dr. Schlager, of Jena., in the middle of June,
1865, feeding on Falcaria Rivini. This larva was “ Green, with the
dorsal and sub-dorsal lines slightly darker; the head black; the second
segment black, inclining to brownish-black at the front and sides ; the
first pair of anterior legs black; the second and third pair pale green.”
It will be remembered that this insect was bred June 26th, 1855, from
a larva found by Mr. Douglas near Mickleham on Pimpinella saxifraga
(Ent. Annual, 1856, p. 50).
Depressaria carduella.—Through the kindness of Mr. Hodgkinson
I have received the larva of this species, and have thus been able to
describe it ; and Miss Wing has made an excellent portrait, both of the
larva and its mode of feeding. Mr. Gregson, also, very kindly sent me
a sketch of the larva, and its mode of feeding, lest by any chance I
should have been away from home whilst the larva was figurable.
* T have found this species in the marshes of the Darenth.—R. McL.
1866.] 57
Mr. Hodgkinson meets with these larve the first week in June, at
Witherslack, in Westmoreland, on a high rocky situation amongst
stunted thistles not above 8 or 9 inches high ; they must be no great
rarity there, as in the season of 1864, Mr. Hodgkinson had 41 in the
pupa state. The specimen forwarded to me, after being figured, duly
entered the pupa state, and the moth appeared on the 2nd of July.*
Gelechia desertella.__W hen at Bideford in May, 1865, I gathered
some little pieces of moss on the sand hills at Northam Burrows; on
the 31st of May, I bred from amongst this moss a specimen of Gelechia
desertella, and, on searching amongst the moss, I found a firm sand
cocoon, in which the pupa must have been reposing when I collected
the moss.
Gelechia aléella.—Mr. Healy informs me that a friend of his has
bred this species from larvee which fed in the moss growing at the root
of an oak tree in the autumn. This insect is the Tinea scalella of
Scopoli, whose name, by the law of priority, must supersede the
Fabrician name of aléella.
(To be continued.)
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND.
BY EDWIN BIRCHALL.
(Continued from page 37.)
AcIpALtIA INCANARIA—Common.
- promutata—Cork and Kerry; common at Howth and
Malahide.
Bs SUBSERICEATA— Howth ; common.
x imMutTaTA—Killarney ; do.
_ REMUTATA—Do., and Wicklow.
5 FuMaTA— Widely distributed.
55 imrraRrA—Cork and Kerry.
Ss sTRIGILATA—County Wicklow ; Mr. Bristow.
ADVERSATA—Common.
= INoRNATA— Kingstown, Killarney.
TIMANDRA AMATARIA—Galway and Kerry.
CaBERA PUSARIA—Common everywhere.
- EXANTHEMARIA— Do.
Corycra TEMERATA—Killarney ; abundant.
S TAMINATA—Do. do.
Macaria notata—Do. do.
us LITuRATA— Widely distributed.
* This year Mr, Hodgkinson has again kindly sent me a supply of the larva of this species.
58 , [August,
Hata wavartaA— Widely distributed.
STRENIA CLATHRATA— do. do.
PANAGRA PETRARIA— Wicklow; Mr. Bristow.
NuMERIA PULVERARIA— Powerscourt.
ScopIONA BELGIARIA— Widely distributed, and common.
SELIDOSEMA PLUMARTA—Common at Killarney.
Frponia aTOMARIA—Common everywhere.
pInrARIA—Mr. Greene’s list: locality unknown. I have not
met with the insect.
Scorta DEALBATA— Killarney.
STERRHA SACRARIA— do. one specimen, 1864.
ASPILATES STRIGILARIA—do., very abundant.
cITRARIA— Powerscourt.
GILVARIA— do. and Galway.
”
”
+P)
ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA—Common.
“3 uLMAaTa—County Wicklow; Mr. Bristow.
Lrepra apustata—Counties Wicklow and Galway.
LOMASPILIS MARGINATA—Common.
HIYBERNIA RUPICAPRARIA— do.
a LEUCOPH HARIA— do.
. AURANTIARIA— do.
<5 PROGEMMARIA— do.
- DEFOLIARIA— do.
ANISOPTERYX HSCULARIA— do.
CHEIMATOBIA BRUMATA— do.
OporRABIA DILUTATA— do.
LARENTIA DIDYMATA— do.
MULTISTRIGATA— Dublin
cms1aTa—Generally distributed.
saLticata—Killarney, by Dr. Wallace; also Galway.
oLIvaTa— Common.
és PECTINITARIA—dO.
EMMELESIA ALCHEMILLATA—Common.
ALBULATA— do.
DECOLORATA— Powerscourt.
T£xNtATA—Common at Killarney ; may be beaten freely
from holly trees, but I believe only seeks them for the
purpose of concealment.
The larve, at present unknown, will probably be
found to feed on the seed-vessels of Silene inflata, which is
a common plant in the district.
1866. | 59
EMMELESIA UNIFASCIaTa—Taken at Kingstown by Mr. Greene.
# pRIcETATA—Mourne Mountain; very local.
n BLANDIATA—Common near Galway; also at Killarney, by
Dr. Wallace.
HuPITHECIA VENOSATA~— Generally distributed; very common at Howth.
x PULCHELLATA—Kingstown ; Mr. Greene.
% CENTAUREATA—Common.
& SUCCENTURIATA—Howth.
fa SUBFULVATA—Common.
ms SUBUMBRATA—Galway ; common.
‘ PLUMBEOLATA—Killarney ; do.
x ISOGRAMMATA— do. do.
be PYGM#ATA—County Wicklow, Galway, and Portarmnock.
. ARCEUTHATA— Killarney.
fe SATYRATA— Generally distributed and common.
- CASTIGATA— do. do. do.
ms pENnoTaTaA—Killarney ; Dr. Wallace.
: InnoTATA— Wicklow; Mr. Bristow.
‘9 consTrictata—Generally distributed and common
- NANATA— do. do. do.
- SUBNOTATA— do. do. do.
_ VULGATA— do. do. do.
a EXPALLIDATA — Wicklow; Mr. Bristow.
iy ABSYNTHIATA— Common.
"7 MINUTATA— do.
= ASSIMILATA— do. Dublin.
i VIRGAUREATA— do.
- TRISIGNATA— Howth.
. TENUIATA— Killarney.
; ABBREVIATA— Common.
- ex1auaTa— Wicklow and Dublin.
5 SOBRINATA—Commonly at Kingstown, by Mr. Greene.
ze PUMILATA—Generally distributed and common.
a coronatTa— Dublin and Wicklow.
7 RECTANGULATA— do. do.
53 DEBILIATA— Very abundant at Killarney.
Losopuora sExatata— Dr, Bull; locality unknown.
‘e VIRETATA— Common at Killarney.
THERA SIMULATA— Common.
YPsIPETES IMPLUVIATA— Pupa at Rathfarnham, under moss on Alders,
by Mr. Greene.
60 (August,
YPSIPETES ELUTATA—Generally distributed and common.
MenanTHia RUBIGINATA— Dublin and Wicklow; not uncommon.
a3 OCELLATA— do. do. do.
i" ALBICILLATA— Wicklow, Kerry, and Galway.
Metanrppp nastaTa— Killarney ; common.
5 TRISTATA— Widely distributed and common.
a UNANGULATA— Belfast; Mr. Bristow.
3 rivata—Cork; Mr. Clear.
. SUBTRISTATA— Common.
7 MONTANATA— Very common.
Aa GALIATA— do. on the Coast.
x FLUCTUATA— Very common.
ANTICLEA BADIATA— do.
Bs DERIVATA— Wicklow ; common.
Coremia MunNiITATA— Belfast ; Mr. Bristow.
* PROPUGNATA— Powerscourt ; abundant.
= FERRUGATA— Generally distributed and common.
* UNIDENTARIA— do. do.
5 QUADRIFASCIARIA—A specimen in the Belfast Museum ;
locality unknown.
CAMPTOGRAMMA BILINEATA— Generally distributed and very common.
a FLUVIATA— Howth and Malahide.
PHIBALAPTERYX LIGNATA—County Wicklow; Mr. Bristow.
Scoros1a DuBITATA— Kingstown, by Mr. Greene.
. ceRTATA— Malahide.
+ UNDULATA— Powerscourt.
Crparta PstTracaTa— Common at Ivy in County Wicklow. |
“4 MIATA— do. do. do. also at Howth.
a coryLaTta— County Wicklow, common.
E RUSSATA— do. do.
fs mManatTa— Killarney and Galway; abundant.
surrumMaTa— Abundant and generally distributed.
Ls SILACEATA— do. do.
* PRUNATA— do. do.
A TESTATA— do. do.
‘3 POPULATA— do. do.
_ FULVATA— do. do.
PYRALIATA— Powerscourt and Howth.
potata— Cork, Kingstown, and Powerscourt.
PELURGA COMITATA— Common at Howth.
1866. ] 61
EvsBouia cervinartA— Common at Howth.
MENSURARIA— Common.
- PALUMBARIA— do.
i BIpUNCTARIA— Mr. Greene’s list ; no locality given.
- LINEOLATA—On Mangerton Mountain, near Killarney, at a
considerable elevation ; a strange locality for this coast-loving
insect.
Carsta IMBUTATA— Howth.
ANAITIS PLAGIATA.— Generally distributed and common.
CuHEsIAs sparTiata— Mr, Tardy’s collection.
TANAGRA CHHROPHYLLATA— Very common.
192 species of the 269 Geometre in the British list. Of the genus
Phibalapteryx there is only one representative. 12 of the British
Acidalig, and 16 of the British Hupithecie, have not yet been
observed in Ireland.
(To be continued.)
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ECONOMY, MOULTING, AND PUPATION, &c.,
OF A LARVA OF NEPTICULA AURELLA, TOGETHER WITH SOME
REMARKS RESPECTING THE HABITS OF THE PARASITE OF
THAT SPECIES.
BY CHARLES HEALY.
(Concluded from page 29.)
The pupa presented a very pretty appearance, the head, thorax,
and wing-cases being enclosed, as it were, in a covering of very thin
white glass, the abdomen being of a pale sulphur-yellow; the pupa
was then exceedingly tender, and could only be touched with the
greatest caution. About three parts down the dorsal surface of the
abdomen a pale brown patch was observable, and on the back of the
head were two parallel chains of dusky coloured dots; after two days
the eyes became pale brown, and the two parallel chains of dusky spots
disappeared, and their place was occupied by a pale reddish patch, and
three little dark spots were visible near the base of the thorax. The
colour of the abdomen gradually deepened to orange-yellow ; the next
day the spots near the base of the thorax disappeared, and also the brown
patch on the abdomen. The pupa, which had hitherto remained
inactive, now wriggled its abdomen about, and the parts of the pupa
having now become much firmer, it could be turned about and examined
with less risk of injury.
62 [August,
No further change took place in the markings of the pupa till
about the middle of the month of March, when the brown abdominal
patch re-appeared, and showed through the ventral surface; the next
day two short projections were observed at the posterior end of
the abdomen; these proved to be the ends of the wing-cases, which
I had previously noticed were gradually retiring over the sides of the
pupa; the following day the eyes, which had been slowly deepening in
colour, turned quite black, and the ventral surface of the pupa became ~
partially split open, and down the centre of the portion so split open,
several faint dusky spots were dimly traceable (these spots, I believe,
were caused by the thoracic, and a portion of the abdominal ganglia,
faintly shadowing through the body of the pupa).
The next day a rather thick dark streak appeared down the centre
of the thorax, and two days later, this streak was crowned by a little
circular dusky spot; the brown patch on the dorsal surface of the
abdomen shrank lower down, and the feet of the future imago slowly
began to separate themselves from the pupa; the following day the
dusky streak, which had appeared three days previously down the
centre of the thorax, became reduced to a mere line, and instead of
being crowned, as before, by a little circular dusky spot, the place of
the latter was occupied by two short parallel lines; a small cluster of
three dusky spots also appeared on the centre of the abdomen.
On the 2nd of March the thorax became free of all markings,
and one of three dusky spots on the back of the abdomen disappeared,
and the other two soon followed it, and the light brown abdominal
patch (wnich had become reduced to a mere speck) had almost dis-
appeared, having shrunk down to the extreme end of the abdomen,
from which it ultimately retired altogether.
Seven days later a dark spot was observable on each side of the
base of the thorax; these spots gradually enlarging, finally became
blended into one dark coloured blotch, which slowly spread over the
thorax, head, and wing-cases, turning them shining black; after which,
the deeper colour spread to the abdomen, though the latter only became
slightly discoloured in comparison with the head, thorax, and wing-
cases, on which the usual markings of the imago gradually made their
appearance.
On the 3rd of April the pupa skin, splitting at the back of the
head, enabled the imago to effect its escape by leaving the skin behind
it on the leaf; it hurried up the side of the cage, and unfolded its
wings to dry.
1866.) : 638
For three days, every time the glass cover of the jar was raised,
the imago raced up the side of the jar at its very hardest, anxious to
effect its escape; by the end, however, of the fourth day, it was not
quite so lively in its movements. On the evening of the sixth day, its
movements were confined to little jerky flights amongst the lower part
of the jar; and on the 7th and last day of its existence, it was only
capable of fluttering about the bottom of the jar in a feeble state, and
ultimately expired with its wings fully expanded.
Notes on Coleoptera at Loch Rannoch ; including two species new to Britain, and
description of a new Oxypoda.—Having recently visited this now well-known Ento-
mological hunting-ground in pursuit of beetles, under somewhat different conditions
as to weather, and at a rather later time of the year, as compared with the trip
recorded in Vol. II. by Mr. Sharp and myself, I have hurriedly written a few remarks
which I hope may prove not altogether uninteresting to Coleopterists who have not
worked in the Highlands. As before, I was not left in solitude during my stay ;
being joined soon after arriving at Camachgouran by the Rev. T. A. Marshall (from
whose pen I can promise a notice of the Homoptera, §’c., observed during his visit),—
and, after a time, by Messrs. T. Blackburn and Geldart. The general insect pro-
ductions of the district had, therefore, rather a warm time of it, all being fish (so to
speak) that came to our nets; though fish in the flesh was scarce, as, indeed, was
everything eatable and potable,—barring oatmeal and water. We heard rumours,
moreoyer, of other collectors at Glencoe, some 25 miles distant ; and our own
immediate district had been already worked by Messrs. Crotch and Sharp in the
spring; so that it will be readily understood that the indigenous Gaels were quite
accustomed to the ways of Entomologists: their familiarity, indeed, almost verging
upon contempt, e.g., a spasmodic effort on my part to obtain meat from Kinloch pro-
duced a parcel by the mail cart directed “To the fyman at Camachgouran.”
Of course, the majority of the Coleoptera observed were of the same species as
we remarked last year; some, however, then abundant, were conspicuously rare on
the present occasion, notably the whole of the Elateridw, for which I expect an
earlier journey must be made. Hn revanche, I founda few that I had not succeeded
in capturing during my former visit. First of these, I may notice Dendrophagus
crenatus (of which two were taken by my friend, Mr. R. Hislop, here last year) ;
many visits to the saw-pit at Dall, undertaken chiefly in the hope of getting it,
finally rewarded me with one specimen of this elegant creature, which I found
coursing rapidly towards evening over a bare fir log, one of many stripped of their
bark by me.
Here also, on unbarked and licheny larches, I found Rhagiwm indagator in great
profusion, running and prying about in the hot sunshine; and was much struck
with the great resemblance between the tints of the insect and the trees, in the
crevices of the bark of which, especially near the ground, stragglers of Dictyopterus
Aurora were still to be seen. This species turned up in some numbers in its old
habitat among the damp pine chips under the logs, accompanied by its Lampyriform
64 { August,
larvee, one of which I observed making a meal of a defunct Geotrwpes; and the
perfect insect was taken flying rather freely towards evening, and more sparingly in
the middle of the day. On the logs I captured the fragile Dircea levigata, Hlater
pomorum, a few Pytho depressus (whose forked-tail larva abounded under bark, with
that of the ever present Rhagivm), and divers wandering Clerus formicarius, the
latter much resembling a large exotic ant. Here also, among the damp chips, were
Trechus rubens (as before), and Pterostichus orinomus, which I also found under
stones at the Loch side and on the mountain slopes.
With these, in fungoid growth, Hister succicola, Triplax russica, and Philonthus
succicola occurred (one of the Staph. with two five-jointed tarsi to one of its hind-
legs), accompanied by hosts of the beautiful though common Bolitobius atricapillus.
Towards evening, divers Tomici (bidens and acwminatus) and Cis festivus were to be
taken wandering on barked logs; and the welcome sight of powdery black fungus
assured the presence of Liodes, very many specimens of castanea, glabra, and
humeralis lurking in such growth, and whole families of them haunting the mouldy
chips and dirt immediately beneath the trees whereon it occurred. Astinomus,
Pissodes, Hylobius, Hylastes, Rhizophagus, and Epurea pusilla in swarms, were
exposed by turning over newly-sawn planks ; all being, indeed, more or less common
everywhere. Astinomus, judging from the freshness and perfect condition of some
of my specimens, appeared to be just emerging from pupa, though the insect had
been observed for months. I found several live pupze under bark, and was startled
one morning at 5 a.m. (broad sunlight) by seeing a fine male of the beetle fly down
upon my modest bed (and dining) room window, which his horns nearly spanned.
Asemum was not so intrusive as formerly, though common enough, lurking in the
deep layers and cracks of fir bark ; it is so abundant as to be well known to the
wood-cutters, who call it the “ soft timberman.”
There were but few unbarked logs to be found within some miles of the village :
but by pertinacious hunting I contrived to find here and there one fit to work,—the
best things obtained therefrom being Hpurea angustula (2), Omalium inflatum (4),
Xyloterus lineatus (several), Quedius wanthopus (rare), Q. levigatus (common),
Bolitochara obliqua, Homalota pilosa, H. imnversa, Placusa sp., Phleocharis, Leptwsa
analis (not rare), Philonthus splendidulus, &c. Lalso found a fine male of Homalota
fusco-femorata, Wat. (picipes, Thoms.), very like occulta, but readily distinguishable
by the abrupt central triangular notch in its upper penultimate abdominal segment.
The Quedii are easier to see than catch (except a wide beating-net be held beneath
the log when ripping off the bark), as they drop and race off directly their hiding-
places are exposed. I obtained many mature pupe, but failed to rear the insects
satisfactorily in a box, as they require a point d’appui to assist them in shuffling off
their mortal coil.
Stumps left in the ground were productive in a less degree, and not easy to
discover with bark on, Those recently cut had the accustomed Asemum, Ips
4-punctata, &c., on their turpentine-oozing upper surface ; and the older ones pro-
duced Melanotus castanipes, Rhyncolus chloropus (abundant), Agathidiwm rotundatum
(common), and Liodes, Quedius, Leptusa, &c., with two species of Cerylon. Once I
found Bradycellus collaris under bark,—a curious locality, only to be equalled by
finding a fine large black Malthodes (near marginatus) and Salpingus ater in moss
on the top of one of the mountains. ;
:
1866.] 65
On stripping the bark from moderately recent stumps, I was much gratified at
being able to see so easily the relations of Ips, Rhizophagus, and Epwrea with
regard to Hylwrgus and Hylastes, as mentioned by M. Perris in the French Annales.
The galleries of the latter insects, carried down to the sappy living wood, were
thronged with species of the three first-mentioned genera, as well as by their
legitimate tenants ; and I even caught a Rhizophagus (ferrugineus) with its head
and thorax sunk into the rear of a sickly Hylurgus piniperda. Bulky specimens of
Ips, piratically intent, seemed quite blocked up in the narrow channels of Hylastes’
larvee.
Generally, sweeping was but of little use. No Ceuthorhynchus save erice
gladdened my eyes; though at Longniddry, on my way north, I got upwards of 50
of the rare C. hirtulus. The Telephori were nothing like so common as before ;—
T. paludosus, elongadays, testacews, and the much vexed 21 sp.*—?, being the chief
(and sparse) so ae of the genus. One or two species of Malthodes, and
Scymnus nigrinus, occurred under fir trees; the curious little Anthonomus mentioned
in my former notes was still common in marshy places, certainly off dwarf sallow
only, and never varying ; Saperda scalaris, a gorgeous sight, fell to my net off
alder bushes on the banks of the rapid burn; and Cryptocephalus 10-punctatus was
to be found on dwarf sallow as before ;—an additional insight into its habits being
afforded by my observing that it does not care much for rain, as I took several
specimens (in cop.) during showers. Inthe very hot sunshine this insect absolutely
flies almost as sharp as a Cicindela when approached. C. lineola could only be
found by me in its ordinary striped condition, and that but sparingly: and Thyamis
holsatica, as before, represented the Halticide. A few Diacanthus impressus, vars.
of female Campylus, Elater nigrinus, and Sericosomus brunneus were the chief of the
Elateride ; except some females of Corymbites cwpreus, which sex was very rare last
year, though hundreds of males were to be had. Donacia aquatica, also, was much
less common than heretofore.
Agarics on old birches produced Cis bidentatus, nitidus, and lineatocribratus in
swarms ; one puffy little white fungus containing four or five Thymalus imbatus.
Hunting among stones by the burn-side, I found Helophorus arvernicus, Parnus
awuriculatus, Bledius subterraneus, Hydrena riparia, and a Homalota, which I hope
will turn out to be cambrica ; also the pretty Coccinella 5-punctata, running rapidly
among the Lotus plants, to the red calyx of which it bears a superficial resemblance
in colour.
I was much surprised to find no less than eleven specimens of Anisotoma dubia
(in all its varieties) under a stone on the sandy spit at Dall; though last year I
found a single example under similar circumstances. The habits of the members
of this genus are certainly as erratic (tending to “ fluky” captures) as those of
Tachinus elongatulus, which I found crawling on a wall, and also under a stone on
the hill side; one can never be sure of a locality for this species. .
Carabus glabratus, Amara bifrons, Silpha nigrita, Otiorhynchus mawrus and
rugifrons occurred in the paths; Aleochara brevipennis, Stenus fuscipes, and Ocalea
picata in moss; Ptinus crenatus in numbers in my bedroom woodwork; Cetonia
enea flying passim ; and sheep dung produced myriads of the Aphodius known to us
as lapponum, A. putridus, A. depressus, &c., accompanied (on the high ground)
by Deliphrum tectum, Autalia puncticollis, Tachinus provimus, T. pallipes, T.
| flanipes, &e.
66 jAugust,
By exploring a tall mountain behind Cross Craig, known to the aborigines as
“Grayvel” (signifying “rough,” as I was informed, and amply deserving that
adjective), several insects came to light which were not to be had elsewhere;
Miscodera arctica at the summit, Calathus micropterus and C. nubigena, the usual
Patrobus septentrionis and P. clavipes (abundantly), Otiorhynchus maurus, Trechus
obtusus, Oxypoda aterrima (Wat. Cat.), Homalota tibialis, H. nitidula, and the
insect previously recorded as Schistoglossa viduata, but which is not that species
(of which I only know of two examples,—one in Mr. Crotch’s possession, taken by
Mr. Wollaston, and the other in Mr. Waterhouse’s cabinet), but an apparently
undescribed Homalota (Atheta, Thom.), being all taken here, with Tachinus elonga-
tulus, Mycetoporus nanus, &e.
Turning over stones, and shaking the rough moss between them, produced
Anthophagus alpinus in numbers (with many cornuted males), Arpedium brachypterum
and Geodromicus globulicollis in some quantity, and Stenus geniculatus, Bythinus
securiger, and the Lesteva formerly brought forward as monticola (but which appears
to be undescribed) more sparingly.
Here also I found, in moss near the summit, a specimen of an insect about the
size and build of Mycetoporus punctus (Mr. Marshall also found one, but much
smaller than mine), but which, from the structure of its maxillary palpi, is
evidently a Bryoporus, and I think must be referred to B. rufus, Er. (Gen. et Spee.
Staph., 273, 8), a species new to Britain, of which it appears to be a not previously
noticed dark variety. It is almost pitchy-black in colour, with the edges of the
thorax and elytra and margins of the abdominal segments lighter; and, as far as
colour goes, would seem to fit better with the descriptions of the already recorded
B. cernwus, which is noticed as varying from black with red elytra to almost
entirely red; but the proximity of its thoracic punctures to the fore and hind
margins,—the greater length of its elytra, the punctuation of the striz of which is
somewhat obsolete, and of the interstices both irregular and obsolete,—and the
evident thickening of its antenne (Er., loc. cit., p. 273; a character not noticed by
Kraatz or Thomson), all point to B. rufus; of which, although no dark form has
been recorded, a variety with the head and breast pitchy-black is given by Erichson.
I also found, on the summit of the same mountain, some specimens of a very
small and (when alive) almost entirely pale Oxypoda, identical with a species sent
me some time ago by Mr. Morris Young, which I am inclined to refer to the O. soror
of Thomson (Ofv., 1855; Skand. Col., iii, 24, 1), a species also new to our lists.
Its entirely testaceous hue, except a very slight infuscation in the middle of the
abdomen, scarcely perceptible (if at all) when alive, but becoming darker and
spreading after death,—short elytra, which are not so long as the thorax,—and
long antenne, which are distinctly as long as the head and thorax, and are but
slightly thickened towards the apex,—readily distinguish it from all our other
small testaceous species.
Under stones near the top of “ Grayvel,” I took a few examples of another
Oxypoda, allied to lentula, Er., but with somewhat more the form of longiuscula,
Er., and which, imagining it to be undescribed, I characterize as follows:
O. RUPICOLA (n. sp.): elongata, sub-parallela, nigra, sub-opaca, tenuiter sericeo-
sppubescens, elytris depressiusculis, antennis pedibusque piceo-nigris, his genubus
tarsisque vie dilutioribus. Long. 14 lin.
1866.) 67
Compared with O. lentula, it is of a rather deeper black colour, with longer
antenne, the joints of which are not quite so transverse,—the thorax not so wide,—
the elytra longer, the head more inclined to be parallel-sided, not being widest
behind and contracted in front, as in that species,—and the tarsi (especially the
hinder pair) longer and thinner. There is another insect, O. islandica, Kraatz
(Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1857, 285), also allied to O. lentula; but which, from its shorter
elytra, fusco-testaceous apex, &c., cannot be identical with O. rupicola. Compared
with O. longiuscula, the species now being described may be known by its uniformly
black colour, smaller size, and shorter and slighter antennz, the joints of which are
less conic. 0. rwpicola must also be closely allied to O. obscura, Kraatz (Ins.
Deuts. II., 1057) ; from which, however, it seems by description to be sufficiently
distinguishable through its smaller size, darker legs, the dark base to its antennz
(which are, moreover, less stout, and have the apical joint especially less broad), its
narrower head, &c.—E. C. Rye, 284, King’s Road, Chelsea, S.W., 17th July, 1866.
Oryptocephalus 10-punctatus in Staffordshire.—I have much pleasure in recording
the capture (I believe for the first time in England) of Cryptocephalus 10-punctatus,
Linn. in Staffordshire. My friend, Mr. Harris, of Burton, happened to show me,
about a fortnight since, a Cryptocephalus that he said was new to him, and as he
had found only one specimen, he thought by chance it might be a variety.
I so liked the look of it that [ agreed to make an excursion with him on
purpose to take some more.
The day we went was unfortunately very windy, but 1 managed to take three
and Mr. Harris one. On coming home and looking at last year’s Annual, I found it
was the insect taken by Messrs. Rye and Sharp last year at Rannoch, C. 10-punctatus
of Linnzus. Two of my specimens are yellow with black spots; the other is the
black variety, with red spots on the forehead. We found the insect on birch,
accompanied by Cryptocephalus flavilabris, Vineola, and labiatus, Elater balteatus,
Sericosomus brunneus, Magdalinus carbonarius, Lwperus rufipes, and flavipes, ¥c.—
W. Garneys, Repton, June 23rd, 1866.
Capture of rare Coleoptera in London.—The following three rather rare species
of Coleoptera have been recently taken in the court-yard of the British Museum,
viz., Homalota hepatica, male and female, and Calodera wmbrosa, by myself; and
Deleaster dichrius by my brother Frederick; this last insect was found under a
stone in a damp situation. Epwp. WATERHOUSE, British Museum, July 17th, 1866.
Query respecting Lithosia caniola.—Mr. Birchall states that this species is found
‘on one point of the Irish Coast, and in no other part of the British Islands.”
The first British specimens of this species that I saw, were in a box of Lepi-
doptera which Mr. King brought here. Nearly all the insects in this box were
unset, and he assured me they were all taken near Torquay. They were mostly in
very bad condition. Mr. King told me that these Lithosie were caught on the
coast near Torquay, and he supposed them to be faded specimens of one of the
common species.
68 (August,
Has Mr. Birchall any doubts about the correctness of Mr. King’s statement ?
and if so, where does he suppose Mr. King’s specimens were taken ?—Hrnry
Dovptepay, Epping, July 14th, 1866.
Note on Notonecta maculata and other water-Hemiptera.—In the last number of
“The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” my friend Mr. Douglas records the
capture, in clay pits at Lee, of Notonecta maculata, a species which, he says, had
hitherto been received only from the West of England. It was common here, years
ago, in the gravel pits on the edge of the forest; quite as common, I think, as
N. glauca and furcata. Ranatra linearis and Naucoris cimicoides were also common
in the same pits, most of which are now filled up and the land cultivated.—Id.
Occurrence of Sisyra Dalii and S. terminalis near Reigate.—On the occasion of
the Entomological Society’s excursion to Reigate on the 6th inst., I captured four
examples of Sisyra Dalii (vide Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 2, p. 268) by beating the bushes
on the banks of the river Mole. These are not so large as the specimens I had
previously seen, of Mr. Dale’s capturing, and thus the comparison of sizes already
given (loc. cit.) is scarcely correct. A subsequent visit to the same locality has
produced three more, and I also found §S. terminalis rather commonly; but the
generally distributed S. fuscata was represented by a single individual only; pro-
bably the Mole is too turbid and sluggish a stream for the latter species. Both 8.
Dalit and S. terminalis are at present known only as British, but I can scarcely
suppose that they do not occur on the Continent, where they are probably over-
looked, being undoubtedly confined to particular streams.—R. McLacutan, Forest
Hill, July 14th, 1866.
Description of the larva of Leucania pallens, with notes on its habits, §c.—After
many attempts to rear this species from eggs, I have at length succeeded, much to my
satisfaction. The moth is common enough, yet the larva is not often found by
collectors, even when specially searching for grass-feeders, as I have had ample
proof through many seasons. Eggs, however, can readily be obtained, and friends
have supplied me with them in previous years that duly hatched, but the young
larvee always died or escaped when a few days old. When they leave the eggs they
are exceedingly active and restless, evincing no desire for food, but seem bent on
escaping from confinement; possibly the proper species of grass not having been
supplied, previous broods having been placed on Triticum repens and Dactylus
glomeratus.
I am indebted to Mr. D’Orville for a further supply of eggs in September, 1865,
which hatched during their transit by post, and the young larves were put on a tuft
of Aira cespitosa, aud after a day or two of incessant exercise they settled to their
food, eating only the cuticle or green portions of tle blades, leaving transparent
patches on the grass.
They appeared to hybernate in December, but as they were kept within doors
all the winter, their hybernation was but partial, for I observed them once or twice
on the tops of the grass in January and February, at that time about half-an-inch
Jong, and much darker in colour than most of their congeners at that stage of
growth.
1866.] ; 69
When nearly an inch long they ate the grass through, generally from the tops
downwards, remaining on it by day if their glass covering was shaded, but other"
wise hiding close to the roots.
The most forward one was full grown by the 14th March, and the latest by
' 30th May, 1866, the perfect insects appearing from June 4th to July 9th. The
larvee are cylindrical, ground colour ochreous, greyish, or greyish-ochreous, with
a whitish dorsal line outlined with dark grey running through the middle of an oval
shape of brownish-grey on each segment.
Sub-dorsal, line whitish, margined above with a greyish stripe, and below by a
thin brownish line, and after an interval of the ground colour, another fine line of
brown, edged below with a thin line of pale ochreous, followed by a broad stripe of
greyish, the black spiracles being along its lower edge; below is a broad stripe
of pale ochreous; belly and fore-legs ochreous-grey ; ordinary dots along the back
dark brown, and very small. Head mottled with grey-brown.—W. BuckiEr,
Emsworth.
Description of the larva of Acidalia contiguaria.—Through the kindness of
Messrs. Greening and Bond, Mr. Buckler and myself have had the pleasure of
rearing the larva of this species this season.
The larva, after hybernation, at the beginning of April, was about half-an-inch
in length ; and at that time, although rugose, and presenting a most decided wave-
like appearance, was not at all so plainly marked as it afterwards became. The ground
colour was a warm ochreous-brown above, and a dark chocolate brown beneath ;
and on the middle segments was a row of elongated diamond-shaped markings,
slightly darker than the ground colour, with the four usual dots on each segment
blackish ; along the spiracular region the dark and light shades of brown met in a
sort of zig-zag line.
About April 20th the larva moulted for the last time, and after that continued
to feed for about four weeks.
When full-fed it was about three-quarters of an inch in length, belonging to
the shorter and thicker type of Acidalia larve, rather flattened below, slightly
tapering from tail to head, rugose ; the head small and bifid. The back of a buff-
brown, brighter on the head and three following segments ; a dark sub-dorsal (but
no dorsal) line on these same segments; at segment five the sub-dorsal line ceases,
and the dorsal row of dark-brown elongated diamonds begins ; this contracts to a
double dorsal line, but is much darker, on the hinder segments; the usual dots
black, emitting bristles ; the spiracular region puffed and puckered, bordered
below with a broad irregular stripe of dark brown; the centre of the belly of an
ochreous-brown.
When disturbed the larva draws back the front segments, but I did not see it
twist into a coil.
Understanding that the food must be Empetrum nigrum, we troubled our
friends to send us a supply of this plant out of Yorkshire, and then soon found that
ling, whitethorn-buds and Polygonum aviculare were just as acceptable! The two
moths emerged on June 27th and July 5th.—J. Heiuins, July 12th.
Trochiulum chrysidiforme at Folkestone.—During three weeks’ stay at Folkestone,
I met with several fine specimens of this beautiful clearwing.—E. Mrxx, 5, King
Street, Old Ford Road, N.E.
70 [August,
Note on the food-plant of Lycena Corydon.—The larva of L. Corydon is
frequently said to feed on the bird’s-foot trefuil (Lotus corniculatus), but I strongly
suspect that it has never been found on that plant. The food of the species is
Hippocrepis comosa, a plant closely resembling Lotus corniculatus in the flowers, but
differing widely from it in the leaf and legume. This plant is confined to chalk and
limestone districts. In the neighbourhood of Cambridge we get the larva in
abundance on the Hippocrepis, and lately I have been trying to make them take
kindly to the Lotus. I mixed some of these two plants together, and found that,
while they eat up every morsel of the Hippocrepis, they left the Lotus. The leaves
of this latter, however, had minute notches, as if the larva had tasted them, found
out their mistake, and passed on; but though I made my larve fast, they still
refused to feed on it. This preference that the larva shows for the chalk plant,
and its reluctance to touch the widely distributed one, throws much light on the
distribution of the butterfly. I might mention, as an instance of how easily these
two plants may be mistaken, that the other day, when I told an entomologist (who
has sent these larve all over England) my opinion about the food-plant of this
insect, he replied, “‘ Why! I have never seen the larva on anything else but bird’s-
foot trefoil.” I found, however, that those he had in his possession were all feeding
on Hippocrepis. It would be well if entomologists would pay a little more attertion
to botany.—J. Greper, Cambridge.
[We shall be glad to hear from other observers on the same subject.—EDs. |
Remarks on Dr. Jordan’s notes “ On the similarity of the insects of North America
and of England.”
The subject of the similarity of the insects of northern Europe and the tem-
perate and boreal portions of the North American continent has attracted the
attention of entomologists, ever since the natural productions of America became
familiar to us, and it is now known that upwards of three hundred North American
species of all orders are considered as absolutely identical with Huropean forms
while numerous others are so closely allied as to be the subjects of remark. Before
proceeding further, it may be as well to enumerate the various “theories of
creation,” one or other of which is most congenial to this or that mind. Firstly, we
have the original hypothesis of a comprehensive creation, which included all forms
now living, as well as those now extinct, many of which have left their testimonies in
the rocks as the sole indication of their existence at periods more or less remote.
Secondly, the idea of special separate centres of contemporaneous creations has its
adherents. Thirdly, there is the theory of progressive creation, either continuous
or per saltus. Fourthly, the “origin of species by means of natural selection,” or
the Darwinian theory, more or less modified. In another place (Trans. Ent. Soc.,
ser. 3, vol. ii., p. 466) I have stated that, although, perhaps, not prepared to accept
the latter hypothesis in its entirety, I still look upon it as a reasonable manner of
accounting for phenomena which are otherwise inexplicable, and have brought
forward the subject of Dr. Jordan’s notes in support of my opinion. In scrutinising
Dr. J.’s remarks, it appears that, while he is, at all eyents, not ready to accept
either of the two last mentioned theories, and is still, like all of us, “ crying for the
light,’ he is yet decidedly opposed to give a favourable reception to “ natural
1866] 7
selection.” In saying, thatif we support this theory, we must suppose that a certain
species was developed in both regions, he will, I know, pardon me if I state that
the ‘‘ developmental” idea is misunderstood. It is not necessary for a moment to
imagine that a dual development has taken place. On the contrary, may we not
surmise, that long before that remote period when the bed of the Atlantic had no
existence as such, and when the dry land was continuous between what we now
term Europe and America, this species had already spread itself over a vast area;
and that, when the outlying boundaries of the region peculiar to it had become
separated by an immense expanse of ocean, it still continued to preserve its pecu-
liarities intact? JIthink so. Natural selection does not work in a regular manner,
but is most capricious and uncertain in its effects, as is well exemplified in the
human race; for do we not find that the Hebrew nation, dispersed as it is from one
end of the globe to the other, has preserved from remote historic times, and still
preserves, under all conditions of surrounding circumstances, its physical charac-
teristics ? whereas the inhabitants of the States of America have already, in very
few generations, acquired national physical peculiarities of the most marked nature.
The occurrence, therefore, of an identical form in two widely separated districts,
does not prove that it was “‘developed” in both, but rather that it is slow to
become affected by various changes in surrounding conditions, in contradistinction
to those forms which, there is every reason to believe, readily adapt themselves to
organic physical changes, and are highly susceptible of alterations in conditions.
I must protest against the assertion that “‘it is the business of entomologists to
deal with facts and not with hypotheses.” When the matter is purely descriptive
entomology, the more facts areadhered to, and hypotheses dispensed with, the better ;
hut when on a subject of phenomena similar to that which we are now consider-
ing, it is our duty to enquire how these facts became facts, and if we are precluded
from perfectly satisfying ourselves as to these points, we should lean towards that
hypothesis which, to our individual inward conviction, seems the most reasonable.
Above all, we should never become conservatives in science, allowing traditional and
educational influences to weigh against a comparatively recent idea, because it is
recent. The days in which naturalists occupied themselves ewclusively in mechanical
descriptive work, or in “facts” only, are fast passing away, and the time has com-
menced in which facts are no longer considered as valuable for their intrinsic
merits alone, but as guides to point out the intricate path of philosophical enquiry.
The physician does not seek to cure a disease through a simple knowledge of the
symptoms; he first seeks rather to ascertain the probable cause, as evidenced by
the symptoms or facts. I know of no more expressive, more trite, language bearing
on this point, than the following extract from a lecture delivered by the Rev. Charles
Kingsley at the Royal Institution. He says, “I can conceive few human states
“more enviable than that of the man to whom, watching for his life under the tropic
“forest, Isis shall for a moment lift the sacred veil, and show him, once and for
“ever, the thing he dreamed not of—some law, or even mere hint of a law, explain-
“ing one fact; but explaining it with a thousand more, connecting them all with
“each other, and with the mighty whole, till order and meaning shoot through
“some old chaos of scattered observations.’—RoBpert McLAcuLan, Forest Hill,
2nd July, 1866.
79 [August, 1866.
ENTomoLocicaL Society or Lonpon. 2nd July, 1866.—Sir Joun Lusszock,
Bart., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Hon. Thomas De Grey, M.P., of Arlington Street, Piccadilly, and Merton
Hall, Thetford, and Christopher Ward, Esq., of Halifax, were elected Members.
The President invited the Members to spend the day with him at Farnborough,
on Saturday, the 11th of August next.
Mr. Stainton exhibited a seed-head of Typha latifolia which had been sent to
him by the Hon. T. De Grey, and which was infested with the larve of Laverna
phragmitella; and also a series of the Gelechia bred from the galls of Gypsophila
sawifraga. He mentioned that he had received a letter from M. Milliére, stating
that the rye crops near St. Etienne, in France, had suffered greatly from the ravages
of a larva which he (Mr. 8.) believed to be that of Ochsenhevmeria taurella.
Mr. Bond exhibited an example of Dianthacia cwsia, specimens of which had
recently been taken by Messrs. Gregson and Hopley, in the Isle of Man; and
specimens of Sesia philanthiformis bred from pupz sent by Mr. Greening from the
same locality: together with a Phycita which he thought might benew. He further
exhibited a series of remarkably large examples of Papilio Machaon, and stated that
most of those bred this year were very fine.
Mr. Edwin Shepherd exhibited an old example of Dianthecia cesia from the
late Mr. Bentley’s collection, which was said to have been captured in Yorkshire ;
it was identical in appearance with the Isle of Man specimens.
Mr. E. Saunders exhibited some Lepidoptera from Mexico, including a fine
gynandromorphous example of a species of Euterpe.
Mr. Stevens exhibited specimens of Dicranocephala Wallichtt from Northern
India, and D. Bowringii from Southern China.
The Rev. Douglas Timins sent some notes on the larvae of Charawes Jasius and
Melitea provencialis, which he had bred in England from continental larvae.
Mr. Pascoe made some further remarks on the insects found in cylindrical holes
in the snow fields of Switzerland (see Proceedings for April 3rd, 1865, Ent. Month.
Mag., Vol. I., p. 284), in connection with a paper by Mr. Albert Miller, in the July
number of the “ Zoologist,” in which he referred to Von Tschudi’s “‘ Thierleben der
Alpenwelt,” p. 465, the latter stating that insects fly on the snow, apparently for
the purpose of absorbing oxygen.
Professor Brayley alluded to an old idea that melting snow contained free
oxygen.
Professor Westwood stated that bees, during sunny weather, when the snow
was on the ground, had a habit of settling on it, and were thus killed.
The President called attention to a paper by M. Balbiani on the generation of
Aphides, published in the June number of the “ Comptes Rendus,” in which the
author advances the theory that these insects are true hermaphrodites.
Professor Westwood mentioned, in regard to this subject, that he had been
much puzzled at observing, that on some rose-trees which were placed away from
any overhanging trees or shrubs, the young buds, morning after morning, were
each occupied by a fat apterous Aphis, although the plants had all been carefully
cleaned on the preceding day. Hecould not imagine by what means they had come
there. Mr. Edward Sheppard said he had observed similar occurrences.
September, 1866. | 73
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND.
BY EDWIN BIRCHALL.
(Continued from page 61.)
NOCTUA.
THYATIRA DERASA—Very common, Killarney, Wicklow, Galway, Howth.
ms BATIS— do. do.
CyMATOPHORA DUPLARIS—Killarney.
bs FLUCTUOSA— Do.
- DILUTA— Do.
53 or—Dr. Bull. No locality known to me.
Sy ocuLARIS—Powerscourt ; Mr. Greene.
* FLAVICORNIS— Common.
BrYOPHILA PERLA— do.
Acronycta TRIDENS-—Dublin and Galway.
Ms pst—Common.
ts LEPORINA— Wicklow and Kerry ; common.
ss AcERIS—Galway.
a MEGACEPHALA—Common.
ye ALNI— Wicklow ; one specimen.
S LIGUSTRI—Galway ; not uncommon.
= RUMIcIs—Very common.
a Myrico®—Killarney, by Dr. Battersby.
LEUCcANIA ConIgERA—Very common, and generally distributed.
- LITHARGYRIA— Do. do.
i opsoLeTa—County Wicklow; Mr. Bristow.
" LITTORALIS—Common on the Eastern coast.
2s PuDoRINA—Abundant at Killarney.
Ns comMAa—Very common.
f IMPURA— do.
: PALLENS— do.
” PHRAGMITIDIS—NSaid to have been taken near Belfast.
Nownagrta DESPeCTA—Galway and County Wicklow; common.
Pt FULVA— Widely distributed.
concotor—Mr. Greene’s list.
a TYPH®— Wicklow; Mr. Bristow.
GorTYNA FLAVAGO—Common, and widely distributed.
Hyprecta nicrirans—Do. do.
3 prerasttis—Howth; Mr. Dunlop.
mMicacea—Common, and widely distributed.
AXYLIA PUTRIS— do. do.
74
|September,
XYLOPHASIA RUREA—Common, and widely distributed.
7
th)
LITHOXYLEA—Do. do.
SUBLUSTRIS—Very abundant near Galway; also taken
near Dublin, by Mr. Barrett.
POLYODON—Common everywhere.
HEPATICA— Powerscourt.
Nevria saronarr®—Mr. Greene’s list; no locality known to me.
HeELIOPHOBUS POPULARIS—Generally distributed and common.
CHARZAS GRAMINIS— do. do.
CrERIGO CYTHEREA— do. do.
LUPERINA TESTACEA— do. do.
”?
cespitis—Abundant on the coast near Dublin.
Mamestrra absecta—Abundant on the coast near Waterford.
99
ANCEPS—Common on the Dublin coast.
ALBICOLON—Do. do.
FURVA— do. do.
BRASsIcH—Common everywhere.
PERSICARI@—Near Dublin; Mr. Shield.
APAMEA BASILINEA—Generally distributed, and common.
9
29
9
9?
@EMINA—Very common near Galway.
uNnaNrim1Is—Dublin and Wicklow.
OPHIOGRAMMA—One specimen in the collection of Trinity
College, captured by Mr. Tardy ; locality unknown.
ocuLEA—Common everywhere.
MIANA STRIGILIS— do. do.
2)
9?
9?
PP)
FASCIUNCULA—Do. do.
LITEROSA—Common on the coast.
FURUNCULA— Very abundant. The variety rufuncula of
Haworth occurs commonly at Howth. The wings are uni-
formly clay-coloured, without limes or spots, and the insect
has a strong superficial resemblance to Nonagria-concolor.
EXPOLITA—Common near Galway. The Irish specimens are
smaller and much more richly coloured than any English ones
1 have seen.
CrLENA HAWORTHII—Common on the Dublin and Wicklow mountains.
GRAMMESIA TRILINEA—Common in most places.
CaARADRINA BLANDA— do. do.
bs cubicuLARIS—Do. do.
RUSINA TENEBROSA— do. do.
AGROTIS VALLIGERA—Abundant on the coast.
9
SUFEUSA— Wicklow and Howth.
1866.)
“I
cu
Agroris savcta—Dublin, in 1865.
9
”
9)
2?
9
?
SEGETUM—Too common everywhere.
LUNIGERA—Common at Howth; has also occurred at Cork.
EXCLAMATIONIS—A bundant everywhere.
corticEA— Widely distributed, and not uncommon.
RIP®—Malahide sand-hills.
cursoRIA—Do., very abundant.
Ni@RIcANS—Do., and Howth.
TRITICI—Common everywhere on the coast.
AQUILINA— Malahide gand-hills,
OBELISCA—Abundant at Howth; frequents the higher slopes
of the hill, where it may be taken freely from the Ragwort
flowers in August, in company with lunigera. Although
triticc swarms at the foot of the hill and along the shore,
it rarely intrudes on the more aristocratic society of the
higher levels.
acaTutna—Howth and Wicklow. Taken not uncommonly
by sweeping the heath at night, in August and September.
PORPHYREA—Very common at Howth, secreting itself by day
among the broken limestone shale.
PRecox—Common on the sand-hills of the Dublin coast.
RAVIDA—Mr. Greene’s list; locality of capture unknown
to me.
LUCERNEA— Very common at Howth.
TRIPHENA JANTHINA—Abundant in most localities.
Noctva
”?
?
”?
”
>
39
9
99
??
”
PP)
”?
FIMBRIA— do. do.
INTERJECTA— do. do.
SUBSEQUA—I captured two specimens of this rare species
at sugar near Galway, in August, 1858.
ORBONA—Common everywhere.
PRONUBA—Do. do.
aLarEosa— Widely distributed, and frequently common.
AUGUR— do. do.
PLECTA— do. do.
c-NIGRUM— do. do.
DITRAPEZIUM—I captured a pair at sugar near Galway, in
July, 1857.
TRIANGULUM—Common in most localities,
BRUNNEA— do. do.
FESTIVA— do. do.
76 (September,
Noctua pautit—Howth and Killarney.
. ruBI—Howth, abundant.
55 UMBROsA—Common in most places.
> BAJA— do. do.
5 NEGLECTA—Galway.
» XANTHOGRAPHA—Common everywhere.
(To be continued.)
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA IN
THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
BY ARTHUR GARDINER BUTLER, F.Z.S.
1.—APATURA ATHALIA, 0. sp.
gd. Ale supra fusce, margine postico brunneo; antice, apice
nitente, punctis quinque minimis sub-apicalibus albis; cella fasctis
duabus rufo-fuscis, altera media, altera terminali ornaté; margine
postico fasciis duabus nigris sub-marginato: posticw, margine postico
fascia nigra marginato, fascidque lunulata, sub-marginato; puncto
uno rufo-cincto apud angulum analem : corpus olivaceo-fuscum, antennis
fuscis, rubro-acuminatis.
Ale subtus pallidiores, fasciis duabus mediis fuscis, fascia externa
paulum indistincta: antice, cell’, fasciis duabus rufis nigro-ciuctis
ornaté; puncto uno basali nigro, tribusque sub-apicalibus albis, imo
nigro-cincto ; macula apud marginem posticum oblonga, ochreo-cincta,
sub nervula mediana secunda posita; fasciis duabus altera sub-anali,
altera sub-marginali lunulata, fuscis: postice, cella, maculis duabus
ferragineis nigro-cinctis, quarum una apud angulum analem nigra rufo-
cincta, punctoque nigro; margine postico linea fusca marginato lunu-
lisque fuscis indistinctis sub-marginato: corpus ochreo-fuseum. Alar.
exp., une. 25. .
Q. Ale supra; area basali ochreo-varia, apicali ochrea, fascia
media fuscescente ; fascia media irregulari de maculis hastatis formata,
post posticarum cellam ochreo-confusa : margine postico fasciis duabus
fuscis sub-marginato: antice punctis sex albis, apud apicem nigro-
cinctis; macula apud angulum analem parva nigra ochreo-cincta:
postice similiter maculate.
Ale subtus mari simillime, pallidiores autem, fasciaque media
alba. Alar. exp. unc. 24.
Hab., Celebes.
This species is allied to A. parvata (Moore), N. India; A. Nakula
(Moore), Jarva; and A. Parisatis (Westwood), India and China.
1866.] Ta
2.—D#DALMA INCONSPICDA, 0. Sp.
Ale antice apice sub-sinuato ; margine postico subapice angulato,
medio sinuato ; margine anali obliquo: postice margine postico inter
venas sinuato; margine anali caudis duabus longis, externa majori.
Ale supra fusce: corpus fuscum pree-rufescens.
Ale antice subtus rubro-irrorate basi fusee ; fascia irregulari fusca
post cellam posita, maculaque apud apicem costali ; margine postico
fusco inter venas convexitatibus elevatis; macula apud marginem
analem fusca: postice fuse ochreo-varie ; strigis, lunulis, maculisque
ochreo-argenteis script : corpus fuscum, palpis antennisque ferrugineis.
Alar. exp. unc 2i..
Hab., Quito.
Closely allied to D. Dinias (Hewitson), especially in the form and
underside marking of the hind-wings; indeed, unless both male and
female of that insect had been figured, I should have been tempted to
consider the two insects as sexes of the same species.
3.—Derxsis EMBOLIMA, 2. sp.
Debis Embolima, Walker, M.S.
Ale supra olivaceo-fuscw: postice margine postico fusco linea
media pallida marginato, maculisque quatuor apicalibus sub-marginato :
corpus olivaceo-fuscum, antennis flavescentibus apice nigro-fasciato.
Ale@ antice subtus, area basali olivaceo-fusea, fasciis duabus irregu-
laribus violaceis apud basim positis, externa fusco-interrupta; area
apicali ochrea violaceo olivaceoque variegata ; ocellis quatuor violaceis
nigro-pupillatis inter venas positis ; margine postico lineis duabus mar-
ginato : postice olivaceo-fusce, fascia media pre-pallidescente, irregulari
angulata, medio latissima, linea fusca ochreaque utrinque marginata ;
area basali fascia lata ocellata violacea ocellis nigris flayo-cinctis inter
venas positis, prima, tertia et quarta albo-pupillatis, aliis argenteo-
irroratis, prima et quarta maximis: corpus pallidé fuscum. Alar. exp.
une. 27,
Hab., Ceylon.
4,—CYLLo CRAMERI, n. sp.
Ale supra fusce, antice fascia media flava de coste medio ad
angulum analem eurrente: costa valde convexa: postice elongate
neryulo mediano primo longissimo.
Alz subtus fusce, preter apices cinereo-varie: antice fascia media
ochrea pallida apud angulum analem flavescente ; margine interiori
ochreo ; margine postico rufescenti-ochreo ; costa albido varia; ocelle
78 [September,
uno sub-apicali duplice, nigro, albo-pupillato flavoque cincto, oculo
minori preposito : postice linea media fuscescente de coste media ad
nervulam medianam secundam currente ; ocello magno sub-apicali ovali
nigro, albo-pupillato, flavoque cincto ; ocellis tribus minoribus similibus
inter nervulos medianos positis; margine postico linea sub-marginali
irregulari fusca: corpus fuseum. Alar. exp. unc. 8 (cire.).
Hab., Oceania ; exact locality undecided.
Allied to Cyllo Constantia (Cramer), but smaller, and with less
continuous sub-marginal ocelli.
5.—C@NONYMPHA CERES, 0. Sp.
Al supra pallide ochre: corpus pallidum.
Ale antice subtus rufescentes, basi pallide ; margine antico basique
cinereis ; fascia transversa ochreo-ferruginea post cellam posita; fascia
lata sub-apicali indistincta cinerascente: postice pallidé cinerese basi
fuscescentes ; fascia media, valde irregulari, ochrea, pallida; punctis
duabus sub-marginalibus nigris inter nervulos medianos positis, ochreoque
pallido cireumcinctis : corpus ochreo-cinereum. Alar. exp. unc. 14.
Hab., California.
This species is closely allied to C. californica (Westwood) ; but, as
far as I can judge from the small number of specimens of allied species
in the National Collection, it is quite distinct from that insect.
OBSERVATIONS ON TINEINA.
BY H. T. STAINTON, F.L.S.
(Concluded from page 57.)
Gelechia tenebrella and tenebrosella.—In the Stettm Entomol.
Zeitung for 1864, p. 158, is an interesting notice of these insects by
Herr A. Gartner, of Briinn. That writer discovered the larve in the
roots of Rumex acetosella, sometimes burrowing beneath the bark of
the root, but more plentiful in the lowermost shoots which spring
from the root of the plant, in an excavation made in the centre of the
shoot and spun over with silk; here the larvae may be found in the
autumn, and also in the spring. By the 10th of May most of the
larve had already attained the pupa state.
The larva is described as of a carmine red, a little paler posteriorly,
and sometimes also paler anteriorly; the head pitchy-brown, and the
thoracic shield of the same colour, divided by a paler line; the anal
segment bears a small pale brown plate ; ordinary spots brown; spira-
cles brown; the belly reddish-white.
1866.) 79
The perfect insects appeared in June; those with dark antenne
were all males, those with white-tipped antenne were all females, whence
the author concludes that tenebrosella is the female of tenebrelia, and
calls upon all those who doubt, to satisfy themselves, by breeding the
insect, of the correctness of his determination.
Cleodora striatella.—In the Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift
for 1864, at p. 29, is a notice of this insect by Herr Gartner, of Briinn.
That entomologist had observed that the perfect insects of striatella
frequented a “wood-meadow,” which was thickly studded with the
flowers of Anthemis tinctoria, and that specimens were constantly to be
noticed reposing on these flowers. Herr Gartner drew the conclusion
that the larve must feed in the seed-heads of the Anthemis tinctoria,
and seeking in the autumn found a larva feeding in the receptacle.
He then collected a number of the seed-heads of this plant, and was
agreeably surprised to breed from them both Cleodora striatella and
Parasia paucipunctella.
The larva of Cleodora striatella quits the head of the plant when
full fed ; it is described as white or brownish-white, with three rust-red
lines along the back, interrupted between the segments; the head
reddish-brown ; the thoracic plate shining brownish, divided by a slen-
der pale line.
The larva of Parasia paucipunctella (a species not yet known to occur
with us) does not quit the seed-head ; it is extremely similar to the other
known larvee of the genus Parasia—shining-white, with a dark brown
head, and dark brown plate, divided in the middle, on the second
segment.
It will be remembered that the larva of Parasia paucipunctella was
detected at Ratisbon by Herr Hofmann in October, 1860, in the heads
of Anthemis tinctoria (Ent. Annual, 1861, p. 118; 1862, p.180). I
had the pleasure of rearing a fine series of the insect from larve sent
me by Herr Hofmann.
Butalis incongruella.—Dr. Jordan has met with this insect on the
Lickey Hills near Birmingham ; I visited the locality in September,
hoping to meet with the larva, but was not successful in finding it.
héslerstammia Hrelebella.— When at Hanover in September, 1865,
I saw bred specimens of this insect in the collection of Herr Glitz.
In the Ent. Annual, 1857, p. 125, I observed that “Some years ago
Mr. T. Wilkinson found this in plenty at the end of May and beginning
of June in Leigh Wood, near Bristol, on the leaves of some Lime trees ;
frequently in copuld on the leaves, also freely on the wing. Mr. Wilkin-
SO (September,
son is inclined to think there is a second brood towards the end of
August and beginning of September, but not nearly so numerous as in
May, and rarely met with except by beating.”
Herr Glitz informed me that the larve fed on the leaves of the
lime ; when young. they are miners, but when about half-grown, they
come out of the mines and gnaw the under-side of the leaf. There are
two broods in the year.
Glyphipteryx Haworthana.—Mr. Barrett has met with this species
near Haslemere, and Professor Zeller, who had not previously seen it
alive, found it in a marshy place near Meseritz, where he also obtained
Crambus alienellus (Stettin Ent. Zeitung, 1865, p. 41).
Antispila Pfeifferella.—It appears from Mr. Healy’s observations
that the larva of this species buries itself and its case underground ;
all the larve retiring beneath the sand at the bottom of the jar in
which the larvee were. Mr. Healey adds (23/11/64) “ They took their
cases with them, and then turned to pupe ; I cannot state how it was
effected, never having caught them in the act. That a case-bearing
larva can take its case underground I have had proof of in Adela De-
geerella, for three full fed larve of that species having disappeared
mysteriously in a jar, where I had placed them on some mould, I turned
the earth over, and found one larve just under the surface, another
about the centre, and the third had actually penetrated to the bottom
of the jar.” (See Zoologist, p. 9065).
Mr. Healy, who bred hundreds of the closely allied Antispila
Treitschkeella, remarked, that none of the larve of that species went
beneath the surface of the mould.
Gracilaria falconipennella.—This insect has always hitherto re-
mained a great rarity in this country ; but last autumn Mr. Barrett had
the good fortune to obtain three specimens by beating thatch at Hasle-
mere. From his known perseverance and skill, | have no doubt he will
soon find the larva.
Gracilaria elongella.—When I visited, with Dr. Jordan, the Lickey
Hills, near Birmingham, last September, we met with several Gracilaria
cones on the leaves of the birch, from which specimens of G. elongella
made their appearance. This food for the larve of this species had
already been noticed by Mr. E. C. Buxton (Ent. Annual, 1856, p. 55).
Ornia larve on Pyrus torminalis.—In the autumn of 1864, Mr.
Healy discovered two cones of an Ornix on a tree of Pyrus torminalis
growing in Epping Forest. In September, 1865, Dr. Jordan, whilst
1866. 81
searching near Teignmouth for the larve of Ornia devoniella, observed
the same cone-formations on the leaves of the Pyrus torminalis, but
was too late to find the larve. The subject is one well worthy of
further observation.
Coleophora apicella.—In the autumn of 1864, the Rev. Henry
Burney handed over to my custody some Coleophora larve which he had
collected on the seeds of Stellaria graminea; from these I had the good
fortune to breed five specimens on the 16th and 17th of June, 1865.
These specimens were undoubtedly apicella, but the males have the
anterior wings broader than the females, and the original apicella was
described from a female specimen. Before describing the insect de novo,
I should like to see an extensive series of bred specimens. Unfortu-
nately Mr. Burney did not meet with the larve during the season
of 1865.
Elachista ochréella.—On the 23rd August, 1865, I received from
Mr. Scott some Hlachista larve, collected by him in a species of Poa (?)
at Stockton Forest, near York. The mines were long, flat (or only
very slightly puckered), and of a whitish-brown. It was expected that
these larvee would have produced £. ochréella, but unfortunately nothing
was bred from them.
Lithocolletis nigrescentella.—N early three years ago I received from
Mr. Sang the following communication, which should have been noticed
ere this in the pages of the Entomologist’s Annual, but had got acci-
dentally overlooked, “I think I shall now prove to your satisfaction
that nigrescentella and Bremiella are forms of the same species. They
appear to be very variable in colour and markings, the ground colour
varying from that of the figure in the Annual of 1856 to the dark olive
of nigrescentella. I bred none so dull in colour as that figured in the
Natural History of the Tinezna, vol. 2, p. 4, fig. 3; the bright ones
have broader margins of black to the spots than you figure. The con-
vincing specimen is marked, so that the left wing is Bremiella, and the
right wing is x2grescentella.
“ The specimens with the light ground colours copulate with those
of the darker ground colour, but the difference in colour is not sexual ;
those with the darker ground colour are the more numerous.
“T bred two of an allied species from clover found on the coast.
Are these insignitella ?”
And in the following year Mr. Sang added some additional obser-
vations, thus: “I have bred a number of the Lithocolletis from clover
(which I wrote about last year), and see no real difference between
82 {September,
them and Bremiella, which Tam having out as-well. They are, in my
opinion, both alike, as I find that the same varieties and colourings are —
assumed by both the clover and the vetch insect. If anything, the
clover ones are the brighter, and the vetch ones have more of the
nigrescentella pattern among them.”
On this subject I may remark, that Professor Frey has bred Bre-
miella repeatedly, both from Vicia and from Trifolium, but that
insignitella appears to feed only on Trifolium, and not on Vicia.
Nepticula decentella, Herrich Schaffer.—On the 19th June, 1865,
I received, under this name, a number of pupe of a Weptieula from my
kind friend Herr Anton Schmid, of Frankfort on the Main, who had
collected the cocoons in the crevices of the bark of sycamore trees.
From these I have bred a fine series of the perfect insects, all of which
have the tuft of the head yellow, so that it cannot be identified with
the decentella of Herrich-Schiffer and Von Heinemann; the former
saying “capillis nigerrimis,’ and the latter “die Kopf-haare tief
schwarz.’ These specimens differ somewhat from my best specimen of
sericopeza, being larger, glossier-looking, with the ground colour of the
anterior wings not so black, so that I should not be at all surprised if
the Wepticule of the sycamore were to prove distinct from that of the
common maple. Sericopeza is still so scarce in our collections that a
good series is a great desideratum.
Nepticula basiguttella, Heinemann (Zoologist, 1863, p. 8358.—Of
this species Professor Frey and I found (September 25th, 1865) that
the larve had been rather plentiful at Wilhelmsbad, near Frankfort on
the Main, on oak trees, on which the larve of Tischeria dodonea was
tolerably common.
Mr. C. Miller once found a mined oak leaf in this country, which
I believe bears the mark of Nepticula basiguttella, the whole width of
the mine being entirely filled up with dark green excrement. Probably
we may be more likely to find it in lovalities where Zischeria dodonea
occurs, as the two species were in company at Wilhelmsbad.
AN ESSAY TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH HOMOPTERA.
BY THE REV. T. A. MARSHALL, M.A.
(Continued from page 31.)
20.—Lassus (I.) splendidulus, Fab.
Niger; abdominis segmenta flavo-marginata. Caput, pronotum,
scutellum, flava. Vertex apice nigro quadri-maculatus: frons trans-
versim nigro-cancellata, cancellis medio interruptis. Pronotum antice
1866. ] 83
punctis 6-7, striisque 4 obscurioribus disci longitudinalibus, fuscis.
Scutellum flavissimum, maculis duabus triangularibus magnis, duabusque
parvis rotundis, nigris. Hemelytra pellucida, pallide brunnea, auro
sub-nitida; nervi albidi; cellule quedam fusco-nebulose. Pedes tes-
tacei, tibiis plus minus fusco-maculatis. ¢ ?.
Long. 13-2 ; alar. exp. 5 lin.
Cicada splendidula, Fab., 8. R., 79, 838. Fall., Hem. 2, p. 43.
Act. Holm. 1806, p. 29.
Lassus splendidulus, Flor., R. L., 2, p. 356.
? Cicada nitidula, Turton, Syst. Nat., 2, p. 598, is given as a
syn. in Mr. Walker’s Catalogue (Jassus No. 14), but this
is obviously Lupteryx nitidulus, Lin., figured in Donovan’s
Engl. Insects, vol. 8, tab. 288, fig. 1.
One of our handsomest species, very nearly allied in structure to
the following, but distinguished by its size, and by the bright yellow
scutellum, which at once catches the eye. It is common in woods in
Northamptonshire and Leicestershire, and occurs occasionally near
London.
21.—Lassus (I.) mixtus, Fab.
Niger; abdominis segmenta flavo-marginata. Vertex, pronotum,
scutellum, flava, nigro-varia. Vertex punctis 6 minutis transversim
antice marginatus; postice puncta 4 inter oculos arcuatim disposita,
nigra. Frons nigra, flavo-cancellata, interdum autem maximam partem
flava. Pronotum maculis incurvis discalibus fuscis irregulariter nota-
tum; postice (in emortuo) sub-ceruleum. Scutellum basi maculis 4,
quarum exteriores 2 triquetre, grandes, interiores parve; ad apicem
maculis 2, nigris: sed hee pictura instabilis. Hemelytra pellucida,
nitida, pallide brunnea, striolis minutis transversis fuscis plus minus
dense notata: costa, et macule disci nonnulle, hyaline. Pedes tes-
tacei; tibie postice ad basin spinarum nigro-punctate ; antice basi,
femorumque anticorum annuli duo, nigri: tarsi apice nigri. ¢ 9.
Long. 23-3 ; alar. exp. 6 lin.
Var. a. Hemelytra striolis fuscis tam dense obsita, ut (preter maculas
solitas hyalinas) tota atra evadant.
Cicada mixta, Fab., S. B., 86, 7.
Tassus reticulatus, H.Sch., D. Ins., 180, 11; nee Fall., Thunb.
I. mixtus, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 322. Burm., Gen., fig. 8 (heme-
lytron).
? Cicada nervosa, Fall., Hem., 2, p. 39.
Aphrodes marmorata, Hardy, Tynes. Trans., 1, p. 427.
84 [September,
This and the next are the largest of our species; they are both
common in woods, on birch, hazel, oak, &c., and are easily confounded.
I. mixtus is a trifle smaller and narrower than atomarius, its hemelytra
are much more darkened with transverse streaks, and present several
distinct hyaline spots. In atomarius they are uniformly pale brown,
with obscure, short, fuscous, transverse strie ; and the fore-thighs have
only one black ring, or sometimes half a ring, near the apex.
22.—TJassus (L.) atomarius, Fab.
Preecedenti sat similis. Vertex, pronotum, scutellum, fusco-testacea,
plus minus atomis vel striolis fuscis irrorata, ¢; @ supra fere im-
maculata. rons nigra, tenuiter utrinque flavo-cancellata ; supra
clypeum fascia transversa flava. Striga utrinque inter oculos obliqua,
nigra. Scutellum punctis 2 mediis fuscis. Hemelytra pallide brunnea,
pellucida, striolis fuscis transversis plus minus dense obsita, ¢; 9? fere
immaculata. ¢ 9. Long. 3-33 ; alar. exp. 64-7 lin.
Cercopis atomaria, Fab., 8. R., 97, 48.
Cicada reticulata, Thunb., Act. Ups., 4, 21,37. Fall., Hem.,
2, p. 40; nec H. Sch.
Cicada lineata, Fab., Ent. Syst., 4, 36.
I. atomarius, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 326.
Common in the London District ; Surbiton; Birch Wood, &e. It
nearly resembles J. plebeius, Fall. (according to that author), which,
however, differs in the straight suture of the hemelytra, and is therefore
an Athysanus: it is given in catalogues as British, but I have never
captured a specimen, and those commonly named plebeius in collections
are I. mixtus, Fab.
23.—Tassus (I.) cruentatus, Fall.
Flavo-brunneus, atomis sanguineis plus minus dense irroratus.
Frons maculis 2 nigris rotundis. Pedes flavi, sanguineo-punctati; tibie
postice linea interiore nigra. Long. 23 lin.
Cicada cruentata, Fall., Hem., 2, 41.
Thamnotettix cruentatus, Zett., Ins. Lapp., 293, 5.
Tassus cruentatus, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 330.
This species can hardly be mistaken, being dusted all over with
blood-red specks. It must be rare in this country ; I have only seen
one specimen, which is in the collection of Mr. Douglas.
24.—Tassus (L.) striatulus, Fall.
Niger; caput, pronotum, scutellum, flavo-fusca, maculis nigris plus
1866. 85
minus obsita. Linea nigra oculos connectit, ante quam linea alia
antice angulata ducitur ; inter oculos macule 2 nigre. Frons nigro-
cancellata. Clypeus et lora nigra, flavo-varia; sed facies tota spe
nigra. Hemelytra flavida, nervis pallidis, nigro tenuiter marginatis,
hine ocellatis. Femora antica nigra, apice et annulo flavis: postica
flava, striola subtus nigra; tibia extus flave, intus nigre.
Long. 13-2 lin.
A single specimen is in Mr. Douglas’ collection.
: 25.—LTassus (I.) subfusculus, Fall.
Niger, supra brunneus. Abdominis segmenta nonnulla (¢) an-
gulis posterioribus testaceis,—(?) segmenta 2 ultima subtus testacea.
Vertex apice utrinque striola transversa, incurva, fusca. Frons fusco-
eancellata. Clypeus basi et apice niger. Pronotum fusco irregulariter
notatum. Scutellum vel immaculatum, vel medio nigro-binotatum, et
ad angulos anteriores maculis 2 triangularibus nigris. Hemelytra
brunnea, immaculata, sub-pellucida. Alle infuscatw. Pedes testacei;
femora et tibie posteriores nigro-lineate et punctate. ¢ 9.
Long. 2 ; alar. exp. 5 lines.
Cicada subfuscula, Fall., Hem., 2, p. 44.
Lassus pectoralis, Germ., Mag., 4, p. 91.
Tassus subfusculus, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 354.
Tassus subfusculus of the Brit. Mus. coll. is I. prasinus, Flor.
Common in woods. Very similar to prasinus, q. v.
(To be continued.)
NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES FROM GUATEMALA AND PANAMA.
BEYee Elo ee Wielte DASE iS, gm Bedi.
(SUPPLEMENT.)
(Continued from page 52.)
93.— IrHom1a (CERATINIA) CALLISPILA.
) o. Exp. 2” 9”. Allied to IL (Ceratinia) mergelena (Hew. Ex.
Butt. Ith. f. 58), but differing greatly in colours and pattern. Like
I. mergelena, the recurrent nervule of the hind-wing proceeds from the
middle disco-cellular, instead of the lower, as in Ith. (Cerat.) ninonia
and the allied species. Fore-wing brown-black, with a triangular basal
spot not reaching the costa orange-tawny, and thirteen large light yellow
_ spots, the latter arranged as follows :—an elongate one across the end of
86 [September,
the cell and touching the costa, five arranged in a strongly curved line
beyond the middle of the wing, and seven along the apex and outer margin. —
Hind-wing entirely orange-tawny, except two dark brown spots, one at
the apex and one below the lower disco-cellular nervule; there is also
a sub-costal dark brown streak. Beneath: same as above, except that
there is a row of small white spots close to the hind-wing outer margin,
becoming obsolete towards the anal angle. Antenne yellow, base black,
collar and wing lappets orange-tawny.
Costa Rica.
94.—TITHOREA UMBRATILIS.
9. Exp. 3’ 6”. In shape of wings precisely similar to 7. Har-
monia (Cram.), to which species it is most closely allied. The fore-
wings, however, are wholly of a dark brown colour, with yellow spots,
and the hind-wings have not a black discoidal stripe. The yellow spots
of the fore-wings are 14 in number, one of them, irregular in shape,
occupies the end of the cell, and is accompanied by a smaller spot on
the costal side of the sub-costal nervure; four are arranged in an
oblique row near the apex, as in 7. Harmonia; the rest are placed very
irregularly between the sub-costal nervure and the hind angle. The
hind-wings are of a reddish-fulvous, with a costal stripe and hind
borders black ; the only trace of a discoidal stripe consists in two small —
spots between the branches of the median nervure and between the last
branch and the lower radial nervure. The antenne are fulvous, with
the base black: the collar is very dark chesnut-red, ana the wing-lappets
are black ; this latter character distinguishes the species thoroughly
from all the local forms of 7. Harmonia. |
Panama.
95.—HELICONIUS OCTAVIA.
Allied to H. hecalesia Hewits. (Exot. Butt. Hel. fig. 6), and
closely resembling it in colours. Wings more elongated and narrower,
the fore-wing costa being strongly arched and the apex broadly obtuse,
with the outer margin slightly incurved, less scalloped, and destitute
(as well as the hind-wings) of white edging in the sinuses. Ground
colour of the fore-wing above deep blackish-brown, as in H. hecalesia,
but having a broad central dark orange-tawny stripe, extending from
the base to near the middle, and the yellow spots, of which there are
two belts between the middle and the apex, obliquely elongated. Hind-
wing dark orange-tawny, with a dark brown outer border of nearly
uniform width, and marked with five moderately small and squarish
a
1866.] 87
yellow spots. Beneath: same pattern as above, but the orange-tawny
colour replaced by pale reddish-brown, changing into lilac on the dise
of the hind-wing; a row of small whitish spots close to the outer
border of the hind-wing.
Table land of Guatemala, near Duenas.
96.—HELICONIUS FORMOSUS.
Closely resembling H. octavia, having the same elongated shape
of fore-wing with elongated yellow spots and outer margin, destitute
of white edging ; but the base of the fore-wing wholly blackish-brown,
and the dark border of the hind-wing gradually increasing in width
from the anal angle to the apex. The hind-wing beneath is of the
same ruddy colour as above, with the exception of a lilacine stripe
across the disc: the row of pale spots is close to the outer margin, as
in H. octavia.
Isthmus of Panama.
97,.—HELICONIUS MELICERTA.
Exp. 3” 9’. Closely allied to H. sylvana (Cramer) ; but larger,
fore-wing broader, more broadly rounded at the apex, without incurvure
of outer margin; outer margins of all wings slightly scalloped, and
with short white fringe in the smuses. Black ; basal third of fore-
wing, to the middle of cell and first median branch, orange-tawny ; to
this succeeds a large yellow spot deeply indented in the middle of its
outer edge, and distant from the outer margin, where (near the anal
angle) are two or three yellow spots; there is also a line of three yellow
spots near the apex. In the middle of the cell is a large black spot,
| over the end of the cell another rather smaller spot, and between the first
- and second median branches a very small spot. The hind-wing has the
| basal half orange-tawny and the outer half black, with a yellow spot
near the apex. Beneath: the same, except that the hind-wing has the
base of the costa yellowish, and a series of short white marginal streaks,
two between each nervure ; also two larger white spots near the apex
and distant from the margin. Antenne black; club and apical part
of the shaft, beneath, pale tawny.
The separation between the orange-tawny and black portions of
the hind-wing is well defined in some examples, but rather broken in
others, and showing, near the middle, traces of the black, discoidal,
macular stripe, as in H. sylvana.
Isthmus of Panama; also found in the neighbourhood of Santa
Martha, New Granada, whence Mr. Bouchard recently sent home
88 [September,
a series of examples. These latter being all nearly alike, and sent
without admixture of other allied forms, induce me to think the
present a decidedly distinct species of Heliconius.
98.—HELICONIUS ALBUCILLA.
Exp. 3” 9'". Very closely allied to H. .melicerta, differmg in
nothing but the following points:—The central spot of the fore-wing
white instead of yellow, the spot nearest the hind-angle orange-tawny.
Hind-wing orange-tawny, with a narrow black outer margin, and a
narrowish, continuous, black, discal stripe.
Panama.
99.—EUEIDES LEUCOMMA.
6. Closely allied to Hu. lybia, Fab., agreeing with it in size and
shape of wings, but the latter a little shorter, and the fore-wing more
broadly rounded at the apex. Colour black, with an orange-tawny
vitta and the inner margin of the fore-wing, and a very broad stripe on
the hind-wing, occupying the whole middle part of the wing, black ;
apical part of the fore-wing crossed by a short belt or elongate spot of
pure white, divided by three dusky nervures. Wings beneath; sameas
above, but paler, and costa of hind-wing paler tawny at the base; the
outer border of hind-wing has a row of broad and indistinct pale ashy
lunules. Antenne black ; collar with four tawny spots; abdomen tawny.
Panama.
(To be continued.)
Rock Lepidoptera of the Isle of Man.—Situated in the heart of the British
Islands, sea-girt, yet land-surrounded, and of a temperature more equal than any
other in the home-group of Great Britain, it might with reason be anticipated that
on this charming island many species were to be found which would well repay the
investigation of the naturalist; and a very few days’ experience of its capabilities
warranted Mr. Gregson (to whose persevering research and liberal information Mr.
Greening and myself owe the good fortune of our visit) in forecasting the great and
important success attending even a short study of one of the characteristic localities
of almost a terra incognita. As a proof of the careless way in which the island has
hitherto been “ worked,” I extract the following from the popular and interesting
shilling “Guide to the Isle of Man,’—where, speaking of its Natural History, we
are told that “the Entomology of the island is not attractive.”
Collecting the rarities on which we were chiefly bent—(Sesia philanthiformis
and the new Dianthecia)—may, without self-complacency, be stated to be no work
for Parlour Naturalists; and unfortunately,—woman’s rights notwithstanding,— |
no lady-collector can ever aspire to such exciting and interesting mental and bodily
elevation. Essentially rock species, to this, possibly, may be attributed the great
1866.] 89
searcity of the clear-wing, and tho entire absence from our lists of the Noctua.
They are not only rock species, but evidently select certain aspects amidst these
almost inaccessible masses of clay slate.
Our time became divided into a search for S. philanthiformis, in its pupal stage,
during the day ; and the new Dianthecia pending the twilight half-hour it devotes
to flower-hovering ; with, of course, the concurrent opportunities attending each
pursuit.
And first, concerning S. philanthiformis. The decorative Armeria maritima,—
the sea-pink, or common thrift of our garden, blossoms out at this period of the
year in great clusters from any crack or crevice where enough soil has lodged to
support its not very exacting existence. It is not “ the blossom,” however, which
we seek; to us the “canker” presents the greatest temptations; and if, amongst
these flowers, an infected stem is apparent—especially a stunted one with a brown
eye, it becomes our desperate effort to clamber, crawl, and reach it somehow; and
often our fate to discover, when found, and carefully and gently examined, a last
year’s empty cocoon, or a this year’s empty pupa-shell, beautifully displayed at the
opening of its silken cell. Occasionally, however, the little bright brown being is
himself in the—vegetable. This examination is often accomplished while clinging
to the jagged shelves of these portentous rocks, holding on by a toe or two, one
elbow or both, and a waistcoat ; while the seething waters explode alarmingly in
their caverns many hundred feet below ; with, however, this small crumb of comfort
to any accomplished diver, that the ocean is said to be as many fathoms deep close
to the rocks as it is in mid-channel. A week of this sort of hunting sufficed to set
up great blisters on my feet; melancholy scars on my shins; an almost pulpy state
of finger-tips, through climbing and picking ; several important openings in lower
garments, not contemplated by their fabricator ; and, to descend still further into
detail and fact, quite wore out three pairs of stockings and one pair of boots. These
noble rocks have, notwithstanding, much to be said in their favour. Chiefly of
tenacious grey slate, each jag, however small, ensures a safe footing—or toe-ing
would be the better word; for they would be but poor cragsmen who always expect
an entire foot to stand between them and annihilation. Other less fortunate
animals than ourselves may serve to illustrate the danger. For instance, while
exploring one morning, we discovered first, the dried and bleaching carcass of a
sheep, and then that of acow; both having toppled over from above, victims to
injudicious browsing: and Mr. Gregson, on some more elevated pinnacle, found the
remains of a lamb: some large falcon had evidently been enjoying his meal to the
musical reverberations of the rock-harmoniums played upon by the sea-gods
below.
The twilight ’vantage-ground for the capture of the Dianthecia having been care-
fully selected during the day,—at the approach of the eventful half-hour it elects to
sip from the fresh-opened flowers of the Silene maritima,—we set out to occupy our
hazardous shelf; and, with ready-poised net, control our ardour, and wait, wait,
wait, until they come withinits sweep. An insect so instantaneously scared I never
knew. It is impossible this singular timidity can be through its experience of man.
The least movement of a limb, and “ cesia” is off. Possibly it may be thus ever-
lastingly alert by reason of dodging the numberless bats which skim along the
perpendicular sides of the rocks out of which hang those festoons it most affects.
90 [September,
Superb examples of D. capsophila, together witha pleasing var. of A. segetwm, much
frequent the blossoms of the Silene at the same time; and, one evening, I missed
thirteen insects before taking a single example of the new Noctua,—so very averse
were they to come within reach, and so impossible was it to move a step one way
or another, and save one’s neck. These fastnesses present another advantage not
to be underrated. You are submitted to no reflections from astonished ‘‘ natives.” q
Seldom during day-time, and never at dusk, were these solemn solitudes disturbed
by any other sound than the almost mocking voice of the clamorous waves below,—
often to the fancy uttered as in shouts of taunting laughter, or syllabled so signifi-
cantly as to cause you to look around and imagine the said “ natives” before alluded
to not so far off after all.
In conclusion, I may state that amongst the collateral advantages afforded us
by our search for these rarities were a presumed new Phycis, allied to dilutella ;
some fine examples of Sciaphila Colquhownana; Sericoris littorana in profusion ;
some rare species of Eupecilie; Butalis grandipennella ; Gelechia vicinella ; and
many others too numerous to mention.—Epwarp Hop try, 14, South Bank, Regent’s
Park, June 22nd, 1866.
Note on the larva of Acidalia circellata.—I obtained a few eggs of this insect on
the 15th of July. They hatched on the 23rd, and are now nearly full fed. Iam
feeding them on Polygonum aviculare. I notice a strange feature among them; on
removing the lid of the box in which they are feeding, they commence rocking
themselves to and fro. Is this noticeable in any other species? - CHas. CAMPBELL,
145, Lower Moss Lane, Hulme, Manchester, August 10th, 1866.
[Many young larve have this habit.—H. G. K.]
Acidalia subsericeata or mancuniata (7) bred.— After having distributed among
some of my friends the eggs deposited by about 20 females of this species, I have
just bred a fairish quantity of the perfect insect. The eggs were deposited from
the 22nd to the 25th of June, and hatched in about five days. The larve com-
menced pupation on the 12th July, and the perfect insects began to appear on the
26th, thus passing through all their stages in one month’s time. They were, of
course, forced. Food-plant, Polygonum aviculare.—Ip.
[Will Mr. Campbell kindly forward a specimen of his insect for determination ?
Mr. Batty has this year again reared A. mancuniata.—H. G. K.]
Hadena swasa bred.—I obtained some eggs from a moth captured on the 21st
June; they hatched on the 27th, and are all now gone down. I sent the larvze to
Mr. Newman for description. This insect has been very plentiful here this, as well
as last, season. On the date given above, I captured about 70 at sugar, returning
home without having occasion to light my lamp. ‘The larve feed freely on knot-
grass, lettuce, plantain, &c.—Ip.
Notes on Rhopalocera at High Wycombe.—As the district round High Wycombe
ig not very extensively known to the entomological world, the names of a few of the
more local British species of Rhopalocera found in it may be interesting.
Colias Edusa was taken here a few years ago, but has not since been seen.
Avge Galathea is very plentiful in one or two localities.
a
1866. | 9)
Cynthia cardui was very abundant last year, and is just re-appearing.
Vanessa Polychloros has been taken once; a brood of larve having been found on
an elm tree.
Nemeobius Lucina is always plentiful.
Lycena Corydon ditto
L. Agestis ditto
L. comma, found plentifully in one locality.
Thirty-seven species in all have been captured within a five mile radius. The
note in the last number of the Magazine about the food-plant of L. Corydon was
interesting ; the species is abundant here, particularly on one hill which abounds
with Hippocrepis comosa. Iam sorry I shall not be at High Wycombe next year,
or I should certainly try to assist in settling the question.
I have duplicates of the following to spare, for any who like to send to me for
them :—A. Paphia, H. Semeleg, A. Galathea, L. Corydon, L. Agestis, L. comma.
—HeEnry ULLyert, High Wycombe, August, 1866.
Re-discovery of Sericoris euphorbiana.—I have the pleasure to record the capture,
by myself, of this hitherto unique species at Folkestone, last July.—E. MEEK, 5,
King Street, Old Ford, N.E., August 6th, 1866.
Capture of Catoptria microgrammana at Folkestone.—I also had the good fortune
to secure a few specimens of this rare insect at the same time and place referred to
in the above note on S. ewphorbiana.—Ip.
[This so-called Catoptria is surely a Dicrorampha: in facies and habits (fre-
quenting Ononts by day) it reminds one of D, ulicetana.—H. G. K.]
The food-plant of Lycena Corydon.—It is well known that the larvee of Lycena
Corydon are generally found upon Hippocrepis comosa, but they must also feed on
other plants.
Six or seven years since this butterfly appeared in an open part of the forest;
and a year or two afterwards was common in several localities in this neighbour-
hood—some of them five or six miles apart. It was plentiful in the forest near
Loughton, and in clover fields here. ‘
I believe no Hippocrepis grows within twenty miles of this place. Boisduval
says, that in France the larve feed on Lotus, Saintfoin, and some of the trefoils, as
well as on the Hippocrepis.
I have placed larvee upon the common Lotus corniculatus, but they would not
eat it; but this and Ornithopus perpusillus are the only leguminous plants that are
common in our forest where L. Corydon is found, except Ononis spinosa, upon which
the larva of L. Alewis feeds.—Henry Dousiepay, Epping, August 8th, 1866.
Gelechia arundinetella.—On the 11th inst. 1 found this insect in a swampy
place here, among Carex riparia or paludosa. The specimens are wasted, but
recognizable. Hitherto, this species has been found in this country only at Hackney
and Cambridge, and abroad at Glogau, where it was first detected by Zeller in
1849. The larva mines in the leaves of the Cavices above mentioned.—J. W.
Dovetas, Lee, August 14th.
92 F [September,
Hemiptera and Hymenoptera of Freshwater Bay, Pembrokeshire.—Last Saturday
I met with Tytthus insignis, D. and 8., and its larves, at Freshwater Bay, Pembroke-
shire, on the sand hills, at the roots of thick clumps of grass. See p. 247 of Vol. 2
of this Magazine. The only other locality where it has been found is the Common
at Esher. I take this opportunity of mentioning some other captures which I have
made at the above first-rate and little known sand hills. Of the Hemiptera,
Pseudophleus Fallenit, Schill., occurs commonly ; Neides depressus, Fieb.; Berytus
clavipes, Fab., and B. montivagus, Bremi; Metacanthus punctipes, Germ., in great
profusion; Chorosoma Schillingi, Schml., rarely ; Coranus subapterus, Deg., com-
monly; Zosmerus capitatus, Wolff, and Z. quadratus, Fieb.; Cymus glandicolor,
Hahn, commonly; Dereocoris bipunctatus, Fab., and many others not worth
mentioning. The Hymenoptera of the same district are interesting, including very
large specimens of Tiphia femorata, Fab., and numerous Pompilide, which I have
not yet determined. Of the Ichneuwmonide I took the rare Cremastus geminus,
Gray. (many specimens), and a fine Anomalon. Of the Braconide I noticed
Hormius moniliatus, Nees, in plenty; Bracon, several species; Orgilus obscurator,
Halid., commonly ; Meteorus ictericus, Nees, in societies of a dozen or more at the
roots of grass. A curious little insect of the group Evaniide, Pachylomma buccata,
Bréb., frequents the runs of a cockroach, Blatta or Ectobius nigripes, Ste., which
swarms on the sand hills. I suspect that the Pachylomma is a parasite of the Blatta,
since we know that Brachygaster fulvipes, Curt. (another of the Evaniide), infests
the common house Blatta orientalis. I found the Blatta nigripes also on the Chesil
Bank. Time and space forbid me to extend this notice any further than to mention
that, on the same day, I took four more of my recently discovered Tettigometra
(Homopterous), shortly to be described, and also discovered the long sought for
haunts of Acocephalus histrionicus, see p.179 of Vol. 2, and captured two specimens.
—T. A. Marsuatt, Milford, 8. Wales, August, 1866.
New British Amara.—I have to record the capture of Amara alpina, Fab.,
Dej., a species new to Britain. In M. de Marseul’s ‘‘ Catalogue of Kuropean
Coleoptera,” it is placed in the sub-genus Cyrtonotus.
A. alpina is, in size, about 44 lines (being decidedly smaller than aulica), pitchy,
with the base of the antennz, the femora and the tibie ferruginous. On the head,
hetween the bases of the antennz, are two deep impressions. The thorax is short
and broad, with a divided, deep, and thickly-punctured pit on each side at the
base. The elytra are punctate-striate.
A. alpina may readily be distinguished from the other British Cyrtonoti by its
smaller size and much more parallel shape. It bears a superficial resemblance to
A. apricaria, but may easily be divided from that insect by the deep impressions
on the front of its head; by the punctured space on its thorax being smaller, and
containing deeper punctures ; and by its superior size and more elongate form.
Several varieties of this species, as regards colour, are mentioned by Gyllenhal and
Thomson; my specimen differs from the type in having reddish elytra, with the
suture broadly but obscurely darker, although it is perfectly mature.
T took a single specimen of the above insect on Grayvel, a mountain in Perth-
shire, about 8,000 feet above sea level, early in July this year.—T’. BLACKBURN,
Grassmeade, Southfields, Wandsworth, S.W., August, 1866.
1866.] | 93
New British Homaliwm.—I have great pleasure in recording the capture of
Homalium Heerii, Heer, 571, a species new to Britain.
This insect is very closely allied to H. iopterwm, but presents the following
distinctive characteristics. It is a little smaller and more linear; the thorax is
rather more contracted behind, and more invariably bi-foveolate, and the punctua-
tion of the head, thorax, and elytra, is much closer than in iopterwm, while in the
latter species it is much deeper than in Heerit.
Heer, in his description, omits to remark on the closeness of the punctuation of
Heervi, though he says that that insect is punctured “ minus profunde”’ than
lucidum (iopterum, Steph.), and does not notice its thoracic fover,—but the latter
is a variable character.
I took this insect, not uncommonly, from fungi on rotten birch trees near Loch
Rannoch, in July of this year.—Ip.
New British Epurea.—t have lately met with EHpurea variegata, Herbst
(Er., 146), an insect new to Britain.
This species is likened to EH. obsoleta by Erichson. It is, however, a little
smaller, rather broader, and less depressed. Its colour is a full red; antennz
concolorous with the elytra, having the apical joint of the club slightly narrower
than the two preceding ; thorax short and broad, rounded at the sides, but con-
tracted in the hinder fourth part, very widely margined, straighter behind than in
obsoleta, with the hinder angles somewhat acutely produced ; elytra broadly mar-
gined, with a large dark brown central spot, and the apex generally dark.
Erichson describes the joints of the club of the antennz as of equal size, and
fails to notice that the thorax is not quite regularly rounded at the sides, but is
rather more contracted behind than the mere word “rounded” would imply ;
otherwise his description of H. variegata and my specimens agree.
I took four examples of this insect, from fungi on rotten birch trees, near Loch
Rannoch, in Perthshire, in July this year.—Ib.
Notes on Scotch Coleoptera.—The following account of my captures in North
Perthshire, in July of this year, may prove not uninteresting to some readers of
the Magazine. Those who have read Mr. Rye’s “Notes on Coleoptera at Loch
Rannoch,” and observed that I joined him “after a time,” will scarcely expect a
good report, especially if they know anything of that gentleman’s exhaustive
method of collecting. J can add few to the list of captures in the forest, as I had
to walk miles in search of the few unbarked logs that I found, and they were not,
when detected, of the best quality, or, I suppose, they would not have been left.
I obtained, in much smaller numbers, several of the species mentioned by Mr. Rye
as occurring in the forest, including three specimens of Homalota fusco-femorata,
and also, from cracks in the stumps of felled fir trees, Ischnoglossa corticalis,
Scydmenus ewilis, and Ewplectus bicolor. In the forest one Agathidiwm rhinoceros,
Sharp, also occurred (urder bark of a log), and Quedius lateralis; and, when I
sugared there for Lepidoptera, Dromius agilis and Carabus glabratus were frequent
visitors at the banquet, preceded, before dusk, on old sugar,by numbers of Cetonia
enews.
94: ; (September,
On the ground where Cryptocephalus 10-punctatus occurred, I looked for that
insect in vain after the first days of my stay, the brood evidently being passé; but
near the same place the handsome Trichius fasciatus began to be met with sitting
on thistle-flowers and orchids after four o’clock, p.m., while Strangalia 4-fasciata
might be found flying about the rotten birch stumps.
Near Pitlochry, Diacanthus eneus occurred. Besides many of the species
mentioned by Mr. Rye, I found at the sawpit at Dall, Hallomenus hwmeralis some-
what commonly, in the fungoid growth under a large log. Quedius fulvicollis
occurred on the damp margins of ponds and streams; and to the fauna of the
“modest bedroom” J can add Cryptophagus cellaris.
On “ Grayvel,” I captured two specimens of Bolitobius inclinans hiding under-
stones, about a thousand feet apart in altitude,—a little higher still, Owypoda
aterrima (besides most of the species already mentioned as occurring there), and
on the summit Amara alpina, a species new to Britain. (See ante.)
Near the foot of Cross Craig is a birch wood, which I found very productive.
On an old rotten birch stump a specimen of Athius undulatus occurred, and agarics
produced (in addition to the species of Cis mentioned by Mr. Rye) Epurea variegata,
a species new to Britain. (See ante.)
I also found, in similar situations, some very interesting specimens of E.
deleta, many of them being double the size of an average Southern type; and the
series which I how have in my cabinet proves EL. deleta to be, in point of size, one
of our most variable beetles. So singular, indeed, was this variation, that till I
brought my insects home, and the truth was forced upon me, I considered the
larger specimens specifically distinct from the smaller.
In the above list I have carefully avoided repeating the names of species men-
tioned in Mr. Rye’s list, otherwise mine would be much longer than it is——Ib.
Masses of Diptera collected on twigs of alder.—Dr. McCullough brought home
with him, from a fishing excursion, a small branch of alder on which was collected
a solid mass of flies about eight or ten inches long by three to five thick, and
containing probably several thousand individuals. He said that he observed on the
twigs numerous similar collections, but the one brought was much the largest.
These twigs, though four or five feet above the water, were so placed that they
might be drawn into it when the stream was very full. On examining the mass, I
found it contained nothing but flies, some few still alive, but most of them dead ;
and small bundles of their eggs, but nothing to serve as a point of attraction, nor
any débris, to indicate that they had been collected from the surface of the water.
The eggs were obviously laid, as we often see insects lay their eggs, simply because
the parent fly was unable to extricate itself, and must deposit them there or not
at all.
What I should like to know is, were the flies gathered from the surface of the
stream, or were they collected in some other way, and is the phenomenon well
known? ‘The date of the observation was about June 9th. Isend specimens of the
fly for determination.—ALGERNON CnapmMaNn, M.D., Joint Counties Asylum,
Abergavenny, July 10th, 1866.
[The insect is Atheria ibis. Vide Insecta Britannica, Diptera, Vol I., p. 70,
where Mr. Walker states as follows :—
1866. ] 95
“The female of this fly is gregarious, and attaches its eggs in large clusters
“to boughs hanging over streams, and there remains, and shortly dies. The
“cluster is generally pear-shaped, and sometimes contains many thousands of dead
‘flies, and continually receives accessions by new comers settling upon it. When
“the larva is hatched it falls into the water, its future residence; it has a forked
“tail about one-third of the length of the body, and has the power of raising itself
‘in the water by an incessant undulating motion in a vertical plane.”
See also Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1848, Aug. 7th; where is reported the
exhibition by the late Mr. J. F. Stephens of a large mass of this fly, about two
inches in diameter, found by the Rev. F. W. Hope on the banks of the Severn, at
Berwick, near Shrewsbury. This mass was composed of an immense number of
individuals, closely adhering together around a small branch.
In the Proc. of 2nd July, 1849, is, also, the following note :—
** Mr. Westwood showed some flies and their eggs, part of a cluster of sixty or
“seventy found in a tuft of hawthorn, about twelve miles from Derby, and sent to
“him by Mr. Spencer, who had remarked that each fly seemed to remain as a
“protector over the eggs it had deposited. They were identified as Atheria ibis.”—
Eps. |
Offer of Nyssia zonaria, jc.—Having duplicates of N. zonaria, as well as
of Liparis salicis and Cicindela hybrida, I shall be happy to supply any collector
with some of each of these insects (as long as my stock lasts), on receipt of a box
and return postage.—H. L. Raconor, 5, Clifton Crescent, Clifton Park, Birkenhead.
Sialis fuliginosa in Dorsetshire.—Mr. Dale showed me examples of this species
captured near his own residence at Glanville’s Wootton, which do not differ from
the individuals from Rannoch (vol. 2, p. 107). In these the character of the posi-
tion of one of the transverse nervules (as represented in the figure) holds good,
notwithstanding that, as I before mentioned, the neuration of Sialis is scarcely ever
precisely identical even on the two sides of the same individual.—R. McLacuian,
Forest Hill.
Cannibalism of the larve of Coccinella.—A few evenings since I came upon a
whitethorn hedge at Lewisham, which was abundantly tenanted by the larvee of the
common two-spotted lady-bird, Coccinella bipunctata. Whether their usual food
(Aphides, Sc.) had run short, or whether they preferred a pabulum that afforded a
greater supply of nutriment with less trouble, I cannot say, but any way I observed
numerous larvee busily engaged in sucking the juices of such of their own kindred
as had recently turned to pup: their heads being deeply ensconced in the interiors
of their helpless companions.—Id.
Clisiocampa castrensis.—I have found the larvz of C. castrensis in abundance
at Mersea and St. Osyth, near here. I have no doubt it occurs all round the Essex
coast. I had hoped to have plenty for disposal, but confinement does not appear
to suit them, as great numbers died; and although they were amply supplied with
what is said to be their proper food, they did not thrive well—Hernry Laver,
Colchester, Aug. 1st, 1866.
96 [September, 1866.
Note on Bombyz querciis.—A few days since I saw a B. quercils emerge, and on
testing a fluid observed on the head, I found it gave a decided alkaline reaction to
litmus-paper. This alkaline fluid may probably account for the easy exit of moths
through such tough things as some cocoons are.—ID.
EntomoLocicaL Society or Lonpon. 6th August, 1866.—Prof. Wrstwoop, _
M.A., F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
It was proposed by Mr. Pascoe, seconded by Mr. Stevens, and carried by
acclamation, that the cordial:thanks of the Society be given to W. Wilson Saunders,
Esq., for his entertainment at Reigate on the 6th ult.
Mr. Stevens exhibited a collection of insects of all orders, sent from Bahia by
Mr. Reed, including some fine Cicindelide, Yc. He also exhibited species of the
genus Pogonostoma, collected in Madagascar by Mr. Gerrard, and some Cetonrade
from Sierra Leone.
Mr. D’Orville sent for exhibition an example of Cabera pusaria (male) with the
wings entirely of a silky lead colour, the body retaining its ordinary white appear-
ance; this had been captured in his own garden at Alphington, near Exeter.
Mr. Bond exhibited a series of Hudorea basistrigalis, Knaggs (Hnt. Mo. Mag.,
vol. 3, p. 1), and some remarkable varieties of H. ambigualis from Mr. Barrett, of
Haslemere ; also examples of the rare Catoptria microgrammana taken by Mr. Meek
at Folkestone, and two specimens of the hitherto unique Sericoris ewphorbiana
also taken by Mr. Meek at the same locality.
Mr. McLachlan exhibited a collection of cases of caddis-flies recently received
from Bavaria and Basle (those from the latter locality given to him by Mr. A.
Miiller) ; including some remarkable forms of the case of Halesus digitatus ; that of
Enoicyla pusilla (of which the larva lives out of the water); and a singular case
(of uncertain genus, possibly Brachycentrus,) formed of vegetable matters neatly
arranged transversely, so as to form a partially angular tube, closed by a solid
operculum, in the centre of which are four small holes to admit the water ; &c., &c.
Mr. Janson exhibited a box of rare British Coleoptera taken by Charles Turner
in the New Forest, including two fine examples of Velleius dilatatus which had been
found in the burrows of Cossus ligniperda.
Professor Westwood mentioned that having at the last meeting expressed an
opinion that the singular insect then described by Mr. Pascoe under the name of
Ectrephes formicarum might pertain to the Pausside, he had since examined the
parts of the mouth, and had arrived at the conclusion that it had no relationship
with that family, and was, in fact, of doubtful location. He also read an extract
from the Journal of the Society of Arts respecting the recent swarms of locusts in
Algeria, they having prevailed to such an extent as to cause a famine, the water-
courses being blocked up with their dead bodies, and the military having been
employed to mitigate the bad effects by clearing them away. With respect to the
Ailanthus silkworm (Attacus Cynthia), he remarked that hesaw noprospect of obtaining
a second brood this season from those reared by him.
It was announced that the next (September) meeting would be the last held
in the rooms now occupied by the Society; that after then it would meet in the
apartments of the Linnean Society at Burlington House; due notice would be
given of the necessary alterations of the days of meeting, &c.
October, 1866. ] . 97
A FEW WORDS ABOUT GELECHIA TRIANNULELLA.
BY H. T. STAINTON, F.L.S.
This insect was figured by Herrich-Schiffer on the 63rd plate of
the fifth volume of his Schmetterlinge von Europa, in the year 1853 ;
in the following year, at p. 201 of the letter-press, the brief description
of it appeared, Herrich-Schiffer quoting as a doubtful synonyme the
inornatella of Douglas. We there read—
“Testaceo fusca, inter costas elevatas obscurior, punctis limbalibus
et tribus disci, utrinque albido terminatis, nigerrimis.
“Habit of cinerella, yet with the wings much narrower and
longer, even narrower than in Jineolella, but not with so oblique a
hind margin. The colour is of a fresher brown, more inclining to
coppery-red that in cinerella, the nervures and the two dividing lines
of the cilia not so distinct as in lineolella. All the three typical spots
are produced lengthwise, especially that towards the inner margin,
which is nearer the base, and dashed with whitish at both ends.
“ Both sexes from Hungary, the female with the wings still nar-
rower, four specimens; also from Switzerland, from Mons. de la Harpe.”
In 1856, a brief notice of the same insect appeared in Frey’s
Tineen und Pterophoren der Schweiz.
“ Alis ant. testaceo-fuscis, inter venas elevatas obscurioribus, punc-
tis disci atque marginis postici utrinque albido terminatis, nigerrimis.
Sekt S. 9’, 6 hn.
“T only saw a single female specimen. As this was not quite
fresh, I use Herrich-Schiiffer’s description [which he then quotes].
“This species, found in Hungary, was obtained by Laharpe in the
neighbourhood of Lausanne ; but as it appears, only a single specimen.”
The diagnosis above given is supposed to be copied from Herrich-
Schiffer, only a few words being altered to make it more uniform with
the other diagnoses in Professor Frey’s work ; in this transposition of
words a slight alteration has, however, been effected in their sense.
The careful reader will perceive that Herrich-Schiffer had informed us
that the “three spots of the disc are each terminated with whitish ;”
in Frey’s diagnosis the whitish terminations are also appended to the
hinder marginal spots, a meaning of which possibly Herrich-Schiffer’s
words are capable, but clearly not that which was intended by him.
In the month of April, 1856, I visited Chartres, in order to make
the personal acquaintance of Monsieur Achille Guenée, and when I
returned to Paris in the evening 1 brought with me some few visible
_ memorials of my visit; amongst these was a specimen of an insect,
98 [ October,
with which I had been much struck when I first saw it in M. Guenée’s
collection, and of which I dotted down the note “like rufesceus, but
with three ocellated spots.” It was given to me with the name
inulella (?).
In the autumn of the same year (1856), I received a letter from
Monsieur Pierre Milliére, of Lyons, in which there occurs the following
passage :
“T have just discovered at Lyons two species of Micro-Lepidoptera
new for France; these are Diasemia Ramburialis, H.S., Gue., and
Anacampsis triannulella, H.S. The latter I bred from the larva, of
which the habits are very interesting.”
In February, 1858, Monsieur Milliére sent me a box of insects,
in which were two specimens of this triannulella; my correspondent
adding “of which I hope soon to give you the history of the earlier
stages.”
These specimens were identical with that I had received from
M. Guenée under the doubtful name of inulella.
In February, 1863, I paid my first visit to Monsieur Milliére at
Lyons. In looking through his collection, I dotted down sundry notes,
and amongst others the following: “ Gelechia trimaculella—larva rolls
leaves of Convoloulus sepium in October, imago in November.”
T am disposed now to think that ¢rimaculella was a slip of the pen,
or rather of the pencil for triannulella.
In April, 1868, there appeared in the Wiener Entomologische
Monatschrift, p. 131, the following notice by Dr. Réssler, of Wiesbaden :
“ Gelechia triannulella, H.-S., fig. 458.—The late Vigelius first
found this moth in his garden, which lies on the southern slope of the
pleasure grounds here. He beat it in early spring from some low box-
bordering. I met with it quite fresh and: in first-rate condition on a
grass plat in the town on 6th of April, and amongst grass in the
Salzthal. At the end of June, 1862, I was in a stone quarry, which
had a very warm aspect towards the south, and there, on some bushes
of “ Ackerwinde” (Convolvulus arvensis), 1 found a leaf which was
turned down at the margin (just as the larva of Hypsolophus quadri-
nellus treats the leaves of Origanwm vulgare), and fastened by some
threads, and being eaten, appeared to be the abode of a larva. On
closer investigation, a larva endeavoured to make its escape by running
rapidly backwards, which in form and markings reminded one forcibly
of the larva of Gelechia terrella, so beautifully figured by Fischer von
Réslerstamm. It was attenuated at each end, especially at the three
1866.) 99
anterior segments (spindle-shaped), broad and flat in the middle. The
ground colour of a rich blackish red-brown, with whitish markings.
The anterior half of the body with the belly and back red-brown, the
incisions of the joints white, also the rings round the belly, the two
first of which appear as collars. The posterior half of the body, viz.,
the seven last segments, have the back red-brown, without any such
rings, but with a whitish dorsal stripe and the sides are white, on which,
beginning each time between the legs and directed anteriorly, are four
stouter and one fainter oblique streaks of the dark ground colour. The
belly of the anterior half of the body is red-brown, of the posterior
half whitish. Head small, dark brown; legs of the colour of the
adjoining part of the body.
“The change to the pupa state took place within the abode of the
larva, and the imago appeared eight days afterwards.
“Probably, from what has been mentioned above, there are two
broods in the year, and the other brood passes the winter in the pupa
state.”
The new part of the Stettin Entomologische Zeitung, 1866, 7-9
(received here yesterday), contains a very interesting notice by Dr.
’ Steudel, of Kochendorf (p. 312), headed—
GELECHIA SEPIELLA, 2. sp.
“The writer bred last summer, from a larva feeding on Convolvulus
sepium, a Gelechia, which he was unable to ’determine. It wandered,
therefore, along with other Micro-Lepidoptera, in the autumn to
Frankfort for determination by Herr von Heyden, who, with his usual
goodness, determined my Micro-Lepidoptera, incited me to a scientific
occupation with this group, and freely gave me of the riches of his
collection. Hight days before his death, so painfully felt by surviving
entomologists, I received back the Gelechia in question with the notice,
that neither the Frankfort entomologists, nor Professor Frey, of Zurich,
to whom he had sent the insect, knew it, and that the latter pronounced
it to be a new species, which, probably on account of the neuration of
the wings, ought to be arranged near Gelechia rufescens. I give, therefore,
a description of the insect and its larva, and observe that I bred three
specimens, one of which was spoilt in setting, and that none of them
shewed any essential differences in colour, marking, or size.
“ Capite, palpis, alisque anterioribus cinnamomeis ; alis anterioribus
sub-acutis, elongatis, radice discoque concoloribus, apice dilutiore ;
punctis tribus disci nigris albo-notatis, duobus oblique transversis ante,
tertio post medium in vena transversa; venis post cellulam mediam
nigro-squamatis, margine nigro-punctato. 8 lin.”
100 [ October,
The entire description is too long to be given here, but the following
extract will serve as a specimen of the care with which it has been
written :
“The colour of the anterior wings is a dull cinnamon-brown, to-
wards the apex paler from the scattered yellowish scales, especially on
the costa. At of the length of the wing are two elongate black spots,
obliquely placed, the lower one nearer the base, on the fold; both are
surrounded by an incomplete white ring. Just beyond the middle of
the wing on the transverse vein, in the same line with the upper of the
two previous spots, is a third larger spot, but not so deep black, in an
oval, white, almost complete ring. Beyond this the veins are clothed
with black scales, as also the ends of the veins in the hind margin;
sometimes also there are black marginal spots on the costa before
the apex.”
All of which applies most excellently to my specimens of Gelechia
triannulella.
Dr. Steudel’s notice of the larva is as follows:
“The larva feeds on Convolvulus sepium, and turns the top of the
leaf by a horizontal fold upwards, and fastens it flatly to the upper side
of the leaf. In this triangular abode it eats a portion of the paren-
chyma; on the leaf being disturbed it quits its abode by a hasty,
springing movement at one end of the fold, like the larve of the genus
Depressaria, or like the similar larva of Hypsolophus Schmidiellus
(Durdhamellus). By this means three of the larve which I found
escaped, and a fourth was injured and killed in the attempt to cateh it
hastily. If Iam not mistaken, I found the larve in July, and the
perfect insect appearec in September.
“The larva is rather elongate, thickened anteriorly, the head
brown-black, the thoracic segment of the same colour, with paler shield
anteriorly and three white spots posteriorly; the second to fifth seg-
ments thickened, dark brown, the third segment with a series of raised
white spots anteriorly, the fourth unicolorous, the fifth with lateral
white spots anteriorly, beyond that the body is of a rather paler brown,
with a white dorsal line, and with oblique white streaks on the sides.
The anterior legs are black, the prolegs and belly are dirty dark green.”
From the foregoing descriptions it is evident that the larva of
triannulella is closely allied to those of rufescens and lutatella, which
are so extremely similar that it is hardly possible to distinguish them.
I am strongly disposed to fancy that the larvee of cinerella, tripunctella
1866.) Fr 101
maculosella, lineolella, and inornatella, will be found to be all very
similar. Cinerella is an insect generally distributed and not rare, yet
the larva is still (September, 1866) totally unknown to us. My friend,
Monsieur Milliére, has lately bred a species closely allied to the Alpine
tripunctella, of which I believe he will shortly publish the transforma-
tions in his valuable “ Iconographie et Description de Chenilles et
’
Lépidopterés inedits:”” and with this observation I will conclude these
“few words about Gelechia triannulella.”
Mountsfield, Lewisham, September 11th, 1866.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CRYPTOPHAGUS; AND NOTE
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ANOTHER SPECIES OF THAT GENUS
NEW TO BRITAIN.
BY E. C. RYE.
CrYPTOPHAGUS WATERHOUSEI, 0. sp.
Elongatulus, leviter convexus, densé subtiliterque punctatus, pube
breviori depressdé dense vestitus, fusco-testaceus, capite thoraceque ferrugi-
neis, hoc basin versus fortiter angustato, angulisque anterioribus fortiter
prominulis, cyathiformibus, postice laminatis acuteque productis ; dente
laterali quasi prominentia anteriore confuso. Long. 14 lin.
A single example of this exceedingly distinct species was taken in
one of the open corridors leading to the Crystal Palace in May, 1857,
by Mr. Waterhouse, to whom I have dedicated it. This specimen,
luckily (on account of its Paramecosomiform build) a male, with four-
jointed posterior and dilated anterior tarsi, represents the Cryptophagus
16 sp.—(?) of that gentleman’s Catalogue.
It is intermediate in size and general appearance between C. acu-
tangulus and C. vini, from both of which species, and, indeed, from all
others which I have seen, or to the descriptions whereof I can refer, it
differs considerably in the structure of its thorax. In the latter insect,
which it most resembles in this respect (but from which its larger size,
more cylindrical shape, finer punctuation and closer and shorter pu-
bescence would amply separate it), the thorax has the anterior angles
(the dentes anteriores of Erichson) widely dilated and cyathiform, behind
which the sides, which are finely but distinctly crenulate, are slightly
emarginate and then contracted behind ; the usual lateral denticle (dens
posterior of Erichson) of Cryptophagus being absent. In C. Waterhousei
the equally dilated and cyathiform anterior angles are continued behind
102 [ October,
in almost a straight line, parallel with the sides of the thorax, until
they terminate in a minute and acute point; the whole projection
occupying about a third of the lateral length, and suggesting the idea
of the dens posterior being amalgamated with the prominence of the
anterior angle. Below the acute point above mentioned, the sides
(which are strongly and straightly narrowed behind) are exceedingly
finely crenulated; the margins, as compared with those of C. vini, being
indeed almost entire. In other respects this insect is conspicuous by
the almost cylindrical shape of its elytra, which are closely and deli-
cately punctured, and thickly clothed with short pubescence.
Another species of this genus, C. fuscicornis (Sturm, Deutschl. Ins.,
xvi, 97, 18; Er., Ins. Deutschl., iii., 358, 10), must, I think, be added to
our lists, as I have found a specimen, agreeing in the majority of its cha-
racters with Hrichson’s diagnosis, among some Cryptophagi belonging to
Mr. D. Sharp, and taken by him in the London district. It is ¢ lin.
long, rather smaller than any -C. dentatus, from which the much stronger
and wider punctuation of its elytra, its somewhat more cylindrical
shape and the structure of its thorax distinguish it ; the anterior angles
being strongly prominent, and terminating behind in a sharp tooth, and
the lateral tooth being situated at the middle of the sides, which are
more narrowed behind it, and less strongly crenulated.
I am, however, compelled to bring this species forward with a
certain amount of doubt, not only on account of its pubescence being too
long to accord exactly with Erichson’s description, but also because it
has been already introduced as British by my friend Mr. G. R. Crotch,
who has recently, in another place, withdrawn his exponent of it as only
an abnormal C. dentatus (with any form of which Mr. Sharp’s insect
cannot, however, be possibly confounded), and because the sole repre-
sentative of it in the European collection of the British Museum* (sent,
I believe, by Dr. Kraatz), is without doubt wrongly so named, having
the anterior angles of the thorax not sufficiently prominent, and not
acute behind, with the lateral tooth situated above the middle, and the
punctuation of the elytra not sufficiently strong. Mr. Sharp’s insect
somewhat closely resembles specimens of C. qguercinus, Ky., in the Brit.
Mus. Coll. ; differing, however, from these in its smaller size, the more
evident contraction of its thorax behind, and the stronger punctuation
of its elytra.
* It is somewhat consoling to the ‘“ Britisher,” often despised by cosmopolitan coleopterists for
confining his study to the productions of his own country, to find that the extension of range frequently
entails an extension of error, as proved by the constantly occurring instances of erroneous Continental
*“types,”’ even when sent by the best ‘‘ authorities.” Wishing recently to see Continental specimens of
Epurea variegata, | duly received five; whereof one was @stiva, and the remainder pusilla.—E. C. R.
ee
1866.] : 108
AN ESSAY TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH HOMOPTERA.
BY THE REV. T. A. MARSHALL, M.A.
(Continued from page 85.)
26.—Lassus (I.) prasinus, Fall.
Fusco-flavus vel pallide viridis, interdum sub-rufescens. Abdomen
nigrum, segmentis flavo-marginatis; 9 subtus totum, ¢ apice tantum,
flavescens. Vertex immaculatus. rons obscure fusco-cancellata.
Pronotum, scutellum, hemelytra, flavescentia, sub-nitida, immaculata :
hee abdomine longiora, sub-pellucida, membrana leviter infuscata:
nervi concolores. Ale infuscate. Pedes testacei; tibiz ad basin
spinarum nigro puncte; postice intus nigro-lineate: ungues fusci.
ae. Long. 23; alar. exp. 53 lin.
Cicada prasina, Fall., Hem., 2, p. 40: Act. Holm., 1806, p. 27.
Jassus prasinus, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 352.
Tassus subfusculus of the Brit. Mus. Collection.
Aphrodes sulphurea, Curt., B. E., 6383, No. 10.
Flor (I. ¢.) says that Cicada prasina, Fab., Ent. Syst., 4, 38, and
S. R., 77, 70,—although quoted as a synonym by Fallén (1. ¢.),—is not
the present insect, but a Bythoscopus. He does not, however, give the
reasons for this conclusion. The Fabrician enigma is as follows:
“ Flavo-viridis : alis cerulescentibus.” The pale colour, rather larger
size, and immaculate upper surface, suffice to distinguish both sexes
from subfusculus. The males are further separated by their external
genital apparatus. In prasinus the lamine genitales are unusually
long, three times the length of the valvula; in subfwsculus they are
only half as long again as the same organ.
On various trees in woods, throughout the kingdom ; perhaps the
easiest to meet with of all the larger Jassz. The following species are
smaller, resembling Hupterys.
27.—Tassus (L.) virescens, Fall.
Angustus, pallide flavus vel flavo-viridis. Abdominis segmenta
5 prima supra medio nigra, vel nigro-limbata, lateribus late pallidis ;
extera flaventia. Hemelytra pellucida, nitida, abdomine longiora ( ¢),
vel paulo breviora (?). Vertex acutangulus, apice obtuso, sua inter
oculos latitudine vix brevior, pronoto longitudine equalis. Tibize
postice ad basin spinarum vix fusco punctate; tarsi apice fusci.
Anus 9 apice albido setosus. ¢ @. Long. 2-23; alar. exp. 33 lin.
Cicada virescens, Fall., Act. Holm., 1806, p. 33 ; Hem., 2, p. 52.
Tassus virescens, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 333 (?)
104 [ October,
When this species was made out I had not Flor’s work before me:
the perusal of his description makes me now rather doubtful as to the
correctness of the identification. Fallén’s diagnosis (with which my
18 specimens agree) is as follows :—“ Viridis, supra immaculata ; capitis
apice obtusissimo [i. e., as compared with Pediopsis]; alis albicantibus.
C. punctata vix minor. Supra virescens, nitida, post mortem flavescens.
Caput impunctatum [i.e., without black spots]. Antenne longiuscule.
Elytra corpore longiora, exalbida; nervis tenuibus, viridibus. Abdomen
supra atrum, subtus sepe virescens. Tibie nigro-punctate.” Flor
mentions a black dot upon the gens, which I cannot discern, and
speaks of variations which my examples do not present.
This species is from an osier bed on the banks of the Soare, near
Aylstone, Leicestershire. It difiers from 4-notatus, Fab., in the longer
vertex, narrower and longer body, abdomen only black in the middle
above, colour after death more ochreous, and absence of black spots on
the frons and vertex.
28.—Jassus (L.) quadrinotatus, Fab.
Statura pracedentis. Pallide viridis, capite magis flavo. Abdomen
¢d nigrum; ? nigrum, flavo-marginatum. Vertex pronoto quadrante
brevior, porrectus, apice rotundato. Macule due verticis, dueque
frontis, rotunde, nigre: posteriores nonnunquam parvee,—sed caput
aliquando immaculatum. Sub antennarum insertione, in genis, punctum
nigrum ; facies tota seepe linea tenui nigra circumscripta. Antennarum
articulus 2° plerumque niger. Hemelytra pellucida, nitida, viridia,
nervis flavis. Pedes flavi; tibiz postice nigro punctate et lineate ;
coxee saepius, femora raro, fusco-notata; femora antica extus, postica
intus, linea nigra,-—sepissime obsoleta. ¢ 9.
Long. 13-2; alar. exp. 4 lin.
Cicada 4-notata, Fab., 8. R., p. 78.
Lassus 4-punctatus, Germ., Fn., 14, tab. 15.
Lassus 4-notatus, Flor, K. L., 2, p. 336.
Thamnotettia spilotocephalus, Hardy, Tyneside Trans., 1, p. 424
(according to the type in the Brit. Mus.).
This* species is less common than seawnotatus, but still sufficiently
abundant in damp grassy places throughout the kingdom.
(To be continued.)
* The above insect, and many others of the smaller and softer Cicadas (ex. gr., Deltocephalus,
Eupteryx), are often infested by an oval parasite, destitute of limbs, and immoveably attached to the
abdomen or sides of the pronotum by a peduncle, The parasite first appears on the voung larva, and is
then pale coloured, but grows with the growth of its victim, and finishes by becoming black. The
Cicada is often malformed, owing to the constant presence of this excrescence, equal in size to its own
head, but which does not appear to cause death. I have observed this fact a hundred times; and have
read accounts of it in books, but nothing satisfactory.—T. A. M.
1866.] 105
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND.
BY EDWIN BIRCHALL.
(Continued from page 76.)
TxN10CAMPA GoTHICA—Common everywhere
. RUBRICOSA—County Wicklow ; Mr. Bristow.
- INSTABILIS—Common.
3 poruLeti1— Wicklow and Killarney.
. STABILIS—Common.
er @RaciLis—Killarney.
us MuUNDA—Do.
, crupa—Very common.
OrtHosta yestLton—County Wicklow.
4 Lota—Common, and widely distributed.
i MACILENTA— Do. do.
ANTHOCELIS RUFINA—Do. do.
A PIsTAcINA—Do. do.
LUNOsSA— Do. do.
. LiruRA— Do. do.
CERASTIS VACCINII—Do. do.
“a sPADICEA—County Wicklow ; Mr. Bristow.
ScoPELOSOMA SATELLITIA—Common.
DASYCAMPA RUBIGINEA— Widely distributed. I have taken specimens
at Dublin, Tullamore, and Killarney.
Hoporina croceaeo—County Wicklow.
XANTHIA CITRAGO— do.
CERAGO do. common.
Fa s1zago—- Wicklow and Dublin ; not uncommon.
s auraco—Mr. Haughton ; locality unknown.
FERRUGINEA—Common everywhere.
Evuperta FULVAGo—Mr. Greene’s list ; no locality known to me.
CosMIA TRAPEZINA — Common everywhere.
» AFFINIs— Powerscourt.
DrantH@cra carvpopuaca—Mr. Greene’s list. All the Irish specimens
which I have seen are referable to the following
species :—
y CAPSOPHILA (pl. 1, fig. 9)—First captured by Mr. Barrett
in June, 1860. See Zoologist, p. 7324. Occurs com-
monly on the hill of Howth, but has not yet been found
elsewhere.* The larva feeds on the unripe seeds of Szlene
maritima from June to August; and the moth, though
* This insect has been taken during the present summer, near Waterford by Dr. Wright, and in the
Isle of Man by Mr. Hopley and others.—E. B.
106
(October,
only single-brooded, is on the wing for the greater part
of the same period. There has been much discussion as
to the claims of this insect to be considered a species dis-
tinct from carpophaga, some of the darker varieties of
which from Scotland approach capsophila both in form
and colour. The larve of carpophaga and capsophila, like
the perfect insects, differ principally in colour, capsophila
in both cases being darker. The larve of capsincola and
conspersa are, however, equally difficult to separate ; and
these slight variations in the larva state seem to be cha-
racteristic of the Dianthecie, and alone are insufficient
to enable us to discriminate the species. Some may sup-
pose that the common origin of the various species of the
genus is indicated by these slight differences in the larva
state ; but for the purposes of classification, carpophaga
and capsophila seem to me abundantly distinct, and must
be so recorded.
Diantrua@cra capstncotra—Generally distributed, and common.
cucuBALI—Howth and Killarney ; not uncommon.
BARRETTII (pl. 1, fig. 7)—This fine insect, discovered at
Howth by Mr. Barrett in June, 1861, and described by
H. Doubleday in Entomologist’s Annual for 1864, p. 124,
is not known to have occurred either in England or upon
the Continent. Four specimens have been captured—
the first, a male, by Mr. Barrett, and the others, one
male and two females, by myself. The larva has not
yet been discovered ; it will probably be found to feed
either on the leaves or seeds of Silene maritima in July.
CONSPERSA— Belfast ; Mr. Bristow.
compra (pl. 1, fig. 8)—A pair of this well-known species,
taken in Ireland by Mr. Tardy, are in the collection of
Trinity College ; but I am unable to indicate the exact
locality of their capture. The insect has long been a
reputed British species, and I confidently anticipate its
admission to our lists when Dublin collectors bestir them-
selves a little. Ireland appears to be peculiarly rich in
the genus Dianthecia, producing seven species, whilst
only four are known to occur in Great Britain.
HercaTrera Dysoppa—Mr. Greene’s list; locality not stated.
2?
SERENA—County Wicklow and Howth.
Poxta cH1—-Generally distributed, and common.
Prd
FLAVOcINCTA—County Wicklow.
1366.) 107
DASYPOLIA TEMPLI—Common at Howth.
Epunpa LutuLenta—County Wicklow ; Mr. Bristow.
7 viminatis—Belfast ; also at Killarney.
Ne LICHENEA—Common at Howth.
Misenia oxyacantno—Abundant in most places.
Aq@riopis aprinina— Dublin and Wicklow; common.
PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA—Common everywhere.
EUPLEXIA LUCIPARA— do. do.
ApLecta HERBIDA— Widely distributed, and common in many places.
.. NEBULOSA— do. do.
Hapena satura—County Wicklow ; one specimen by Mr. Bristow.
a? apusta—Very common, and widely distributed.
+ PROTEA—County Wicklow ; common.
* DENTINA— Widely distributed, and often very common.
» CHENOPopII—Near Dublin, by Mr. Greene.
4 suasA—County Wicklow; not common.
a OLERACEA— Common.
a PISI— do.
x THALASSINA— do.
- cont1avaA— Wicklow and Killarney ; common.
RS GENIsT®—County Wicklow; not common.
e. RECTILINEA— Killarney ; not common.
XYLOCAMPA LITHORIZA—Common in the County Wicklow.
CaLOCAMPA VETUSTA— do. do. and Dublin.
be EXOLETA do. do. do.
Xyumwa RuIzo~tirHA—Common at Killarney; also occurs in the
County Wicklow, but rarely.
% PETRIFICATA— Widely distributed, and frequently abundant.
I once saw an ivy bush near Tullamore, the flowers of
which were swarming with this insect.
CucuLLiIa VERBAScI—Dublin and Wicklow ; common.
é CHAMOMILLE— do. do. nd
" UMBRATICA—Generally distributed, and common.
ANARTA MYRTILLI— do. do.
Erastria Fuscuta—In profusion at Killarney.
BaNKIA ARGENTULA— do. do.
HyYDRELIA UNCA do. do.
Any one who has traversed the bogs of the County Kerry in the
early part of June, will not soon forget the astonishing numbers of the
three last-named insects, which rise around him as he pushes his way
through the thick growth of Myrica gale.
108 | [October,
ABROSTOLA URTICE— Widely distributed, and common.
#8 TRIPLASIA— do. do.
PLUSIA CHRYSITIS— do. do.
BRACTEA—County Wicklow.
FESTUCH — Widely distributed, and common.
» IOTA— do. do.
»» V.-AUREUM— do. do.
GAMMA— do. do.
GONOPTERA LIBATRIX— Widely distributed, and common.
AMPHIPYRA PYRAMIDEA— Killarney ; common.
. TRAGOPOGONIS—Generally distributed, and common.
Mania TYPICA— do. do.
* MAURA do. do.
STILBIA ANOMALA—Howth; not uncommon.
CaTOCALA FRAXINI—A specimen captured at Kingstown by Mr.
Greene.
a nupra—Dr. Bail; locality unknown to me.
OPHIODES LUNaRIS—Two specimens captured at Killarney by the late
P. Bouchard, in 1864.
Evucxiip1a Mi—Widely distributed, and common.
GLYPHICA—Do. do.
”
PHYTOMETRA HNEA—Do. do.
Although the foregoing list contains 200 of the 304 British species
of Noctue, I look upon it as still very incomplete. It may be noted
that of the Heliothide only one species, Anarta myrtilli, has been
observed ; and it is possible that the cloudy skies of Ireland are ill
adapted to the habits of this sun-loving family ; but whilst hundreds of
square miles of bog and marsh remain unexplored, it is impossible to
believe that 13 of the British Lewcanide are not to be found in Ireland.
The probability is that a proper search would result in the discovery,
not only of most of these insects, but of other and unknown species.
Irish specimens of Moctue are generally more richly coloured and
darker than specimens captured in England, as is also the case with
Noctue from Scotland. Possibly the moister climate of the northern
and western portions of the United Kingdom may, in some degree,
account for this ; but, taken in connection with the occurrence of such
species as Acronycta myrice, and Hadena rectilinea, in the extreme
south of Ireland, this similarity between Scotch and Irish insects seems
to point to the northern origin of many of the Irish Lepidoptera.
1966. } 109
DREPANULA.*
PLATYPTERYX LACERTULA—Common. Wicklow and Kerry.
s FALCULA— do. Kerry.
Cruix sprnuLtA — Common.
PSEUDO-BOMBYCES.
DicraNURA VINULA—Common.
» FuRcULA—Not uncommon, and widely distributed.
< BIFIDA— do. do.
PETASTIA CASSINEA—Dr. Ball.
Py@#Ra BUCEPHALA—Very common.
CLosTERA CURTULA—Larve near Clonmel. -
3 ANACHORETA—Larve turned out at Howth, are, I believe
likely to effect a permanent settlement.
zs RECLUSA—Generally distributed.
PrinopoNTIS PALPINA—County Wicklow; Mr. Bristow.
Noroponta camenina—Abundant at Powerscourt and Killarney.
: BICOLORA—Seyveral specimens taken by the late Mr. Bou-
chard.
x pict#a—County Wicklow ; not uncommon.
Fe DICT HOIDES— do. do.
e DROMEDARIUS— _ do. do.
- TRITOPHUS—Larvee at Howth on alder; by Mr. Shield.
- ziczAc—Not uncommon.
33 TREPIDA—Not uncommon in County Wicklow.
i cHAONIA—I have a specimen taken at Killarney. It has
also occurred in the County Wicklow.
+ poponEA—Not uncommon at Killarney.
DILoBa CHRULEOCEPHALA—Generally distributed, but apparently not
abundant.
(To be continued.)
Notes on the Catalogue of Irish Lepidoptera.—The great interest with which I
have studied the valuable Catalogue of Irish Lepidoptera by my friend Mr. Birchall,
must be my excuse for the following remarks :—Firstly, I wish to know why
P. Actewon should be called an Atlantic insect ? The only two English localities are
on the coast of Devon (Sidmouth) and in Dorset (Lulworth). Both are washed by
the British Channel. I have taken it at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, which may be
called Central Europe.
* We accidentally omitted to place the Drepanule and Pseudo-Bombyces before the Noctue.—Ebs.
110 [October,
I would also observe that Melitwa Cinwia is stated in the “ Manual” to occur at
Falkland, in Fifeshire.
My other remark is on Lithosia caniola. Mr. Doubleday has well reminded us
already that it was taken at Torquay; but, independently of this, instead of being
surprised at its occurrence in Ireland, I would fain hope that more instances of the
insects of Southern Europe turning up there may yet be found; for we must bear
in mind that Ireland claims as her own several plants from Spain, &c., unknown to
England ; such is, for example, Ononis reclinata, Erica Mediterranea, and Hrica
Mackaiana. Give two other instances: Hrica vagams is found in Cornwall also ;
Naias flevilis and Dabecia polifolia occur only at Connemara. Analogy leads us,
therefore, rather to look out for more instances than to feel surprised at this one.—
R. C. R. Jorpan, Birmingham, August, 1866.
[We presume that in his remarks on the distribution of the Irish Butterflies,
Mr. Birchall has followed the admirable system of ,geographical divisions used in
Watson’s ‘‘Cybele Britannica” and Moore’s “Cybele Hibernica for the plants of
these islands.
In Mr. Stainton’s “Notes on the Geographical Distribution of the British
Butterflies” (Trans. Ent. Soc. 2 series, vol. 5, pp. 229—2385), published subsequently
to the “ Manual,” no mention is made of the occurrence of M. Cinwia in Scotland, he
having learnt that the reputed Fifeshire Cinzia were only Artemis.—Ebs. |
Lithosia caniola.—In reply to Mr. Doubleday’s remarks (p. 67, vol. ii.), I can
only say, if I have done Mr. King an injustice I am sorry for it; but I did not
think the finding specimens of Lithosia caniola in his boxes, taken in connection
with the circumstance that no subsequent capture of the insect in the supposed
locality has been made, sufficient to establish the fact of its occurrence at Torquay,
and I therefore omitted all reference to it.—Hpwin Bircnatt, Bradford, Sept. 3rd.
Occurrence of Lithosia caniola at Waterford.—Since my remarks on this insect
were written (p. 33), it has been taken on the coast near Waterford by Dr. EH. P.
Wright, of Dublin.—Ib.
Acidalia mancuniata.—Mr. Campbell has obligingly forwarded for inspection a
long series of both bred and caught examples of the insect referred to by him at
page 90. They pertain undoubtedly to the species to which the above name was
applied.— H. G. Knaces, Kentish Town, August 27th.
Ocewrrence of the larva of Cidaria (?) sagittata.—I have this season again
noticed larvze of C. sagittata in plenty. They feed on Thalictrum flavum, which
grows abundantly by the sides of our fen drains, eating the seeds and partly bitten
older leaves. Should not this insect class with some of the genus Hupithecia rather
than with Cidaria ?—A. Fryer, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire, August, 1866.
Capture of Aplasta ononaria, Fuessly; a genus and species of Geometride new
to Britain.—On or about the 18th July last, I captured a specimen of A. ononaria
in the Warren at Folkestone, amongst Ononis arvensis. My opinion is, that a week
later would be a better time for the species.—B. Pirrarp, Hemel-Hempstead, 10th
September, 1866.
1366.) lil
[This is a very interesting addition to the English fauna. Aplasta belongs to
the Fidonide, and at one time the single species was placed in Fidonia. Guenée
places the genus before (of the European genera) Strenia. In Staudinger’s cata-
logue it comes next after Scoria. A. ononavia is common in some localities not very
far distant from Paris, and is also found in North Germany. The larva, which has
long been known, feeds on Ononis; and, according to Duponchel, it remains a very
short time in the chrysalis state, the moth appearing all through the summer ;
hence it is inferred that there is a succession of broods. In Guenée’s Phalénites,
vol. ii., p. 105, a lapsus calami occurs. In the generic description are the words
“ Larv. ignot.,” yet immediately below it is fully characterized.—Ebs. ]
Agrotis agathina and Cirredia xerampelina near York.—I captured a few very
fine specimens of A. agathina on the night of August 25th, by searching the flowers
of Calluna vulgaris near York. By digging for pups at Ash trees, I was rewarded
with a beautiful pair of C. zerampelina, a male on August 21st, and a female on
August 25th.—T. J. Carrineton, Fulford, York, September 12th, 1866.
Capture of Enmelesia bifasciata.—In the first week of August I went to an old
hedge on our marshes with the intention of finding an odd specimen of this insect,
as it appeared to me a very suitable place; I was not long in starting game, and
by continuous attention for a week, and by dint of hard work with a heavy stick,
I managed to secure about forty specimens, of which, however, very few were in
fine condition, and the best part of the job was that no other moths annoyed me,
for those which did turn out, or rather were made to come out, were all bifasciata.
The hedge is in a fair way for being destroyed. I got a good many eggs, but the
larvee all died young.—J. B. Hopaxrnson, September 12th, 1866.
Another extraordinary variety of Cabera pusaria.—About a fortnight since I
obtained what I believed to be an example of Lithostege nivearia. It differed,
however, sufficiently from a specimen I had previously, that I did not feel confident,
though I had not much doubt that J had rightly named it.
On reading, however, an account in this month’s Ent. Mon. Mag. of Mr.
D’Orville’s specimen of C. pusaria “of a silky lead colour, the body retaining its
ordinary white appearance,” my insect was immediately suggested tome. I should
thus describe it—
Spread of wings 1” 3”. Fore-wings: ground colour white, so closely dusted
with grey as to give apparently an almost even ground colour of leaden-grey, the
tone resembling that of A. Ashworthii. Hind-wings: the same, but paler at the
base; the whole with a very satin-like gloss. Body nearly white. Two of the
curved lines common to pusaria are faintly indicated on the hind-wings, but I cannot
trace them on the fore-wings. The fringes are white.—W.O. Hammonp, St. Alban’s
Court, near Wingham, Sept. Ist, 1866.
Capture of Leptogramma Boscana and L. scabrana ; with notes—I have the
pleasure to announce that I have again been successful in taking L. Boscana, having
found it rather freely this year. The last year I met with it in any numbers was
1858, since which time I have never seen more than two or three specimens in a
1 [October,
season, and some years none at all. They began to come out in the second week
of July, and the larvex of scabrana, about half grown, are now feeding in precisely
the same way on the same elms. The larvee of the two species are not to be dis-
tinguished from each other. I recorded, in 1858, the breeding of one scabrana
apparently identical with Boscana. I have now to record the capture of two decided
scabrana in company with Boscana; one of these I sent to Mr. Doubleday. My
attempts to procure eggs of either species have all proved futile, and I should be
glad of any hints from practical entomologists on the subject of breeding Tortrices
from the egg.—E. Horton, Powick, Sept. 5th, 1866.
The re-discovery of Sericoris euphorbiana,— With regard to this, I have to men-
tion that I took the species (one specimen) at Malvern, May 28th, 1861, and sent it
to Mr. Stainton, who named it for me.—Id.
Scarcity of Macroglossa stellatarum in 1866.—In reply to “H. U.” I beg to say,
that I have not observed M. stellatarwm this season, and that I predicted its
scarcity in the autumn of last year, from having examined a good number of females
of the second brood and found them all destitute of ova.—Id.
Scarcity of Macroglossa stellatawm.—I have observed this insect two or three
times only this season : last year it was in greater plenty than in any year since
1808.—J. C. Dax, Glanville’s Wootton Sherbourne, September 9th.
Ennomos alniaria bred.—Yesterday morning I bred from the larva that Mr.
Hellins sent me to figure, a most splendid specimen of Ennomos alniaria.—W.
Buck.ER, Emsworth, August 29th, 1866.
Ennomos alniaria bred.—I have been successful in rearing 2. alniaria from the
eggs obtained last year by Mr. Lacy, of Gosport.—J. HELLIns, September 18th.
Agrophila sulphuralis at Eweter—Mr. Barrett’s mention of this species, as
being found by him in a lamp, reminds me that on one of the last days in July, 1865,
Mr. Norcombe told me he had, the night before, seen a specimen of sulphuralis settled
on a lamp in front of the County Prison—not twenty steps from my house.
The time was about 11 p.m.,—too late, he thought, to knock me up,—and
unfortunately he had neither pin nor pill-box with him; so after having a good
long look at the moth, he slid down the lamp-post to consider what he should do,
and presently had the mortification to see sulphwralis knocked off its perch by some
bouncing Noctua, and fly away, but he told me he had looked long enough at it to
be quite sure of the species.—Ib., July 12th.
Stawropus fagi at Exeter.—I took a wasted male of this species sitting in the
middle of one of the lower panes of my dining-room window, at about nine a.m.
on the 28th of last month: the night had been sultry, and a lamp was burning in
the room till after midnight, but I had not noticed the moth knocking at the
window.—I».
1866. j 113
Notes on Cidaria immanata.—In the beginning of September last year, Mr.
Birchall kindly sent me a batch of eggs of this species. Having cut out the part
of the pill-box on which the eggs were deposited, I pinned it to a bit of wood, which
I stuck in a flower-pot with a plant of Fragaria vesca. During the winter I noticed
that the eggs were washed off the card, and fell upon the earth in the pot below ;
however, they were not injured by this change of position, and on the 20th March,
1866, I noticed one larva had been hatched. At this time the flower-pot was un-
luckily upset by the gardener, who did his best to replace the earth, &c., without
saying anything to me, consequently, out of the whole batch I obtained but four
larve in all. This small brood has, however, given me great satisfaction, for they
fed up well, and have produced four good specimens of the moth; three of them
being the type immanata, and the fourth being the variety marmorata of Haworth.
—Ib.
Note respecting a species of Apatania.—In my “ Trichoptera Britannica,” pp.
74, 75, I mention a species of Apatania taken at the little lake in Arundel Park,
which I considered to be probably distinct from A. vestita, but of which I had only
-seen females. I have now visited the locality four times—thrice in August, once in
June—and have taken probably near one hundred specimens; still all are females,
most of them full of ova, which they deposit freely. The occurrence of this sex
only is to me inexplicable; and one is almost led to suspect that this species may
be able to dispense, partially or entirely, with the companionship of males,—as is
known to be the case in some few species of other Orders, and, as there is strong
reason to believe, prevails also in many more (e.g., several species of Tenthredinid@).
I still adhere to the opinion that it is distinct from A. vestita, and name it pro-
visionally A. muliebris.
The occurrence of an Apatania at Arundel is additionally interesting, because
that genus is alpine or sub-alpine in its habits; it may be remarked, however, that
the little lake springs out of the chalk, and the water of it is very cold.
A slight correction is necessary with respect to A. vestita. Kolenati takes the
name from Zetterstedt, whose species, though probably of this genus, is yet unsatis-
factorily determined. That my vestita is the same as Kolenati’s I have no doubt ;
for, contrary to his usual custom, in his generic description he describes the
appendices of A. vestita, and these agree precisely with the British species.—
R. McLacuian, Forest Hill.
Note on Lepidoptera attracted by blackberries.—As I found sugar comparatively
unproductive last autumn, while Noctue were flying at the same time in plenty
about the blackberries on the hedges, I turned my attention to them, and with
results that I think deserve a passing notice.
In consequence of the long continued hot weather, the blackberries were
remarkably abundant and sweet, and therefore, I suppose, more attractive to insects
than usual, for the abundance of moths upon them was surprising. Xanthia cerago,
silago, and ferruginea, Anthocelis rufina, Orthosia lota and macilenta, Glea vaccinit,
Miselia owyacanthe and Phlogophora meticulosa were in great abundance; Anthocelis
litura and pistacina, Scopelosoma satellitia, Agrotis suffusa and segetwm, Hadena
eo
.
114 {October
protea and Chariptera wprilina were common enough, and Glea spadicea, Gonoptera
libatriz, and even wasted Amphipyra pyramidea, were occasionally to be met with.
But besides these common things, I obtained several Hoporina croceago, Xylina
rhizolitha and petrificata, Calocampa vetusta, and Epunda nigra.
The Geometre were represented by Cidaria psittacata and russata ; Scopula
ferrugalis was common and very lively, seldom waiting to be boxed, but flying
frantically round the lantern; Pterophorus pterodactylus was excessively abundant,—
more so, I think, than any other moth,—and one specimen of Sarrothripa Rewayana
suffered the penalty of his weakness for sweets. ‘
The moths appeared to have some means of piercing the skin of the fruit ;
their trunks were constantly to be seen penetrating it, while their bodies were
fairly distended with juice. I have seen as many as six Anthocelis rufima on one
bunch, and believe that the shrivelled and withered branches so commonly to be
seen were due (with the assistance of plenty of wasps) to the abundance and
greediness of the moths.
This mode of collecting has one great advantage—it can be continued until
very late. Instead of retiring, as moths generally do, from the sugar as soon as
they have made a meal, they continue on the blackberries as though they could
never have enough, and are almost as plentiful at eleven o’clock as in the first part
of the evening. Later I did not try —Cnaries G. Barrert, Haslemere.
Nemeobius Lucina.—This species occurs here in an extensive copse intersected
with deep valleys. It frequents the bottoms of these valleys, where it flits about
over the underwood, almost always returning to one particular spray; indeed,
certain bushes, and even twigs, seem to be especially to their taste, since if one be
taken another soon occupies its place. In this way one alder-bush afforded me two
or three specimens, and a little oak-bush, in a particularly warm and pleasant
corner, was always sure to have a fresh tenant in a few hours, or, at any rate, in a
day or two after the previous occupant had been captured. Occasionally, though
rarely, a specimen would settle on a spurge-bloom, the only flower they appeared
to affect. —C. G. Barrett, Haslemere.
Note on Hermaphrodites.—The following two instances of hermaphroditism seem
not to be mentioned by Dr. Hagen in his catalogues in the Stettiner Entomologische
Zeitung for 1861 and 1863, and as the*completion of such valuable records ought
always to be one of the aims of the student of entomology, I give the entire passages
as contained in Dr. F. A. Nickerl’s “Synopsis der Lepidoptern Fauna Boehmens,”
Prague, 1850, inferring that English readers generally have no ready access to this
work.
Dr. Nickerl mentions of Satyrus Semele, L.— “My collection contains a very
fine hermaphrodite taken near Prague, the right half of which is male, whilst the
left is female.” Op. cit., p. 15.
The same author says of Lycwena Argus, L.—‘ An hermaphrodite, taken near
Prague by Herr Maloch, painter, the left half of which, viewed from above, shows
the colouring of the female, whilst the right half produces the colouring of the
male, is in my collection. A bluish stripe extends from the base (Innenwinkel) of
1866.) ; af 115
_ the left hind-wing towards the hind margin, so that the wing is divided into two
brown patches (Felder), the lower of which has also the appearance of being pow-
_ dered with some bluish scales near the inner margin of the wing (Hinterleibs-
klappe).” Op. cit., p. 19.—ALBERT Mutirr, Penge, 11th September, 1866.
How to find the larve of Gelechia costella.—In hedges where Solanwm dulcamara
_ (Bitter-sweet, or very frequently called simply Nightshade,) grows, the larva of
G. costella may readily be met with in the months of August, September, and
October; they are perhaps the most frequent in the first half of the latter month.
The habit of the larva is varied; in the first place we meet with them as
leaf-miners. Now Acrolepia pygmeana is often abundant as a leaf-miner on the
same plant. How, then, are we to distinguish the mines of the two species? The
mine of the Acrolepia remains flat, and is of an uniform pale green; whereas the
mine of Gelechia costella (which is almost invariably at the edge of the leaf,) is more
or less puckered, and with a brownish tinge. Besides these differences in the mine,
a glance at the larves abundantly enables us to distinguish them, as the Acrolepia
larva is of an unicolorous pale green, and the costella larva has a very conspicuous
black plate on the second segment, which can be readily seen whilst the larva is
still within its mine.
Secondly, we meet with the larva of costella feeding between united leaves, and
forming yellowish-green blotches in the upper leaf.
Thirdly, we find it boring in the stems of the Solanwm; if we find the terminal
leaves of a shoot of Solanum dulcamara are withered, and we split down the stem
of the shoot, we shall find that it has been excavated, and we shall not need to split
far before we discover, snugly ensconced in the stem, the larva we are seeking.
At other times it betrays its presence in the stem by the little pellets of excrement
which are ejected frequently at the base of a leaf stalk.
In the month of October last year, having noticed that none of the collections
of my German friends possessed this insect, I assiduously sought for the larvee, and
distributed them to various parts of Germany, Switzerland, and Holland: whilst
thus seeking, I noticed that many of these October larvee were quite small, and
this suggested to me the idea they would perhaps hybernate in the larva state.
I have always looked upon Gelechia costella as a most exceptional species in
the genus from its late appearance in the perfect state, having frequently bred it in
November; but larve which were quite small as late as the 9th of October, could
_searcely attain the perfect state before December.
England and Holland (whence I have seen one specimen) are the only two
countries known to produce this species; but in a box of insects which Monsieur
Milliére, of Lyons, was lately so kind as to send me, I found specimens of a closely
allied species, which he had bred from larvee feeding on Hyoscyamus albus at Cannes.
w Those who have the opportunity of searching in this country amongst henbane
;
4
3
P.
(Hyoscyamus niger) would do well to turn their attention to that plant.—H. T.
Srainton, Mountsfield, Lewisham, S.H., September 14th, 1866,
Nepticula centifoliella; a species new to Britoin.—In the month of April last
I was asked to name some insects for Mr. W. C. Boyd, of Cheshunt, and was
116 [October,
agreeably surprised to find, that amongst the Nepticule bred by him from larva
collected in his own neighbourhood, were several specimens of Nepticula centi-
foliella. Since we first began to breed insects of this genus some fifteen years
ago, so much had heen done in many parts of the country without centifoliella
turning up, that I had almost abandoned the idea of our finding it here.—Ib.
Gracilaria fidella, Reuttii—The day is long gone by when an English entomolo-
gist religiously abstained from looking for a Continental species in this country till
by some accident a single specimen had been picked up, when immediately it be-
came his bounden duty to search and hunt for the insect because it had been found ;
an inverted process, for it would at any time have appeared more natural to seek in
order to find, than to follow the Hibernian policy of “when found, then seek.”
The larva of this hop-feeding Gracilaria, to which our attention was called a few
years ago by the late deeply lamented Senator V. Heyden, forms cones by turning
down the tips of the hop leaves towards the under side; like others of its genus,
it is a larva without character, unicolorous pale green.
V. Heyden found the larva at Freiburg, in the Breisgau (the locality where
Reutti had met with the perfect insect), on wild hops, afterwards at Speyer on
cultivated hops, and published a notice of it in the Stettin Entom. Zeitung for 1862,
p. 860. In 1864, Herr Venus, of Dresden, sent me some larvz of this species, but
they unfortunately arrived when I was from home, and I did not see the larves, and
the hop leaves were quite withered before I returned home. Professor Fritzsche,
of Freiberg, told me last September, that the insect was not uncommon in his
neighbourhood, and last evening I had the pleasure of receiving several of the larvee
from Herr Hofmann, of Ratisbon.
The period given by Von Heyden for the larva is the end of August, but the
date of those sent from Dresden, in 1864 (September 15th), and the fact of my
describing a living larva this morning, shows that in the middle of September one
ig still in time to look for this larva.—Ib.
Occurrence of Eupecilia curvistrigana near Barnstaple.—Of this handsome
Tortriv I captured two specimens in the neighbourhood of the above locality,—one
by beating, from mixed herbage in the day time; the other flying along a lane at
dusk.—H. G. MrErk, 5, King Street, Old Ford Road, September 15th, 1866.
Lepidoptera in North Perthshire.—In the September No. of the Magazine a
paper was published, in which I gave a sketch of the result, as regards Coleoptera,
of an expedition into the North of Perthshire, which I made in company with my
friend Mr. EK. M. Geldart. Our “ game,” however, was threefold. I believe Mr.
Geldart intends publishing some notes on the Diptera that we met with, and I pro-
pose to give now a brief sketch of our operations in pursuit of Lepidoptera. I
know not whether to blame the season, or the Coleoptera and Diptera, or ourselves ;
but certainly something or somebody deserves blame for the paucity of our captures
among the butterflies and moths.
In the Rhopalocera of course few species could be expected. C. Davus swarmed
everywhere, and the var. Typhon was by no means scarce. Near the foot of
Grayvel we found H. Cassiope out in abundance (at least a thousand feet lower in
1866.] VG
locality, and nearly a month later in the year than it is taken in Cumberland), and,
towards the close of July, E. Blandina occurred commonly in the glades of a wood
behind Camachgouran. ;
The Sphingina were represented by a solitary specimen of A. Atropos, which
my companion met with near Dall.
Among the Bombycina we captured several species, N. plantaginis occasionally
on the Moors, and E. russula not uncommonly where we took FE. Blandina.
The Noctue presented an unexpected blank. The average “take” at sugar
(which we applied to about fifty trees every night but two,) was two specimens,
which generally were Noctua festiva or conflua, or R. tenebrosa. However, besides
these we secured several of H. rectilinea, and single specimens of C. duplaris and
A. tincta. The species of Aplecta were just coming out when we left. On the 20th
of July we “ started” and missed two specimens of A. occulta. Plusia interrogationis
occurred commonly on all the Moors, and Mr. Geldart took Anarta melanopa (on
the summit of Schichallion) and Plusia festucw (near the foot of Cross Craig).
Of the Geometre we took several that pleased us. D. obfuscata occurred not
very uncommonly (but, contrary to its reputation, flying slowly) on the sides of
rocky roads about Camachgouran. E. fasciaria was very abundant over the whole
district; FP. brunneata swarmed in the Black Forest (where E. indigata also occurred);
on the summits of Schiehallion and Grayvel (but not on Cross Craig) we took P.
trepidaria sparingly ; on most mountains C. munitata, L. salicaria, and ZL. flavi-
cinctaria were common ; near the foot of Cross Craig EH. ericetaria was not un-
frequent, and in every spot L. cesiata swarmed in countless thousands. Besides
these we took, in various localities, T. firmaria, E. blandiata, L. tristata, and
C. imbutata.
The Pyrales were not common. 8. alpinalis occurred frequently on and near
Grayvel flying rapidly over almost inaccessible slopes, and elsewhere we captured
Bud. lineolalis, muralis, and alpinalis.
\ In the Black Forest Coccyx ustomaculana was taken sparingly, with Tortriv
icterana and Ant. corticana and prelongana, and on the top of Grayvel Sericoris
alternana fell to our lot occasionally ; where I also took a species which appeared
to be Sericoris herbana. ‘
Tinea ochraceélla was, of course, common at dusk about nests of Formica rufa
and T. flavescentella occurred in a house. Ccophora similella was common in a
shed at Camachgouran, and from sallows and birches beside a mountain stream,
we beat Argyresthia glaucinella and retinella respectively, while Argyresthia Gadar-
tella fell to our lot high up on the mountains.—T. BLackBuRN, Grassmeade, South-
fields, Wandsworth.
Leistus montanus in Scotland.—I omitted to mention in the September No. of
the Magazine that, while in Scotland, in July last, I took a fine specimen of
L. montanus on the summit of Schiehallion.—Ib.
Coleoptera in Japam.—lI found a fine Velleius yesterday disputing the sweets of
a Cossus-burrow with an enormous hornet. My Cuwrculios of this season amount
to 140 species, all taken within a radius of six miles. Collections in Japan are at
present necessarily very local ones.—G. Lewis, Nagasaki, 5th July, 1866.
118 [October,
Hemiptera at Loch Rannoch.—The following short list of species taken in June
and July in this locality may interest some readers. At that time insects of this
order were, of course, few, not being fully developed. Rhacognathus punctatus, L.,
on sallow, near the place were Cryptocephalus 10-punctatus is found. Mr. Rye also
secured one. Sehirus biguttatus. Miris holsatus, F., and ruficornis, Fall., both
equally common. Drymus brunneus, Sablb., and Scolopostethus afinis, Schill., sole
representatives of the Lygvidw. Sphyrops ambulans, Fall., abundant. Lygus pra-
tensis, F., and campestris, L. Rhopalotomus ater, L. A single g of Zygonotus
pselaphiformis, Curt. Agalliastes pulicarius, Fall. Salda morio, Zett., one g taken
on the beach of the Loch, in company with hundreds of S. littoralis, L. Salda
riparia, Fall., and Salda saltatoria, L., in wet places of the moor, and on mountain
sides. Besides the above, there are several which I cannot determine from “ British
Hemiptera,” and which probably are novelties. Among them are anew Lopomorphus;
Nabis allied to limbatus, Dahlb., with very short hemelytra, but fully developed,
abundant in a field close to the Loch, males and females constantly seen in copula ;
two new species of Salda from the mountains; a pretty Globiceps (?) with grass-
green hemelytra, and black head and pronotum, the latter with two yellow spots;
a large Psallus (?), rosy-coloured and black, on birch trees; Coriaa from peat
ponds, not yet examined; Hydrometra Costae, H. Sch., with the pronotum broadly
rufescent (from ditto); Derwocoris and Litosoma, not yet examined. At Tummel
Bridge, near the Inn, I captured four females of a Zygonotus, probably new, and
saw the winged males, which unluckily escaped.—T. A. MarsuAtt, Milford, S. Wales.
Homoptera at Rannoch.—The general result of some weeks’ hunting for these
little obscurities in and about the Black Wood is rather disappointing. It would
appear that the sum total of our species is more nearly reckoned up than in the
case of any other order, judging from the very few novelties that occurred. These,
as might have been expected, belong chiefly to Delphax. There are from 3 to 5
species not before noticed, but they require much labour, and cannot be dealt with
in this place. Ciavius was represented by nervosus, contaminatus, and a large dark
species with very long hemelytra, and which does not agree with any description.
A single leporinus also occurred. Ulopa obtecta at the roots of heather; and
Megophthalmus scanicus frequent on the ground. The ¢ of the latter was observed
in copulé with pallidipennis, Curt., thus confirming the theory of their identity.
Tettigonia viridis and Euacanthus interruptus were both to be found occasionally ;
the latter is abundant on Ailsa Craig, about the last place where any one would
look for it, feeding on fern. JIdiocerws larvae, probably populi, were on poplars ;
and Pediopsis fruticola on every birch, One birch tree at Tummel Bridge produced
nothing but the yellow variety, in unlimited quantity, while the tenants of the
surrounding trees were all brown. Copious expectorations denoted everywhere the
presence of Ptyelus. Acocephalus rusticus and agrestis were hardly to be found;
but the pretty bifasciatus was in profusion, both sexes in equal numbers; I took
about forty in one spot in half-an-hour. Deltocephalus was represented by socialis
and abdominalis, abundant near the shores of the Loch. The closest search for
Iassus produced only a few of subfusculus, a number of punctifrons, and a black
species near fenestratus, H. Sch. The last I proceed to describe, after vain attempts
to identify it.
’
1866. ] | 119
Tassus (?) corniculus, n. sp. Deep black, with obscure testaceous specks and
striea. Vertex obtusangular, one-third as long as its breadth between the eyes, less
than half the length of the pronotum, black, with about six testaceous specks, the
two largest on the middle of its hinder edge. Frons convex, the length of one of
its sides (from the antenna to the clypeus) equal to its breadth between the antennee ;
black, with about six obscure, imperfect, transverse testaceous stripes, widely in-
terrupted in the middle, and traces of a longitudinal streak near the clypeus.
Rostrum black. On the black clypeus and gen are three or four testaceous
specks. Pronotum transversely cordiform, produced and rounded in front, faintly
and widely emarginate behind, very finely wrinkled transversely, and with many
short, irregular, transverse, testaceous marks. Scutellum with a medial impressed
transverse line; black, with very obscure testaceous marks. Hemelytra somewhat
~ shining, longer than the abdomen, the nervures testaceous ; cells of the clavus and
corium sharply and rather broadly margined with black, leaving a hyaline space
in the middle of each cell, and thus forming ocellated spots: membrane blackish,
the two nervures obscurely testaceous. Abdomen wholly black, or with the mar-
gins of some of the segments narrowly pale. Under-side and legs black: the knees,
some spots on the fore tibia, the four anterior tarsi, the outer edge of the hind
tibiee, and their spines, with the apex of the second and third joints of the hind
tarsi, dull testaceous : the spines of the hind tibie are set in black punctures. Eyes
black, margined with dull testaceous. Genital processes of the ¢ divergent, not
projecting beyond the abdomen; ‘lamina: genitales of the 2 with black apical
bristles. $2. Long. 1-14; alar. exp. 3% lin.
On Pteris aquilina in open places where the heather had been burned, rather
common, together with its larvee, in July.
The species of Ewpteryx were very scarce, limited to citrinellus, Zett., on
grasses near the Loch, and vittatus, Lin., occurring, strangely enough, near a
mountain top.—ID.
EntomontocicaL Society oF Lonpon. 8rd September, 1866.—Sir Joun
Lussock, Bart., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Monsieur Depuiset, of Rue des Saints-Péres, Paris, was elected a Foreign
Member.
It was moved by Prof. Westwood, seconded by Mr. Stevens, and carried
unanimously, “That the cordial thanks of the Society be given to the President for
his entertainment at Farnborough on the 11th ultimo.”
Mr. A. F. Sheppard exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Gregson, a box of Lepidoptera
from the Isle of Man; including Sesia philanthiformis, Dianthecia cesia, D. carpo-
phaga, and D. capsophila (which latter Mr. Gregson considered a variety of carpo-
phaga), Sciaphila Colquhounana, Sericoris littorana, Eupecilia albicapitana, Gelechia
leucomelanella and vicinella (which Mr. Gregson was inclined to think identical), &c.
Mr. Stainton exhibited Gelechia vicinella bred by Mr. Gregson from Silene, and
G. atrella bred by Mr. Jeffrey from Hypericum. The larva of the latter species
bored down the stem, and Mr. Stainton remarked that he was greatly surprised at
the food-plant, because, judging from analogy, G. atrella should feed on a leguminous
plant, after the manner of anthyllidella and allies.
120 (October, 1866.
Mr. Janson exhibited a box of Coleoptera collected by Mr. Gloyne in the
neighbourhood of George Town, Jamaica.
Mr. Bond exhibited a series of the Ailanthus silkworm moth, bred by Dr.
Wallace, varying greatly in size, the largest measuring 64 inches in expanse, and
the smallest not more than 3 inches. The Secretary stated that Dr. Wallace would
be happy to show his Ailanthus plantations at Colchester to any Member, provided
he received a day’s notice.
Professor Westwood said that he had found wasps very destructive to the young
larvee of the new silkworm.
Mr. 8. J. Wilkinson read an extract from the Report of Mr. Consul Lay, at
Chefoo (received from Prof. Brayley) respecting the quantity of “brown silk”
grown annually in that province. It was not stated what species produced this silk.
Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a house-fly to which no less than six Chelifers had
attached themselves.
Mr. E. S. Haines sent for exhibition a curious variety of Cidaria fluctuata,
resembling the C. costovata of Haworth.
Mr. Stainton exhibited a series of Micro-Lepidoptera received from M. Milliére,
of Lyons, amongst which were the Depressaria rutana of Fabr., bred from Ruta
angustifolia, and a new Gelechia, resembling G. costella, bred from Hyoscyamus albus.
Mr. Pascoe read a description of Anastetha raripila, a new genus and species
of Tmesisternine, recently received from Queensland. He mentioned, with respect
to the presumed Australian origin of the fauna of New Guinea according to the
views of Mr. Wallace, that the Coleoptera of the two countries did not appear to
confirm this origin; for instance, a hundred species of Tmesisternine had been
found in New Guinea, whereas, only three were known from Australia; others had
been found in New Caledonia, presenting certain peculiarities inter se.
Mr. Trimen communicated a paper on the Rhopalocera of the Island of Mauri-
tius. He enumerated twenty-five species. He considered that this portion of the
Mauritian fauna was decidedly of African origin, most of the species being identical
with those found in South Africa and Madagascar.
Mr. Wilson communicated some further notes on South Australian Buprestide.
Mr. Schrader, of Shanghae, sent drawings and description of the metamor-
phoses of a species of Geometride found upon the willow in the neighbourhood of
Shanghae. Mr. Moore recognised it as a species of Agathia.
Mr. Smith read a paper on certain Hymenoptera from Catagallo, South America,
sent to him by Mr. Peckolt. The most interesting amongst these was the female
of Trigona, a genus of which the males had only previously been noticed. These
females had enormously developed abdomens when in a gravid condition,
and in this respect resembled the same sex of Termes. There was also an ant
parasitic in the nests of Trigona.
Mr. McLachlan remarked, that the new genus of exotic Trichoptera, described
by him in the last part of the Transactions under the name of Sciops, is identical
with Hydromanicus of Brauer, published in the last vol. of the Verhandlungen der
Zool. bot. Gesellschaft in Wien. The latter name has priority.
The next Meeting of the Society will be held in the Linnean Society’s Rooms
at Burlington House on the 5th of November.
November, 1866.] 121
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, &c., OF BRACHELYTRA.
BY E. C. RYE.
Homatota SAUNDERSI, Nov. spec.
Nigra, nitida ; antennis validioribus, nigro-piceis, basi Suscis ; elytris
fusco-testaceis ; pedibus rufo-testaceis ; thorace transverso, equali; ab-
domine supra segmentis (2-4) anterioribus parce subtiliterque punctatis,
posterioribus (5-6) levigatis.
gS. Abdominis supra segmentum sextum medio dentibus duwobus
latis, incurvatis, apice quasi truncatis, spindque utrinque validé, acutd,
intus curvatd, paulo ultra dentes medianos porrecta, instructum.
Long. corp., 1% lin.
Two male examples of this apparently undescribed species were
taken in a sand pit near Reigate by Mr. J A. Brewer; in deference to
whose wishes I have dedicated it to Mr. W. W. Saunders, of that town,
whose claims to entomological distinction are well known.
It is very closely allied to H. djlaticornis, Kraatz; the general
structure of the two insects, and especially that of the antennz (except
that the apical joint is a trifle longer in A. Saundersi), beg almost
identical ; it differs, however, from that species in its rather larger size,
darker colour, and more strongly punctured elytra, and in the sexual
characters. In the male of H. dilaticornis the sixth abdominal segment
has a very slight spine on each side, and on its upper-surface (as de-
scribed by Kraatz) two medial tubercles, which are, as it were, continued
and flattened behind into two discs (which, meeting in the middle of
the hinder margin, form a gentle emargination), the whole reaching
further backwards than the apex of the lateral spines. In certain
lights (and this appears to me the more correct description) the two
tubercles appear to be situated at some distance within the hinder
margin of the segment, which is flattened, and exhibits an ordinary
slight central emargination. It is to such an aspect that the “6#me.
of Fairmaire, Faun. Ent. Fr., p. 419, must be re-
ferred,—though primo visi at variance with Kraatz.
segment échanchré”’
In A. Saundersi the two medial tubercles assume the form of wide
and apically truncated tooth-like elevations, projecting beyond the
apical margin. The lateral teeth, also, are longer and more robust,
reaching, at their points, slightly beyond the middle elevations.
HoMALOTA ATRICILLA, Er.
Herr Scriba (Berlin Ent. Zeit., 10 [1866], p. 289) points out that
H. puncticeps, Thoms., is distinct from this species; and that Herr
122 [ November,
Baudi’s remark, quoted by Dr. Kraatz (ib., 1 [1857], p. 75), as to the
Erichsonian description being from a not fully coloured specimen, is
correct. Dr. Kraatz (loc. cit., and in Ins. Deutschl., 1, p. 1060) has
erroneously stated that H. atricilla and H. puncticeps were specifically
identical, on the authority of a fully coloured example of the former
received from Herr Baudi, and that the latter name should be sunk.
Mr. Waterhouse, in his Catalogue (p. 18), has remarked this Kraatzian
decision ; but his inversion of the two names, and the note of excla-
mation following atricilla, sufficiently indicate his opinion on the point.
Herr Scriba also points out that H. flavipés, Thoms. (which Dr.
Kraatz, Berl. Ent. Zeit., v., 1861, p. 219, mentions as being allied to,
if not identical with H. puncticeps), is identical with H. atricilla; and
I think there can be no doubt but that he is correct in this opinion, as
the differences pointed out by me in Ent. Annual, 1864, p. 43, between
HI. puncticeps and H. maritima (a name given by Mr. Waterhouse to
Thomson’s flavipes, on account of Gravenhorst’s prior use of the latter
specific appellation) are entirelyn accordance with Herr Scriba’s ob-
servations with regard to these insects.
Their synonymy will, therefore, now stand as follows :
Homatora punoticers, Thoms. ( Halobrechtha); Kraatz ;
Waterh. (but not of Cat.).
atricilla, Ktz., nee Er.
alge, Hardy and Bold.
anthracima, Fairm.
algicola, Woll., M.S. (teste Dom. Seriba).
Homanora arriciLua, Er.
maritima, Waterh. (Proc. Ent. Soc.).
flavipes, Thoms., nec Hrav.
alge var., Hardy and Bold.
puncticeps, Wat. Cat., nec Thoms.
Homatora prcka, Mots.
This species, attributed to Britain only in De Marseul’s Catalogue
(as mentioned by me in Ent. Annual, 1866), and unknown to English
coleopterists, is thus characterized by Motschulsky in the Bull. de la
Soc. Imp. des Nat. de Mose., 1858 (vol. 31, pt. 2), p. 254, 222.
rs Voisine de la H. oblita, Aubé |? Erichs.], mais plus étroite
“et de couleur plus foncée. Noire, corselet, élytres et pattes rem-
“ brunies, tarses et genous d’un testacé sale. Téte arrondie, convexe,
“lisse et luisante. Corselet plus large que la téte, transversale, arrondi
“sur les cOtes, finement ponctue. LHlytres un peu plus larges que le
1866.) 123
“ corselet, et moitié plus longues, carrées, distinctement ponctuces, et
“recouvertes d’une pubescence grisdtre, peu serrée comme le corselet.
“ Abdomen etranglé a la base, luisant, les bords des premiers segments
“seulement ponctuées. Antennes plus longues que la téte et le corselet
“réunis; 2™ article un peu plus court que le 1*, mais le double plus
“longue qne le 4°; les suivants conique, le dernier un peu plus longue
“ gue les deux précédents réunis, acuminé.
“ Angleterre.
“ Parmi les espéces décrites par Stephens il n’y en a pas une seule
“que puisse étre rapportée a celle que je viens de décrire.”’
HoMALOTA EREMITA, nov. spec.
Parallela, nigra sew piceo-nigra; abdominis apice excepto, parum
nitida ; pube flavescenti depressd vestita; pedibus piceo-rufis, femoribus
plerumque infuscatis ; antennis picescentibus, basi plerwmque dilutioribus ;
thorace transverso, convexiusculo, basi obsolete foveolato, medioque sepe
late obsoleteque canaliculato, capite paulo latiori, elytris longitudine
equali; his depressiusculis, marginisque apicalis medio obsoletissime sepe
impressis ; abdomine supra segmentis (2-4) anterioribus confertim sub-
tiliter, posterioribus (5-6) parcius, punctatis.
Sexis differentia haud conspicua. Long. 13-13 lin.
To this species (which belongs to Thomson’s section A/heta) must
be referred the insects erroneously recorded in former numbers of this
Journal as Schistoglossa viduata, to which it bears great resemblance ;
differing (apart from generic characters) in its average larger size, wider
head and thorax, shorter elytra,—which are, moreover, not quite so
thickly punctured,—and more elongate antenne. There are, besides,
no evident male characters, as in that insect ; except, perhaps, a scarcely
perceptible increase of punctuation on the upper surface of the penul-
timate abdominal segment. Some specimens, however, exhibit a shght
depression (only visible in certain lights) in the middle of the apical
margin of the elytra, and which may possibly be a sexual indication.
Of our other British species the only one to which it can be
likened is Homalota tibialis, from which its larger size, longer antenne,
rather longer elytra, more convex and usually more evidently foveolated
thorax, and duller appearance, will readily separate it.
This insect appears to be common in the northern parts of the
kingdom, especially in elevated districts, as will have been observed
from the notices of its capture. Mr. Sharp has found it abundantly in
the Edinburgh district ; and it was not by any means scarce under
stones, &c., on the sides and summit of “ Grayvell” and Cross Craig
at Rannoch, when I was there in July last.
124 [November,
STENUS ELEVATUS, Mots., Bull. de Mosc., 1857, 511, 44.
It seems to me, from Motschulsky’s description (loc. cit.), that the
abeve species (taken near Paris)is synonymous with (and, of course,
long subsequent in date to) the S. ossiwm of Stephens ; as it appears to
be of the size, form, and colour of S. subeneus (gonymelas, Steph.), but
with the punctuation closer and less strong. The specific name seems
to be given from the inequalities of surface of the elytra; which, viewed
in certain lights, assume the form described by Motschulsky.
Our common insect appears to be incumbered with a long tail of
dignities ; as impressipennis, Duv., carinifrons, Fairm., and sardous, Kr.,
have all been laid to its account, besides the above.
Lesteva SHARPI, nov. spec.
Fusco-picea, abdomine nigricante ; longius flavescenti-pubescens, minus
erebre sat fortiter punctata ; antennis longioribus pedibusque rufis ; thorace
longiori ; elytris (aliquando dilutioribus) hoe duplo longioribus, postice
dilatatis. Long. 25 lin.
This insect, formerly brought forward (and, as I conceive, in error)
as L. monticola, has been taken by Mr. Sharp in various Scotch localities
(especially, with Mr. Henderson, in numbers, at Gareloch-head), and
by myself and Mr. T. Blackburn at Rannoch.
It is distinguished from Z. bicolor by its rather longer antenne,
which are of a clearer red; its longer thorax; the rather wider and
stronger punctuation and evidently longer pubescence of its thorax and
elytra ; and the greater width behind of its abdomen and elytra, which
latter are (possibly from this width) apparently shorter than in L. becolor.
It is, moreover, altogether rather more bulky, and of a somewhat
lighter tone of colour. The head is more strongly and not quite so
closely punctured ; and has the two depressions between the eyes more
strongly marked, so that the middle elevation is more definite.
Its larger size, much coarser punctuation, and rather stouter an-
tennex, at once distinguish it from L. pubescens.
The punctuation of the elytra in LZ. monticola (to which it must
be very closely allied) should be fixer than in Z. bicolor, and the hinder
angles of the thorax not so acute as in that species. LZ. Sharpi cannot,
therefore, I think be identical with the former, as its punctuation is
rather stronger throughout than in ZL. bicolor, and I fail to detect any
less acuteness in its hinder thoracic angles, compared with that species.
The pubescence, moreover, is yellowish, instead of grey, as in
L. monticola.
1806.] 125
The following somewhat vague description of Z. oblonga, Mots.
(Bull. de Mose., 1857, 493), shows that LZ. Sharpi can have no con-
nection with that species. “Size of ZL. bicolor, but narrower, which
“makes it (and especially its head and thorax) appear more elongate.
“Colour generally clearer and more reddish. Antenne half-again as
“Jong as the head and thorax ; the latter of which is as long as wide, and
“rather cordate, with the posterior angles acute. Elytra more than
“ double as long as the thorax, and more finely punctured. Scutellum
“visibly punctured.”
Since the above description was in print, I have received from Mr.
Crotch a copy of the second edition of his Catalogue, wherein he places
next to L. bicolor a species under the name collina, Hal., which, from
the synonymical reference to muscorwm, Sh. (probably in error for
monticola, Sharp), I presume is intended to represent the insect last
described by me. I do not, however, withdraw my description ; as the
only reference to L. collina (and which is not accompanied by any descrip-
tion) appears to be in the Nat. Hist. Review; where, in a report of the
Proceedings at a meeting of the Dublin Nat. Hist. Society, it is said
that Mr. Haliday exhibited specimens of a Lesteva from the hills allied
to bicolor, but with shorter elytra, and thought they were varieties of
that species, but that they might be distinguished by the name of collina.
As L. bicolor actually does vary somewhat in the length of its
elytra, and the character of their shortness (the only one given) would
equally apply to Z. pubescens, I consider it impossible to adopt Mr.
Haliday’s name for this insect.
284, King’s Road, Chelsea, S.W., October, 1866.
AN ESSAY TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH HOMOPTERA.
BY THE REV. T. A. MARSHALL, M.A.
(Continued from page 104.)
29.—Iassus (I.) sexnoratvs, Fall.
Precedenti similis, minor. Flavus; abdomen nigrum, segmentis
flavo-marginatis, subtus interdum flavum. Vertex minus porrectus
quam apud precedentem, nigro quadri-maculatus ; macule 2 majores,
rotunde, in ipso apice approximate, 2 minores, distantiores, ad marginem
pronoti posticum site. Inter hee macularum paria linea utrinque
brevis, transversa, ad oculos excurrit. rons plus minus nigro can-
cellata; limbus etiam genarum clypeique tenuiter niger. Pronotum
126 | November,
postice sepe fusco-nubeculosum. Scutellum apud angulos anticos
nigrum, vel medio tantum flavum, vel denique totum nigrum. Heme-
lytra flavo-hyalina, plus minus fusco irregulariter longitrorsum notata.
Pedes flavi: femora antica nigro-varia: tibie postice ad basin spinarum
nigro-punctate ; tarsi nigro annulati. ¢ 9.
Long. 1-14; alar. exp. 33 lin.
Cicada 6-notata, Fall., Act. Holm., 1806, p. 34; Hem. 2, p. 47.
Hupteryx 6-notata, Curt., B.E., 640, No. 10.
Lassus 6-notatus, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 341.
Variations from the typical form are numerous; the black spots
on the vertex often coalesce, or are absent; in dark examples the
hemelytra are almost entirely fuscous; and in one specimen the pro-
notum is black, with a pale medial line. See also No. 82, I. variatus.
Perhaps the commonest of British Homoptera. It may be found
everywhere in grassy places, often in prodigious numbers. It has been
observed throughout Europe, from Lapland to the Mediterranean.
30.—Iassus (1.) strrota, Germ.
Post mortem fusco-flavus. Vertex brevissimus, fere ut in Bytho-
scopis, medio vix longior quam lateribus. Prope verticis apicem linea
tenuis nigra oculos connectit, sub qua linea altera, bis arcuata, frontem
supra determinat. rons tenuiter nigro cancellata et circumcincta.
Clypeus medio niger. Abdomen ceruleo-nigrum, incisuris flavis; 9
ad latera etiam flavescens. Pedes pallidi. ¢ 9. Long. 1% lin.
Cicada striola, Fall., Act. Holm., 1806, p. 31; Hem. 2, p. 44.
I. striola, Germ., Fn., 15. Flor., R. L., 2, p. 315.
I. frenatus, Germ., Mag., 4, p. 86.
Not common, but taken by Mr. Douglas in the London district,
and by Mr. Bold near Newcastle.
31.—lIassus (1.) srpreM-notatvs, Fall.
Aureo-flavus; abdomen supra medio nigrum. Vertex pronoto
triente brevior, nigro 4-maculatus: macule 2 majores in ipso apice,
sub-quadratz, 2 minores ad marginem pronoti posticum site. Frons
apice nigra. Scutellum ad angulos anteriores nigro-bimaculatum.
Hemelytra albida, pellucida; clavus ad marginem interiorem, et corii
spatium discale elongatum, aureo-flava. Clavi sutura tenuiter fusca.
Pedes flavi; tibize posticee nigro-punctate. 9.
Long. 14; alar. exp. 34 lin.
Cicada 7-notata, Fall., Act. Holm., 1806, p.35; Hem. 2, p. 49.
? Tassus 7-notatus, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 339.
1866.] 127
The above description applies to all the British specimens I have
seen, and agrees with that of Fallén. Flor mentions dark varieties
which do not seem to occur with us.
Locally abundant on willows. In an osier-bed near Leicester.
Found also by Mr. Bold in the north of England.
32.—Iassvus (I.) vartatus, Fall.
Precedenti affinis. Flavus; abdomen supra nigrum. Vertex
pronoto triente brevior, nigro 4-maculatus: macula 2 in ipso apice, 2
minores, distantiores, ad marginem pronoti posticum site. Frons flava,
immaculata, nigro tenuiter cireumcincta. Scutellum angulis anteri-
oribus nigris; interdum fere totum nigrum. Hemelytra hyalina ;
clavus plus minus flavus, intus et apice infuscatus ; margo clavi sutu-
ralis anguste fuscus, medio albo-interruptus : corium pellucidum, lituris
2 transversis (hac ante, illa post medium), et margine interiore, infus-
catis vel brunneis ; membrana pallide brunnea. Pedes flavi. ¢ 9.
Long. 13-2; alar. exp. 3? lin.
Cicada variata, Fall., Hem., 2, p. 48.
Lassus 6-notatus, var., Flor, R. L., 2, p. 341.
On oak trees in Leicestershire, Bardon Hill and Buddon Wood ;
rather scarce. According to Flor, this insect is a large variety of
6-notatus ; it differs, however, not only in size, colours, and general
appearance, but also in habitat.
33.—Iassus (1.) punctatus, Fall.
Facies Hupterygis. Niger, supra pallide viridis. Vertex perbrevis,
medio vix longior quam lateribus, pronoto tribus partibus brevior.
Scutellum antice, pronotum postice, rarius nigro-bimaculata. Heme-
lytra viridia, sub-pellucida: clavus et corium maculis 5-6 irregularibus
nigricantibus, quarum una semper clayi apicem, altera tres cellas super
membranam apicales pro parte oceupat. Alarum apex, cum vena unica,
infuscatus. Pedes pallidi. ¢@ 9. Long. 1; alar. exp. 34 lin.
. Cicada punctata, Fall., Hem., 2, p. 55.
Lass. punctatus, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 320.
Euptery« clypeata, Curt., B. E., 640, No. 12.
This insect varies in being sometimes pale salmon-coloured, or rosy,
instead of green, above, and the spots on the hemelytra are evanescent.
The most constant markings are those of the three apical cells of the
corium (forming incomplete ocellated spots), and the black sub-apical
streak formed by a single vein of the wings, and which is surrounded
128 : {November,
by a light fuscous shade. When the hemelytra are closed, but not
otherwise, Curtis’ description of elypeata (1. ¢.) will be seen to apply, if
a well marked specimen be examined.
In hedges, near Weybridge; and in woods, Leicestershire; not
common.
34.—Iassus (I.) connicvuLus, n. sp.
See p. 119, where a query (?) has, by mistake, been attached to
the genus, of which there is not the slightest doubt.
(To be continued.)
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF TRELAND.,
BY EDWIN BIRCHALL.
(Continued from page 108.)
DELTOIDES.
Hyrrna PROBoscIDALIS—Common.
3 ROSTRALIS—Mr. Greene’s list ; locality unknown.
ih CRASSALIS— Common in the South.
SCHRANKIA TURFOSALIS— do. Killarney.
RrvvLa seRtcEALIs—Abundant, and widely distributed.
HerMinia BarBaris—Mr. Greene’s list ; locality unknown.
e TARSIPENNALIS—Galway.
+ GRISEALIS— Kingstown.
PYRALIDES.
PYRALIS FARINALIS—Common everywhere.
AGLOSSA PINGUINALIS— do.
PYRAUSTA PUNICEALIS—Mr. Greene’s list.
» PURPURALIS— Common.
3 OSTRINALIS— do.
RHOoDARIA SANGUINALIS—Galway ; abundant, but local.
HERBULA CESPITALIS—Common, and widely distributed.
ENNYCHIA OCTOMACULALIS—Do. do.
ENDoTRICHA FLAMMEALIS—Galway.
CATACLYSTA LEMNALIS—Common.
PARAPONYX STRATIOTALIS—Do.
HyprocaMpa NYMPH ZALIS—Do.
F STAGNALIS—Do.
1866.) 129
Borys panpatis—Galway.
» vYerticarrs—Mr. Greene’s list ; locality unknown.
» Fuscaris—Common everywhere.
» URTICALIS— do. do.
Epvunea croceatrs—Dublin, Wicklow, Galway, Howth.
» SAMBUCALIS—Common.
PronrEA FORFICALIS—Common everywhere.
» STRAMENTALIS—Common; Cavan and Killarney.
SprnopEs sTrcTrcaLis—Howth ; by Dr Wright.
ScoruLa LUTEALIS—Howth ; Mr. Barrett.
a OLIVALIS—Common everywhere.
e, PRUNALIS— _ do. do.
ks FERRUGALIS—Abundant on the coast near Dublin.
STENOPTERYX HYBRIDALIS—Common in most places.
ScoPpARIA AMBIGUALIS— Powerscourt ; common.
- CEMBRALIS—Howth in July.
» PYRALALIS—Common everywhere.
a mMuRALIS— Belfast ; Mr. Hogan.
, LINEOLALIS—Galway in August. Howth; by Mr. Shield.
=“ MERCURALIS— Common.
ss craTHeaLts—Howth in July.
A RESINALIS—Powerscourt in August.
is coarcraLis—Dublin, Howth, August and September; and
in May and June hybernated specimens.
CRAMBITES.
CRAMBUS PRATELLUS—Common everywhere.
35 ADIPPELLUS—Killarney ; by P. Bouchard.
53 HAMELLUS— do. do.
+ PASCUELLUS—Common everywhere.
a MARGARITELLUS— Galway.
;3 PINETELLUS—Killarney ; and at Blarney, by Mr. Hogan.
5 PERLELLUS—Very Abundant.
~ SELASELLUS—Belfast ; Mr. Hogan.
Be TRISTELLUS— Very common.
4 GENICULELLUS—Abundant on the Dublin coast.
< CULMELLUS—Common everywhere.
s HORTUELLUS— do.
ScHHNOBIUS FORFICELLUS— Killarney.
ANERASTIA LOTELLA—Malahide, Portmarnock ; common.
130 {November,
Hom®osoMa sINUELLA—Howth; common.
NIMBELLA—Malahide, Howth, and Wicklow coast.
NEBULELLA— do.
ELUVIELLA— Howth.
EPHEsTIA ELUTELLA—Very common.
PHYCIS CARBONARIELLA— Generally distributed and common.
DILUTELLA—Galway and Howth; June, July, and August.
3» ORNATELLA—Howth in September.
ME 1a socretLa—Common everywhere.
GALLERIA CEREALLA—Common.
MELIPHORA ALVEARIELLA—Common.
”
TORTRICES.
HAtias PRASINANA— Wicklow.
» QUERCANA—Wicklow. Inserted in Mr. Hogan’s list on the
authority of Mr. Tardy, but supposed to be an error.
ToRTRIX PYRASTRANA—Dublin; common.
CRATEGANA— Killarney.
XYLOSTEANA—Dublin and Wicklow ; plentiful.
ROSANA— do. do.
HEPARANA— do. do. common. Cork (?).
RIBEANA—Generally common.
coryitana—Mr. Hogan’s list; probably near Cork.
UNIFASCIANA— Wicklow; common. Belfast (?).
VinuRNANA—Killarney.
ICTERANA—Howth and Sutton, near Dublin.
9
?
3 vVirn1pANA—Generally common.
MINISTRANA—Newtownlimavady Co Derry.
ms ADJUNCTANA—Howth.
DicuELta GROTIANA—Powerscourt ; common.
AMPHYSA GERNINGIANA— Wicklow Mountains (?).
LEepToGRAMMA LITERANA— Killarney.
PERONEA FAVILLACEANA— Howth.
" RUFANA— do.
MIXTANA— Powerscourt.
SCHALLERIANA— Wicklow Mountains (?).
PERMUTANA:-—Howth, on the cliffs.
”?
9?
VARIEGANA— do. plentiful.
CRISTANA— Belfast.
umMBRANA— Wicklow Mountains (?).
> FERRUGANA— do. do. and Killarney.
1866.] i1Gall
PrRoNEA rRiIsTana—Belfast.
A ASPERSANA—Howth.
Teras caupana—Blarney Co Cork, and Belfast.
» CONTAMINANA—Belfast, Howth.
Dicryopreryx LHFLINGIANA—Galway.
Pe HOLMIANA—Belfast.
ee - BERGMANNIANA—Common everywhere.
Ara@yroroza conwayana—Abundant in Galway and Wicklow.
PrycHoLOMA LECHEANA-—Killarney.
PENTHINA BETULBTANA— Wicklow Mountains ; Holywood Co Down.
Sy PRELONGANA—Killarney.
95 PRUNIANA—A bundant everywhere.
Ps cnyosBaANa—Dublin and Cork (?).
55 ocHroMEeLANA— Killarney.
Ds SAUCIANA— do.
SprnonoTa AM@NANA—Howth; abundant on the Sandhills.
35 SUFFUSANA—Belfast.
A ROBORANA—Howth ; common.
ParpIA TRIPUNCTANA—Counties Dublin and Wicklow.
ASPIS UDMANNIANA—Dublin coast ; common.
SERIcORIS LITToRANA—Howth ; plentiful at the foot of the cliffs.
5; CESPITANA— do. abundant at the top of the cliffs.
bs concHana—Howth.
+3 LACUNANA—Common everywhere.
- URTICANA— do. do.
Mrxopra scnutztAna—Howth ; Mourne Mountains Co Down.
Roxana arcuana—Cork (?).
Evcrromia puRPURANA—Howth.
OrTHOTENIA anTreuana— do. Wicklow Mountains.
CNEPHASIA LEPIDANA— Galway.
* MusCULANA— Wicklow Mountains.
ScraAPHILA SUBsECTANA —Common everywhere ; the variety (?) passivana
is common at Howth.
* VIRGAUREANA—Dublin coast ; common.
_ ALTERNANA—Howth ; Wicklow (?).
55 HYBRIDANA—Dubhn.
FA coLguHouNANA—Howth; on the cliffs.
SPHALEROPTERA ICTERICANA— Killarney.
Capua ocHraceaAna—Killarney, Wicklow Mountains.
(To be continued.)
132 (November,
SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS BOREUS.
BY DR. H. A. HAGEN (of Kénigsberg).
1.—B. urematts, Linné.
Bronze-brown; beak, antenne, legs, wings, appendices of the
male, and borer of the female, clear brown, the antenne dark brown
at the apex; wings of the male long, acute, curved, and pectinated
internally ; first abdominal segment of the male with an erect trans-
verse fold in the middle above, long, rather longer than broad ; second
segment with a similar fold, but smaller, almost in the form of a tuber-
cule ; lamina below the appendices long, triangular, elliptic at the apex.
Habitat : Germany, Hanover, East Prussia.
2.—B. Westwooptt, Hagen.
Bronzy-green ; beak, antenne, legs, wings, appendices of the male,
and borer of the female, yellow; antenne and legs dark brown at
the apex ; first abdominal segment of the male with a fold, as in B.
hiemalis ; second segment with a quadrate fold, smaller ; lamina broader ;
slightly grooved at the apex.
Habitat: Germany, Finland, England.
This is the species figured by Westwood in the frontispiece to
his “ Introduction,” and probably also that described by Curtis and
Stephens.
3.—B. nrvorrunpvs, Asa Fitch.
Similar to B. hiemalis; differs in the wings of the male, which are
broader, shorter, and less curved; first and second segments above
without a fold ; abdomen above clothed with a fine grey pubescence.
Habitat : North America (New York).
4.—B. prumatis, Asa Fitch.
Uniform shining black; wings of the male blackish-brown, long,
slender, rather strongly pectinated, especially at the apex; first and
second segments without a fold; lamina broad, emarginate at the apex.
Habitat : North America (New York, Washington).
I have compared the males and females of all four species, and
‘also Fitch’s types. The size is nearly the same in all; B. hiemalis is
the largest, B. brumalis the smallest, the others intermediate ; but the
differences are slight.
1806.] 133
NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES FROM GUATEMALA AND PANAMA.
Bien Hep War b AND His, 7 E28.
(SUPPLEMENT, )
(Continued from page 88.)
100.—ERESIA PdCILINA.
Q. Exp. 2’ 6’. Very similar to #. Ithomioides, Hewits. (Exot.
Butt. Eres. f. 20). Wings broader; dark brown, fore-wing with an
ochreous-yellow spot within the end of the cell, and a large number of
similar spots arranged in rows beyond the cell; a row of six spots
(separated only by the dusky nervures) extends from the middle of the
costa, and two spots lie below the median nervure, two parallel rows
lie parallel to the outer border, but not extending to the apex, where
there is a single row of three spots. Hind-wing dark brown, with the
disc and abdominal border occupied by a large rounded orange-tawny
spot; a row of yellow sub-marginal spots, and three spots lying more
inward, near the apex. Beneath: the same, except that the hind-wing
has the base of the costa ochreous, and has no yellow spots, except the
sub-marginal row. Antenne pale ochreous, base black. Abdomen tawny.
Veragua.
101.—MELITHA NIGRELLA.
Exp. 1" 3". 3. Wings elongate, fore-wing pointed at the apex,
with the outer margin gently and regularly curved outwards, from the
apex to the hind-angle. Hind-wing anal angle not passing the apex of
the abdomen. Wings above: sooty-brown, with three or four pale
brown spots on the disk of the fore-wing ; hind-wing witha pale brown
belt across the dise. Beneath: fore-wing brown, with a few dusky
lines; darker in the middle ; a large triangular spot in middle of hind-
margin, and two near the apex, pallid. Hind-wing light brown, darker
towards middle of outer margin, crossed by a number of short flexuous
darker streaks, and having a row of black dots parallel to the outer
margin.
Guatemala ; central valleys. A small, obscure species, quite dis-
tinct from any previously described.
102.—MELITHA ATRONIA.
Exp. 1’ 6”. 9. Wings broad, dark brown, crossed near the
base of fore-wing with flexuous bars of blackish-brown ; hind-wing with
a sub-marginal row of short, curved, pale brown lines. Fore-wing with
the apex truncate, and deeply incurved in the middle of the outer
margin: hind-wing with a distinct emargination at the apex, and outer
134 [ November,
margin scalloped; between some of the nervures of the fore-wing,
beyond the middle, is a small light brown spot. Beneath: fore-wing
dull brown in the middle, lighter towards the margins ; dark lines as
above, the spaces between some of them lighter than the ground colour.
Hind-wing paler, and with a few scarcely perceptible markings.
Duenas; Guatemala.
103.—CATAGRAMMA FAUSTINA.
Exp. 2” 2’, g. Nearest allied to O. Atacama, Hewits. (Exot.
Butt. Cat. f. 1, 2) ; smaller, fore-wing more acute. Black; fore-wing
crossed in the middle by a broad orange-yellow belt; base of wing with
a glossy blue spot. Hind-wing with a large triangular glossy-blue
spot extending in a point nearly to the base of the wing.
Beneath: black ; fore-wing with two short streaks at the base, and
a sub-apical belt ochreous-yellow; the orange-yellow belt as above ;
close to the apex a glossy blue macular line. Hind-wing crossed by
five ochreous-yellow stripes, all of equal breadth; the black space
between the third and fourth stripe is rather broader than the rest, and
has a central row of seven rounded, equal-sized and equi-distant glossy
light blue spots: near the anal angle is a sub-marginal light blue line
thickened in the middle.
This very distinct and grand new species was received from the
Isthinus of Panama.
104.—CATAGRAMMA GUATEMALENA.
S. Exp. 2”. Closely allied to CG. Tolima, Hewits. (Exot. Butt.
Cat. f. 7, 8) ; differs chiefly in the basal third of the fore-wing beneath,
being black, with two ochreous stripes, and in the two black central
spots of the hind-wing, beneath, being united in the middle, with two
black sub-marginal stripes on the outer limb, separated by a narrow
yellow stripe. Above: black; fore-wing with a basal blue streak at
base of cell, and a central orange belt, rather narrower than represented
in Hewitson’s figure loc. cit. Hind-wing with a large glossy dark
blue spot on the anal portion of the wing scarcely passing the median
nervure ; sinuses of the wing near anal angle edged with white.
Beneath: fore-wing as above, except that the basal black part
has two yellow streaks, and the apex also a yellow, followed by a
blue streak : hind-wing as in C. Tolima, except that the black stripes
are broader, the second from the base approaching nearer the costa,
where there is an orange costal spot;* that the two black central
* This orange costal spot, an excellent specific character, is omitted from Mr. Hewitson’s figure
of C. Tolima. Its omission is probably an oversight, as it exists in my specimen of the species,
1866 ] 1385
spots are united in the middle ; and that there are two, instead of one,
sub-marginal black stripes, separated, except near the apex, by the
yellow ground colour, the exterior stripe being a narrow and abbreviated
glossy-blue line.
Guatemala ; central valleys.
105.—CaTAGRAMMA PACIFICA.
¢. Exp.1"9'". Very similar to C. guatemalena and C. Tolima,
smaller orange belt of fore-wing much narrower ; under-side of fore-
wing black, crossed by an orange belt as above, and having three
ochreous streaks at the base and an ochreous and blue streak at the
apex. Hind-wing beneath pale ochreous, second (from the base) black
stripe reaching the costa, and without orange costal spot ; black stripes
all narrow, central black spots widely separated, black ring surrounding
both the spots widely separated from the sub-marginal black stripe, and
the blue line of the latter extending from the middle of the abdominal
edge to the costa near the apex.
Pacific slopes of Guatemala.
106.—EUNICA AUGUSTA.
Nearest allied to Hu. Celina Godt., the underside of the hind-wing
scarcely differing; but distinguished in both sexes by a clear white
belt across the fore-wing. The outer borders of the wings rather more
deeply scalloped. Expans. 2” 4” g. Deep black. Fore-wing to
beyond the middle rich glossy dark blue ; beyond the middle an oblique
white belt (crossed by black nervures), beginning in the costa and
terminating below the median nervure, followed by a spot behind the
second median branch, and tinged along the edges with bluish. Hind-
wing with a small patch of blue near the base. Beneath: fore-wing
closely resembling Hu. Celina ; fore-wing having a rounded black spot
in the middle of the cell; white belt nearly the same as above, crossed
by a row of black spots (some of them pupilled with grey), and followed
by a sub-marginal row of small black circumflexes. Hind-wing scareely
differing from Hu. Celina.
9. A little larger than the male; dark glossy green, with the
exception of the apex of the fore-wing (beyond the white belt) and the
outer margin of the hind-wing, which are greenish-black. Beneath :
the same as in the male.
Guatemala: Polochic valley.
107.—HETEROCHROA PHYLACA.
Expans. 3’. ¢. Closely resembling in the pattern of the under-
136 [November,
surface H. Iphicla: the underside of the hind-wing offers no difference,
except that the anal angle has two parallel blackish lines in place of
the black spots. The upper surface differs from that of H. Iphicla and
al] others of the same group in the tawny-orange spot of the fore-wing
extending to the first median branch; the nervures crossing it are
black ; it is very broad on the costa, and is there divided by an oblique
spot of the dark brown ground colour of the wings: the central belt of
the wings is pure white.
Guatemala: Polochie valley.
(To be continued.)
Description of the larva of Hadena suasa.—I have been much indebted to the
assiduity of Mr. Batty, of Sheffield, who kindly sent me, in July last, some larvae
of this species in different stages of growth, reared from eggs on broad-leaved
plantain; they, however, seemed afterwards equally partial to Polygonum aviculare,
and fed up rapidly, retaining their colours and markings throughout their growth.
They were full fed and had gone to earth by the 28th of July, and on the 23rd of
August one moth emerged, greatly to my surprise, and is a dark smoky-brown
specimen.
The larvee are uniformly cylindrical until nearly full grown, and then become
a little tapering towards the head; ground colour green or yellowish-green, most
minutely irrorated more or less with yellowish atoms; the dorsal line rather in-
distinct, and slightly darker than the ground colour; the sub-dorsal line absent in
some, but present in others as a fine black, rather oblique’ streak on each segment,
terminating at the hindermost tubercular dot; the dots are black, and arranged on
the back in the usual trapezoid form; the spiracular line is composed of a black
fusiform mark on each segment, with the white spiracles on their lower edges,
brilliantly contrasted by a stripe of bright yellow below along the side; the belly
and feet green; the head and dull plate on second segment brownish.
There is a variety in which the ground colour is brown or olive-brown, the
dorsal line strongly marked as a double dark brown line vanishing at the hind part
of each segment in some, and in others running continuously through a darkish
brown triangle or diamond on each segment ; individuals occurring with either form.
The sub-dorsal appears as a series of oblique dark brown streaks, each streak
commencing a little on one side of the segment in advance, and abruptly terminated
on the next by the hinder trapezoidal tubercular dot, the dots are black, and placed
on small yellowish specks. Along the side of each segment is a triangular shape
of dark brown, their bases bounded by the black fusiform marks containing the
white spiracles, and immediately followed by a bright yellow stripe, its lower edge
gradually tinged with the brownish colour of the belly and legs.—W. Buckurr,
Emsworth, August, 1866.
Description of the larva of Hepialus sylvinus.—My kind friend, Dr. Knaggs,
most obligingly sent me two larve of this interesting species, which he found
feeding on the roots of dock, and which were full grown by the 10th July, 1866.
1866. } | 137
Each excavated a mine or trench from the outside of the root, and in a spiral
direction, closing it over with gnawings spun together with silk. The cocoon was
formed of the same materials, but a little more compactly at the upper end of the
mine, and near the surface of the earth. A few hours before the moth appeared,
the anterior portion of the pupa was projected above ground ; it being, like its con-
geners, furnished with rings of hooked bristles for that purpose. The perfect insect
appeared on Sept. 10th.
The larva being whitish and very shining, may be compared to polished ivory ;
itis about aninch toan inch and a quarter in length, with the segments deeply divided,
and the folds or wrinkles deeply cut. The head is orange-brown, with the mouth
black. A plate of brownish-orange on the second segment, and marks of the same
tint on the back of the third and fourth segments, and also on the anterior legs.
The spiracles are dark brown, all the other parts being immaculate. <A few scat-
tered fine hairs visible with a lens.—Ib., September 20th.
Description of the larva of Leucania conigera.—On the 17th May, 1865, I received
six larvae of this species from Mr. Dorney of Brighton, which he collected for me
on a very wet night, while they were feeding on Triticum repens and other grasses ;
three of them were of a bright ochreous tint, and the others an almost uniform grey
variety. They were all cylindrical in form, tapering but very little anteriorly, and
an inch and a half long.
In the first mentioned the colour of the back is deep ochreous, the dorsal line
pale sulphur-yellow, enclosed on either side by a black line, and well defined in its
entire length. The sub-dorsal line rather broad, of equal width, and uninterruptedly
black throughout, followed by a pale yellow line, finely edged below with black ;
next, a stripe of pale ochreous, then another pale yellow line finely edged above with
black, and followed by a broad stripe of deep ochreous, and broadly edged with
black both above and below, the black spiracles being along the lower edge. Above
the feet is a stripe of pale dull ochreous, the belly and pro-legs being slightly
darker, the anterior pairs of black dots visible only, on the back of each segment,
The head brownish, streaked, and mottled with black.
The other variety is of a brownish-grey tint, with all the lines and stripes less
distinct, but all disposed in the same order as above described ; but the yellow lines
of the former are, in these, represented by lines of grey, and the ground colour of
the back is brownish-grey.
The dorsal line is grey edged with black, and the sub-dorsal is a continuous
line of grey-brown, edged with blackish lines above and below, but interrupted
above and nearly continuous below. The lateral lines and stripes are devoid of
black, and delicately defined with brown edges.
The larvae fed until the end of May, and the moths emerged between the 8th
and 12th of July following.— Ib.
An unusual food-plant for Sphinx ligustri.—One day in July last I was in com-
pany with Mr. Barrett in Woolmer Forest, Hampshire, when he found a full-grown
larva of S. ligustri feeding on holly, in a situation where this tree abounded, but far
from any privet, lilac, or ash.
138 | November,
With reference to this subject, I find a notice in the Stettin Ent. Zeitung for
1865, p. 111, by Herr Gustav Weymer, in Elberfeld, in which he says: “ One would
imagine the natural history of this moth so fully investigated, that nothing new
remained to be discovered. Yet this is not so, inasmuch as the larva sometimes
lives on holly (Ilex aquifoliwm), which otherwise furnishes food for no other Lepi-
dopteron (a species of Lithocolletis excepted) ; a fact which appears to have been
noticed by no one else in Germany. This evergreen shrub, which is not mentioned
by Wilde in his work on German plants, but which Esper says occurs in the southern
parts of Germany, grows not rarely in all woods in this neighbourhood, and, indeed,
ig abundant as an undergrowth on isolated mountain ridges, where yet higher trees
are also found. In places in this region formerly felled, but again reverted to wild-
ness, S. ligustri is often found on the above-named plant.” Taken in connection
with Mr. Barrett’s larva, this notice is interesting; but Herr Weymer has surely
overlooked Lycena Argiolus and Grapholita nevana, which occur abundantly on
holly. An error has also occurred about the Lithocolletis on this plant: possibly
some confusion with L. messaniella on Quercus ilex has arisen; or perhaps he has
mistaken the abundant mines of the dipterous Phytomyza aquifolie for those of a
Lithocolletis.—R. McLacuuan, Forest Hill, 38rd October, 1866.
Captures near Rugby.—The immediate neighbourhood of Rugby seems to be
very poor in Rhopalocera and Geometrw, and I had no opportunity of getting Noctue.
Most of the undermentioned captures were taken either at Frankton Wood, or in
the woods adjoining Coombe Abbey, near Brandon; each of these localities being
about six miles from Rugby.
Argynnis Paphia, Adippe, Ewphrosyne, and Selene, at Coombe in June and July:
Thecla quercts, Thanaos Tages, and Pamphila Sylwanus, also common at Coombe.
Sesia fuciformis, common at Coombe, hovering over the flowers of “‘ Ragged Robin,”
(Lychnis flos-cuculi), and “ Bugle,” (Ajuja reptans) June 9th to 14th.
Trochilium tipuliforme and Ino Statices, Coombe, June.
Metrocampa margaritata, Boarmia abietaria, and Macariu litwrata, by beating at
Frankton, June 80th.
Ephyra punctaria and Asthena sylvata, by beating at Coombe, June 14th.
Strenia clathrata, common on some of the railway banks, May 22nd to 28th.
Fidonia piniaria, one at Frankton, June 7th.
Emmelesia albulata, very common in meadows among Rhinanthus crista-gallt,
Eupithecia lariciata, Frankton Wood and Causton Spiring: plenty by beating larch
trunks, June 4th to 30th.
Drepana faleula, by beating at Frankton, June 4th.
Heliodes arbuti, common in a meadow, June 2nd to 7th.
Euclidia glyphica, on railway and canal banks, May 28th to June 22nd.
Pyralis purpuralis, common on railway banks at Coombe, May 26th to June 14th.
G. B. Lonasrarr, Southfields, Wandsworth, August 8th, 1866.
Deilephila celerio in Westmoreland.—A specimen of D. celerio has been sent to
me from Kendal; it was taken in a tan yard last autum. ‘This is the third speci-
men that has come into my possession this season.—J. B. Hopekinson, Preston,
October 8th.
1866.] 139
Euchromia rufana in Lancashire.—I found this insect in a fresh locality on the
coast, and it appears to stir most at mid-day, under a hot sun. I could see no
special food-plants for the larva to feed on ; Lotus coriculatus abounded, and most
probably it will be found to feed on it. The females occurred in the proportion of
about one ina score. I should be glad if any one would send me Lu. purpwrana
from different localities to compare.—Ib.
Occurrence of Eromene ocellea near Dumfries.—During my last visit to Scotland,
a beautiful example of one of the Crambide, which I have since learned to be
Eromene ocellea, was shown to me by Mr. Lennon, its captor, who kindly entrusted
it to me for the purpose of getting it named. It was captured at light in the first
week of September, 1865, at the Crichton Institution, about a mile from Dumfries.
The specimen is in fine condition.—Grorcr J. HEaARDER, Powick, October 1st, 1866.
Capture of Anthophagus pyreneus, Ch. Bris., new to Britain.—In a series of
Anthophagi collected last July during my visit to North Perthshire, I have detected
a few specimens that answer to M. Brisout’s description of the above-named
insect,—which has recently been separated from A. alpinus. Whether the two
species be really distinct is perhaps open to doubt, as the male characters in
alpinus are notoriously subject to modifications of development; but I think it
should be borne in mind that continental naturalists are more likely to form a cor-
rect estimato of the relative values of specific characters in this large genus than
we are, who only meet with two or three of its species in our own land. The fol-
lowing is a rough description of A. pyreneus.
A. pyrenwus, Ch. Bris., closely allied to A. alpinus, and hitherto confounded
with it. It differs as follows: Thorax a little more contracted behind ; elytra and
thorax somewhat more deeply punctured. In the male the head is more deeply
emarginate ; mandibles much larger and more suddenly dilated at the base;
frontal horns longer, more slender, and inclined somewhat outwards,—T. Buack-
BURN, Grassmeade, Southfields, Wandsworth, S.W.
Note on Philonthus tenuicornis, Muls.; a species not previously recorded as
British.—Herr Scriba (Berl. Ent. Zeit., 10, 1866, p. 293,) records the capture of
this insect at Ober-lais, and states that it is separated from P. carbonarius, Gyll, by
its more slender antennz, of which the penultimate joints are as long as broad, and
by the 6th abdominal segment of the male not being emarginate beneath. He
remarks that the insect has a wide range, as he possesses specimens from Allgiiu,
‘Rhine district, and Ireland. The descriptions of punctiventris, tenuicornis, and
temporalis do not seem to me to admit of accurate discrimination. Mr. Crotch, in
the second edition of his catalogue, assigns the P. punctiventris of Wat. Cat. as a
synonym to P. tenwicornis. This cannot be correct, if Herr Scriba be right; as
the 6th abdominal segment of the ¢ of our punctiventris is very distinctly emargi-
nate.—E. C. Rye, 284, King’s Road, Chelsea.
Notes from the Berlin Transactions on the habits of Leptinus, §c.—Herr Hichhoff
(Berl. Ent. Zeit., 10, 1866, p. 294) records the fact that Leptinus testaceus lives in
the nests of a large, black, white-tailed Bombus (which he queries as B. terrestris).
140 (November,
He states that there were but two or three nests in which he did not find the beetle,
out of 30 that he examined; and that some contained 20 or 30 specimens. His
remark that this extremely active beetle may easily be overlooked, on account of
similarly formed and coloured Acav% occurring in similar places, reminds me of the
only occasion of my seeing it alive, viz., at Mickleham, in a nest of Formica fuligt-
nosa at the root of a beech-tree, when I was particularly struck by its Acaroid
facies and rapid motion. My friend Mr. J. Scott once took it in some numbers out —
of a little round hole in an otherwise apparently sound oak at Purley, high up from
the ground, and full of rotten vegetable mould.
Herr Hichhoff also notes that he mostly found Cryptophagus setulosus (in
great plenty) and C. pubescens in the same nests; the latter being still commoner
in those of Vespa vulgaris. He adds that in the bee-nests Antherophagus nigricornis
almost never failed to appear, and that A. silaceus and pallens occurred by single
specimens,
Another interesting observation of Herr Hichhoff is that he took g ofthe form
flavicollis of Conopalpus testaceus in copula with the type °.
Herr Gerhardt (loc. cit., p. 296) gives Teesdalia nudicaulis (a cruciferous plant
allied to the candytuft, and found in sandy places in England and Scotland) as the
plant for Ceuth.pumilio, Gyll. (Poweri, mihi) ; and records the capture of Necrophorus
gallicus in company with N. fossor (interruptus), a somewhat significant occurrence,
considering the specific relations of the two insects, which I do not believe are any
more distinct from each other than are N. ruspator and N. microcephalus, taken
together by me at Rannoch.
He also mentions that many mountain Otiorhynchi, including septentrionis,
were common on Vaccinium myrtillus about ten o’clock at night ; and gives Petasites
officinalis as the plant for Entomoscelis adonidis, heretofore reputed British.—In.
Note on ovoid substances adhering to water-frequenting Curculionide.—A few
seasons since, while dragging the ditches near Winchester for Water-beetles, I came
upon a thriving colony of Bagéus tempestivus ; and, as it was the first time I had
met with it in plenty, I took home about fifty specimens, killing them, as usual,
with hot water. On examination, I found adhering to the greater number of
examples from two to six small objects, resembling on a reduced scale the ege of
the silkworm, which I conjectured accordingly to have been deposited there by some
insect. Some of the shells were broken, others still full; but, unfortunately for
further development, all were boiled in the process of killing above-mentioned.
Having had an opportunity lately of forwarding specimens to Mr. D. Sharp,
that gentleman has been at the trouble of detaching one of these objects, and
examining it under a microscope ; and has favoured me with his opinion, which I
take the liberty of transcribing: ‘I have come to the conclusion that it is either
an egg or a case of eggs (owing to its being so dry,it is impossible to say which) :
under a power of 250, and treated with acetic acid, it is evident that it consists of
a capsule and granular fatty and albuminous matter ;—just what is found in all
eggs.” ‘
I should be glad to know if any of your correspondents have observed any
similar occurrences, and to have the opinion of experienced entomologists on the
subject.—W, TyLpEN, Stanford, near Hythe.
1866.) 141
Occurrence of Lissodema erata, Muls. ; a species of Coleoptera new to Britain.—
When looking over my Salpingide last spring, I detected in the space assigned to
S. ater a specimen that had evidently no right to be there. Mr. Crotch was here
lately, and I.submitted my puzzle to his inspection. He named it Lissodema wrata,
Muls. The creature was taken at Girrick, Berwickshire.—R. Histor, Blair Bank,
Falkirk, September, 1866.
Scotch Coleoptera.—In July last, when sweeping under the old red sandstone
cliffs on the coast to the north of Arbroath, I was pleased to pick up as a Scotch
novelty, Ochina hederw, which had dropped from some overhanging ivy. Miarus
campanule was not uncommon upon Vicia cracca in the same neighbourhood.
Campanula rotundifolia was not in flower at the time; and, although I swept C.
glomerata, the insect was not to be found on it. The impressed penultimate seg-
ment of the abdomen of the ¢ is armed with two strong teeth.
In Berwickshire I got Triphyllus sutwralis, not previously in the Scottish list ;
and Tetratoma fungorum, which has not yet occurred in the north, I believe, for at
least thirty years.—ID.
Note on Phryganide found in Caves.—At the meeting of the Entomological
Society on the 2nd October, 1865 (Ent. Mo. Mag. ii., p. 143), I exhibited certain
Phryganide (Stenophylaz) found by the Rev. G. F. Browne in ice-caves in Switzer-
land. I find that the partiality of these insects for caves had already been noticed
by Kolenati, for in the Appendix to the second part of his work on Trichoptera, p.
279, in naming some additional localities for his Stenophylae striatus (hieroglyphicus,
Steph.) he says, “ Gresten in cavernis (Schleicher, Strohmayer), Moravice in caverna
devonico-calcarea prope Ochotz (18 Sept. Kolenati).” Mr. Browne’s examples were
?
said to have been found in ‘“‘ hermetically sealed ice-caves,’ and in this lies the
difficulty of imagining how they effected an entrance, an enigma to be solved by
Swiss entomologists. Taking into consideration the above remarks by Kolenati,
and the propensity that 8. hieroglyphicus exhibits to enter the passages of houses,
stables, &c., in England, it may be probable that some undiscovered means of entry
existed in these ice-caves, and that the insects only exhibited their natural habits
in concealing themselves therein.—R. McLacutan, Forest Hill, 12th October, 1866.
Occurrence of Lestes macrostigma, Eversmann, in the island of Corsica.—Amongst
a few Newroptera collected in Corsica by the Rev. T. A. Marshall, I find an example
of Lestes macrostigma ; aspecies not included in the list of the Odonata of that
island by M. de Sélys Longchamps, published in the Annales de la Soc. Ent. de
France for 1864, p. 35—37. Mr. Marshall says it was common in the botanic
garden in Ajaccio. It has, however, been previously reported from Sardinia, and
also from Sicily.—Ip.
Aeviews.
Tur REcoRD OF ZOOLOGICAL LityRATURE (1865) ; Vol. II. Edited by Atprrr C, L.
G. Guyruer, M.A., M.D., &e. London: John Van Voorst; 1866.
Last year we had occasion to notice the first volume of this invaluable Record—
a bulky tome extending to 634 pages. Some idea of the enormous increase in the
number of publications in the various branches of Zoology may be gathered from
142 [November,
the fact that the present volume ends at page 798; and yet we fancy that the
notices of works and papers are more condensed here than in the first volume.
Many of the long tables, &c., are advantageously omitted ; for the aim of this work
is not to enter into details of differential characters, but to show the student of any
branch of Zoology what has been done and where to find it; for the rest he must of
necessity refer to the papers themselves. Some slight changes in the editorship
of some divisions have been made since last year; but the Tnsecta are still recorded
by Mr. Dallas. This section of the work alone extends to 330 pages, against 270
last year. The cost of compiling and printing such a record must of necessity be
very considerable, and we sincerely trust that the enterprising publisher may meet
with such a return as to render its continuation in future years a certainty. To
the zoological worker in any class this Record is indispensable. With the assistance
of it, and Hagen’s “ Bibliotheca Entomologica,” no describing entomologist can
pardonably be ignorant of what has been done in his particular branch of study,
excepting so far as regards publications of almost simultaneous appearance. We
think it worthy of consideration as to whether it would not be more advantageous
to all parties if it were published in two or more separate divisions.
We remark that some of the notices bear more of the character of critical
reviews than of simple records ; this we think out of place. No doubt the tempta-
tion is very strong for the recorder, when he has to notice works treating on his
own particular group, and perhaps antagonistic to his own views, to express an
opinion thereon ; but we submit that there are other channels for this purpose, and
that this work should be a Record, as its name implies, and nothing more; space
would also be saved by this means.
British BEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE NaturAL History AND
EcoNoMy OF THE BEES INDIGENOUS TO THE BritisH Istxs. By W. E. Suuckarp.
Lovell Reeve & Co.; 1866.
This volume is the second hitherto published of a proposed series of intro-
ductory hand-books upon British Insects (and which series extends, also, to other
classes besides the Insecta) originated by the late Mr. Lovell Reeve, and intended
to be carried on by the present firm of Reeve and Co., who certainly deserve the
highest commendation for the care bestowed upon their work; inasmuch as the
minor details of printing, paper, and general method of treatment, added to the
quantity of matter and the very low price, render the two volumes that have
as yet appeared superior in those respects to any others published on the same
subjects in this country. Both this volume and its predecessor (‘‘ British Beetles ;”
written,—as will have been observed in our advertising columns,—by one of the
conductors of this Journal) contain numerous well-engraved wood-drawings of dis-
sections, &c., and no less than sixteen coloured steel plates of six figures each (thus
figuring nearly one hundred typical species), executed by Mr. EH. W. Robinson with
all his usual elegance, aided by considerable “‘ character” as to facies.
A work on Hymenoptera, and especially on such a tribe of that order as the
Anthophila, written by Mr. Shuckard (whose essay on the Fossores has taken such
a deservedly high and permanent rank in the literature of Entomology), could not
fail to contain a vast quantity of interesting matter treated in a readable way: the
1866. 143
present volume contains, moreover, some slight improvements in arrangement
(differing, however, in a very trifling degree from that usually adopted by British
Hymenopterists, and-consisting mainly of mere inversion) ; but we can in justice
only give to it this faint commendation, though desiring to extend a warmer welcome
to its author on his re-appearance after so long an interval.
Passing over the numerous glaring violations of ordinary rules of grammatical
construction, and the somewhat eccentric system of punctuation exhibited in
“ British Bees,” there remain some grave objections to it as an Introductory Hand-
book for the present generation which we are compelled to take.
First of these, is the apparently systematic neglect of the work of Mr. F.
Smith. To write a book on British bees, wherein no notice (save a few curt and
depreciatory lines) of that gentleman’s labours should appear, is strongly suggestive
of the representation of the play of Hamlet with the character of Hamlet left out ;
and the omission is the more remarkable as the conviction is forced upon the reader
acquainted with both books that if Mr. Smith’s ‘‘ Catalogue of British Bees” had not
been written, Mr. Shuckard’s ‘ British Bees” would not have appeared,—at all
events in its present form.
A second, and more important, fault is that Mr. Shuckard’s book is about
twenty or thirty years behind the age we live in (not to put the date back by cen-
turies instead of tens, as might be inferred from the expression at p. 132—“ Aris-
totle’s descriptions can be clearly recognised”). If it be not, how (except on the
hypothesis of a systematic determination to ignore Mr. Smith’s species,—which can
scarcely be correct, as some of them are retained) are we to account for the absence
therefrom of the following thirty-three species,—all but the last whereof (which
was registered in one of the recent Entomologist’s Annuals) are duly recorded in
Mr. Smith’s Catalogue ?—Prosopis punctulatissima, Smith; Sphecodes rufescens,
Fourcroy ; S. subquadratus, Smith ; Halictus zonulus, Smith, Nylander; H. macu-
latus, Smith, Nyl.; H. prasinus, Smith ; H. gramineus, Smith; H. longulus, Smith ;
H. subfasciatus, Nyl.; H. interruptus, Panz.; Andrenw eximia, Smith; A. ferow,
Smith; A. similis, Smith; A. bicolor, Fab.; A. simillima, Smith ; A. fucata,
Smith; A. clypeata, Smith; A. constricta, Smith; A. aprilina, Smith ; A. extricata,
Smith; A. polita, Smith; A. fulvescens, Smith; A. analis, Panz.; A. nigrifrons,
Smith; A. argentata, Smith, Nyl.; Nomada baccata, Smith; N. rubra, Smith; N.
mistura, Smith; N. atrata, Smith; Megachile versicolor, Smith; M. Pyrina, St.
Farg.; Bombus collinus, Smith; and Bombus pomorum, Panz. In the ten years
that have elapsed since the publication of Mr. Smith’s Catalogue cause for many
alterations and additions must necessarily have arisen: but surely all these were
not wrongly brought forward, and to omit them in the idea of diverting attention
from the evident use that has been made of that Catalogue reminds one of the fable
‘of the fancied hiding of the hunted ostrich by a simple head-in-sand insertion. To
make up for this deficiency, Mr. Shuckard (beyond one or two slight alterations in
nomenclature, inverting Mr. Smith’s synonyms) produces only the following four
species :—Cwliowys inermis, Kirby ; Andrena zonalis, Kirby (known to be ¢ Rose,
Panz.) ; Bombus Harvisellus, Kirby (known to be only a var. of B. subterraneus,
with which it has been taken in cop.) ; and Anthocopa papaveris, Latr. The speci-
mens of the latter in the Brit. Mus. Cabinet, upon the authority of which Mr.
144 { November, 1866.
Shuckard has introduced it, appear to have been taken at Nice ;—and are, moreover,
mixed with the males of Osmia adunca, Panz., a species not found in Britain. The
little leaf-cutter bee, Megachile argentata, is repeatedly to be seen doing duty for
Anthocopa, both in British and foreign collections.
It may be objected, also, that the greater part of the first half of the volume,
however interesting to a general reader, is out of place in what is intended for a
working hand-book; the chapter on geographical distribution being, moreover,
largely indebted to (if nut entirely compiled from) Mr. Smith’s paper on the Geo-
graphical Distribution of Hymenoptera, published in the Proceedings of the Linnzean
Society.
Mr. Shuckard, also, does not appear to have a very clear idea of the correct
method of referring to an author; thus, Prosopis cornuta should be quoted as of
Smith, not of Kirby; Halictus flavipes, Fabricius, not Kirby ; Osmia pilicornis,
Smith, not Bainbridge ; and Andrena longipes, Smith, not Shuckard. With refer-
ence to the two latter insects is a somewhat puerile note at p. 211, applying the
term ‘‘ buccaneering”’ to the suppression of reference to Messrs. Bainbridge and
Shuckard as their “ original authority” respectively. Surely Mr. Shuckard must
know better than to suppose that distributing an insect with a manuscript name
attached is such a publication as can be referred to. The first describer may (and
in common courtesy will always) make such reference; but all subsequent quota-
tions attribute the insect to its first published description. The term “ buccaneer-
ing,”’—itself conceived in bad taste,—is here singularly inappropriate. Mr. Smith,
in first describing A. longipes (Zool., v., p. 1740), refers to it correctly as A. longipes,
Shuckard, and mentions that gentleman’s first discovery of it. But, in his mono-
graph, he was obliged to refer to his own description, as being the first. As
regards O. pilicornis, a reference to its first description by Mr. Smith (Zool., iv., p.
1568) will shew that he first received it from Mr. Walcott with the name pilicornis
in MS., accompanied by a request not to publish it with Mr. Walcott’s name
attached, as he had the insect from Capt. Blomer, who he believed first captured it.
Mr. Smith appears to have been unaware of Mr. Bainbridge’s claims (if any) in the
matter; and (especially since the latter’s MS. name happens to have been given to
the insect) no discourtesy can therefore be laid to his charge.
There are many other points exciting adverse remark ; such as the incorrect-
ress of the synonomy of the Bombi,—the objectionable reference to the discovery
by Nylander of specific characters in the ventral plates of the abdomen in Celiowys ;—
which,—if, as Mr. Shuckard admits, he has had no opportunity to examine,—it
would have been better to have passed over in silence than to stigmatize (in two
instances) as “ supposed,” &e.
Considering that an injustice has been done by this volume to one of our
hardest working and foremost Entomologists, we have devoted more of our space to
this review than can usually be afforded; and we conclude with Mr. Shuckard’s
grandiose peroration to his half-page of adverse reference to Mr. Smith’s work (p.
169) ;—“ It is in no spirit of captiousness that these objections are made; they are
deduced from collocations whose conspicuous incoherence is patent to the most
superficial observation” (!!).
December, 1866. ] 145
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND.
BY EDWIN BIRCHALL.
(Continued from page 131.)
Ciepsts RusTIcANA—Killarney.
Bactra LANCEOLANA—Howth; abundantly.
at FURFURANA — Killarney.
PHOXOPTERYX sIcuULANA—Do.
uncana— Belfast.
BIARCUANA—Galway.
MYRTILLANA— Wicklow Mountains, Belfast.
LUNDANA—Common everywhere.
MITTERBACHERIANA—Roebuck, near Dublin, Belfast,
Galway.
GRAPHOLITA PAYKULLIANA— Wicklow Mountains.
NIsaNA—Killarney.
NIGROMACULANA—Howth, Wicklow (?).
TRIMACULANA—Dublin, Wicklow (?).
PENKLERIANA— Belfast.
NmVANA— Belfast.
es GEMINANA— Wicklow Mountains.
PHLEZODES TETRAQUETRANA—Generally common.
a IMMUNDANA— Wicklow Mountains.
HyPErMEcia ancustana—Killarney.
BaToDES ANGUSTIORANA—Dublin, Killarney ; common.
Papisca corticana— Howth.
Me SOLANDRIANA—Do., Killarney.
EPHIPPIPHORA BIMACULANA—Belfast (?).
crrstana—Coast near Dublin.
scuruLana— Dublin, Galway.
BRUNNICHIANA—Howth (abundant), Wicklow Moun-
tains, Dingle Co. Kerry.
- TRIGEMINANA—Howth ; plentiful.
OurnpIA ULMANA—Galway.
SEMASIA sPrInrana—Howth.
JANTHINANA—Cork (?), Wicklow Mountains (?).
RUFILLANA— Galway.
W@BERANA— Belfast.
Coccyx vaccintana— Howth.
RETINeA PINIVORANA—Holywood Co. Down, Galway.
CarpocaPsa PoMoNANA—Cork (?).
146 ® {December
ENDOPISA NEBRITANA— Wicklow Mountains.
STIGMONOTA PERLEPIDANA—Rabeny, Co. Dublin.
Mi REGIANA—Roebuck, near Dublin.
. GERMARANA—Killarney.
DicroraMPHa PETIVERANA—Howth (abundant), Cork (?).
a uLIcANA—On the slopes of the Drogheda railway, near
Dublin.
. SATURNANA—Howth.
e PLUMBAGANA—Drogheda Railway, near Dublin.
Es ACUMINATANA— Howth.
5 SENECTANA— do. and Galway; common.
- SIMPLICIANA—Sutton, near Dublin.
5 CONSORTANA— do.
PyropEs REDIANA—Dublin, Holywood, Co. Down.
CaToPrRIA aLBERSANA—Killarney.
“: ULICETANA—Abundant everywhere.
PS MICROGRAMMANA—Near Wicklow.
ss HWYPERICANA— Wicklow Mountains.
s PARVULANA—Howth.
= HOHENWARTHIANA—Howth.
TrYcHERIS MEDIANA— Generally distributed.
CHorrvres scrntrnLuLANA—Holywood, Co. Down.
XyYLopopa FaBRIcTANA—Abundant everywhere.
Loresia retiguana—Killarney.
Evpaciria anBicapirana—Howth. [Plate I, fig. 1.]
ATRICAPITANA— do. and other parts of the Dublin coast.
BS MACULOSANA—Howth.
3 HYBRIDELLANA— do.
53 ANGustTana—Generally distributed.
39 SUBROSEANA— Killarney.
XANTHOSETIA z@GANA— Generally distributed.
95 HAMANA— do. do.
ARGYROLEPIA BAUMANNIANA—Galway and Belfast.
3 BADIANA—Howth.
3 CNICANA— do.
CocHYLIs FRANCILLANA— do. abundant.
ee DILUCIDANA— do. and Sutton.
2 STRAMINEANA— do. common, Belfast.
APHELIA PRATANA— do. and Wicklow Mountains.
TortRIcoDEs HYEMANA—Lambay.
1866.) 147
TINEA.
Divrnea FAGELLA—Wicklow Mountains; common. Belfast (?).
Psycue roportconenta—Howth; the cases on the rocks in profusion.
PsYcHOIDES VERHUELLELLA— Killarney.
DieLopoMa MARGINIPUNCTELLA— Wicklow Mountains.
OcHSENHEIMERIA BIRDELLA—Portmarnock, Dingle Bay, Holywood.
Scarpra cHoarGELLA —Holywood.
~ EMORTUELLA—Dublin and Howth.
bs GRANELLA—Dublin and Belfast.
Os CLOACELLA— do. do.
<J ARCELLA— Belfast.
TINEA FERRUGINELLA—Howth; on the cliffs.
» RUSTICELLA— do. and Dublin.
TAPETZELLA—Common everywhere.
MISELLA—Dublin; in cellars and vaults among the matted
39
3?
growth of fungus on the walls.
PELLIONELLA—Common everywhere.
DUBIELLA — Dublin
FUSCIPUNCTELLA—Dublin; common.
» PALLESCENTELLA— do.
MERDELLA— Dublin ; in houses.
BISELLIELLA— do.
NIGRIPUNCTELLA—Dublin.
conruseLta—Howth ; the only known British locality. It flits
around and runs up the stems of the grass on the cliffs, and
probably feeds on fungi in the same situations. [ Plate I. fig. 3.]
LAMPRONIA QUADRIPUNCTELLA—Howth.
LuzELLA—Howth.
?
us PRELATELLA— Killarney.
a RUBIELLA— do. and Holywood.
INCURVARIA MASCULELTA—Malahide, Wicklow Mountains, Belfast.
ZINCKENELLA— Killarney.
oP
= CAPITELLA— Belfast.
Mricropreryx caLntHELLA— Wicklow Mountains.
SEPPELLA—Of general occurrence.
ALLIONELLA — Lough Bray, Co. Dublin; Blackstones,
Co. Kerry.
By SEMIPURPURELLA— Wicklow Mountains.
% UNIMACULELLA— do. do.
a SUBPURPURELLA— do. do.
148 [December,
NEMOPHORA SWAMMERDAMMELLA— Wicklow Mountains.
Bs SCHWARZIELLA— do. do. Lough Bray.
5 METAXELLA— Belfast.
ADELA DEGEERELLA— Killarney.
SwAMMERDAMIA CoMPTELLA—Cork, Wicklow Mountains, Galway.
Pe c#s1ELLA—Dublin Coast (common), Galway.
s PYRELLA—Dublin and Howth; common.
SCYTHROPIA CRATHGELLA—Cork (?).
YPONOMEUTA PADELLA—Belfast.
~ cOGNATELLA—Dublin, Holywood, Blarney.
_ EVONYMELLA— Belfast.
Prays CURTISELLA—Belfast and Howth.
PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA—Abundant everywhere.
- PORRECTELLA—Dublin; in gardens.
ANNULATELLA— Howth; on the cliffs ; much more brightly
coloured than specimens taken in England.
bP)
CEROSTOMA RADIELLA— Wicklow Mountains.
= ~ COSTELLA— Killarney.
HARPIPTERYX HARPELLA—Belfast (?).
PHIBALOCERA QUERCELLA—Generally common.
DEPRESSARIA COSTOSELLA—Howth; abundant.
LITURELLA— do. and Kerry.
#s UMBELLELLA— do.
ASSIMILELLA— do.
s NANATELLA— do.
i ATOMELLA— do.
rs ARENELLA —_ do.
SUBPROPINQUELLA—Raheney Co Dublin.
RHODOCHRELLA—Howth.
ALSTR@MERIELLA— Dublin coast.
VACCINELLA— Wicklow Mountains, Clonmel.
CAPREOLELLA— Howth.
CONTERMINELLA— Howth.
OCELLELLA— Belfast.
YEATIELLA— Howth.
APPLANELLA—Abundant everywhere.
ROTUNDELLA—Howth;; at the foot of the cliffs.
NEVOSELLA— Dingle, Howth.
HERACLIELLA—Common everywhere.
(To be continued.)
1866 ] 149
AN ESSAY TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH HOMOPTERA.
BY THE REV. T. A. MARSHALL, M.A.
(Continued from page 128.)
Genus TEerrigoMeTrRa, Latr.
Belongs to the Fulgorina, but was not known in time to be inserted
in its place. For full description of the genus, see Flor, Die Rhyn-
choten Livlands, vol. ii., p. 96, and Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de
Fr., 4me série, t. 6, 1866, p. 140. It is sufficient here to remark that
it differs at first sight from our five other genera of Fulgorina by its
strong resemblance to Ptyelus and Acocephalus. Ocelli minute, placed
at the internal basal angle of the eyes, above the antenne. Antenne
2-, rarely 3-jointed ; basal joint short, globuliform, 2nd joint very minute,
or obsolete, last joint twice as long as the first, stout, with a short seta
inserted on its hinder side. Hemelytra coriaceous, strongly punctured,
furnished at the base with a large moveable plate, analogous to the
squamula of Hymenoptera.
Fieber has published in the Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. in
Wien, 1865, Bd. 15, pp. 561-572, a paper entitled “ Synopse der Europ.
Arten Tettigometra,” containing 23 species, not one of which agrees
with the British form. Signoret’s article above referred to altogether
ignores Fieber’s descriptions of the year before, but includes one or two
species (out of 25), unseen by Fieber; and one of these is apparently
the insect with which we have to deal in this place.
Tettigometra impressopunctata (Dufour ?) Signoret.
Fusco-flava, brunnea, vel sub-olivacea, dense et minus profunde
punctata, pectore albo nigroque, abdomine nigro. Vertex pronoto
longior, deplanatus, medio late et minus profunde rotundo-foveatus: in
medio hujus fovee carina basalis abbreviata,—ita ut verticem fere tir-
carinatum dicas. Frons supra plana, elypeum versus leviter intumes-
cens, supra rufescens, fascia inter oculos lata, utrinque abbreviata,
nigra; inter antennas ad clypeum usque, alba; clypeus niger; rostrum.
fuseum apice nigro. Pronotum late transversum, basi arcuata, medio
emarginata. Scutellum convexum, magnum, triangulare, punctatum,
punctis mediis in rugas transversas confluentibus. Hemelytra equaliter
punctata, coriacea, unicolora, striola suturali brevi (ultra clavi apicem)
nigra. Ale ample, hyaline, nervis fuscis. Pedes concolores ; spimarum
apices in tibiis posticis nigri ; ungues fusci. |
Long: 2; alar. exp. 4 lin.
150 | [ December,
T. impressopunctata, Signoret, 1. ¢., p. 150—Dufour? Ann.
Soc. Ent., 1846, Bull. xlvii (note).
The insects of this genus vary almost like our common Ptyelus,
but the present species may be at once known by the constant black
mark upon the suture. The varieties mentioned are (1) green, (2) with
the humeral squamula black, (8) with a brown scutellum having two
apical yellow dots, (4) with a medial yellow band on the scutellum; but
those I have taken are all of one type, differing merely in the general
tint of the surface, and in having the anterior edge of the scutellum
more or less darkened.
Discovered last year on the sand hills at Freshwater Bay, Pem-
brokeshire, in a sheltered hollow, thinly covered with thyme and short
grass, where it is common,* but appears to be restricted to a small area,
Tt is a sluggish insect, concealing itself on the ground, and not easily
detected. Viewed from above it might pass, at a small distance, for a
Ptyelus, but the tricoloured frons beneath is very conspicuous. I
believe no insect of this genus has ever before been recorded as British.
The present species (according to Signoret) occurs also near Paris, and
on both sides of the Mediterranean.
Genus AGaxtia, Curt.
This genus was proposed by Curtis in the 1st vol. of the Entomo-
logical Magazine, p. 193, but the characters given do not determine
with any precision its relation to the rest of the group. ‘The species
bear a superficial resemblance to Idiocerus, being much broader in front
than behind, and having the vertex reduced to a more or less narrow
lunule. They have, however, most of the characters of Jassus, differing
in the position of the ocelli, which are not more distant from each other
than they are from the eyes, and are placed on the upper part of the
frons, instead of at the junction of the frons and vertex. For a full
description of the genus see Flor, “ Die Rhynchoten Livlands,” vol. u1.,
p. 548, and cf. p. 365. I am only acquainted with two British species,
as follows :—
(1) Pronotum transversim rugulosum............ A. venosa, Fall.
Pre} Pronotum parce et subtiliter punctatum.. A. consobrina, Curt.
1.—Agallia venosa, Fall.
Pallide testacea ; caput, pronotum, scutellum, nigro fuscoque varia.
Vertex pronoto triplo brevior. medio longior quam lateribus ; macule
2 in ipso apice rotund, magne, nigre, quas inter linea longitudinalis
nigra vel fusca in frontem descendit, ibique mox bifurcata ( ? ), utrinque
* JT hivea few duplicates to distribute —T. A. M.
1866.) 4 151
in spatium triangulare supra antennas positum excurrit. Hae spatia
triangularia ocellos includunt. Apud @, linea frontalis simplex est, et
tantum inferne latior. Frons utringque longitrorsum nigro punctata.
Pronotum duplo latius quam longius, antice subtiliter, postice fortius
transversim rugulosum: in margine antico macule 2 rotund, nigree ;
post has altere 2 macule irregulares, ad basin usque product, medio
etiam linea vel macula oblonga, nigre. Scutellum apud angulos anticos
maculis 2 triquetris, medio punctis 2 nigris. Hemelytra abdomine vix
longiora, pellucida, nervis fortibus, fuscis, basi hic illic decoloratis ; clavus
subtiliter punctulatus ; clavi sutura fusca, bis pallido interrupta. Ab-
domen vel totum nigrum, vel segmentis supra pallida marginatis, subtus
pallidum. Pedes pallidi; femora antica subtus nigro punctata; postica
linea inferiore nigra; tibise antice nigro-annulate. ge.
Long. 1}; alar. exp. 22 lin.
Var. a.—Pallida. Prater verticis pronotique maculas geminatas
nigras pictura cetera evanescit, vel tinctu ferrugineo leviter adumbratur.
Cicada venosa, Fall., Hem. 2, p. 38.
Agallia venosa, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 550.
? Iassus puncticeps, Germ., Mag. 4, p. 86.
The above description is from well-coloured specimens, but most
of those I have taken belong to the pale variety. It is common on our
sandy sea-shores, near Deal, and on the Pembrokeshire coast. Mr. Bold
has also sent me a very dark individual from Northumberland.
2.—Agallia consobrina, Curt.
Pallide testacea ; caput, pronotum, scutellum, nigro ferrugineoque
varia. Vertex medio non longior quam lateribus, pronoto plus triplo
brevior. Macule 2 verticis rotunde, nigre, inter quas linea duplex
ferruginea in frontem ad clypeum usque descendit. Utrinque inter
oculos spatium ferrugineum sub-triangulare ocellos includit. Frons
utringue longitrozsum ferrugineo punctata. Pronotum subtiliter punc-
tatum, minime rugulosum: in margine antico macule 4 parve fusce
vel nigra in areum disposite ; macula media oblonga, duseque basales
magne, triangulares, ferrugineee. Scutellum precedentis. Hemelytra
longiora et angustiora, disci tantum et apicis nervis fuscescentibus, costa
et basi late decoloratis; clavi margo suturalis bis fusco maculatus.
Pedes pallidi; femora et tibie plus minus fusco picta; tibie postice ad
spinarum basin fusco punctate. ¢@. Long. 13-2; alar. exp.3} lin.
Agallia consobrina, Curt., Ent. Mag., 1, p. 193.
Its variations are trifling; the ferrugineous pattern of the head
152 , (December,
and pronotum may be more or less dark, and the discal cells of the
hemelytra are subject to be partially suffused with fuscous along the
nervures.
A common species in many places, but it does not seem to occur
mixed with the preceding on the sea coast. Abundant in the Midland
district, apparently frequenting thistles, for I once touk at least a dozen
from the same plant.
‘(To be continued.)
NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES FROM GUATEMALA AND PANAMA.
BY H. W. BATES, F.ZS.
(SUPPLEMENT.)
(Concluded from page 186.)
108.—PAPHIA AUREOLA.
¢. Expans. 2" 11". Very similar in form, colours and markings
of the under-surface to P. Anassa, Felder. Apex of the fore-wing dis-
tinctly produced, and outer margin straight from the apex to very near
the hind angle, where it is rounded outwards ; emargination of the
inner margin very slight; hind-wing tailless, a projecting point existing
in the place of the tail. Upper surface of both wings black, with an
olive-green tinge, and with a broadish common belt of a pale glossy
green hue extending from the costa of the fore-wing to the anal angle
of the hind-wing, the belt in the hind-wing being marginal. Beneath:
very similar to P. Morvus, dark brown, with a leaden pearly lustre, and
irrorated in places with black and grey; an oblique streak from the
fore-wing apex towards the disc, and large spots near the costa and
inner margin, pale brown.
109.—PAPHIA CHRYSOPHANA.
6. Expans. 2” 2’. Fore-wing triangular, costa arched, apical
and posterior angles both pointed, outer border forming nearly a
straight line, being only slightly incurved: hind-wing with a moderately
elongate slender tail. Fore-wing with the outer portion deep black,
richly glossed with blue, and having a golden fulvous spot near the end
of the cell ; basal half of the wing rich metallic golden fulvous glossed
with blue. Hind-wing rich golden fulvous glossed with blue, outer
margins dusky-brown also glossed with rich blue, a row of sub-marginal
black spots between the base of the tail and the anal angle. Beneath
1866.) 153
all wings brownish, minutely irrorated with pale lilac and dark brown,
sub-marginal spots of the hind-wing edged internally with grey and
white.
9. Expans. 2” 2’”. Same form of wings as the g. Outer portion
of fore-wing dark brown, with a short belt beyond the cell tawny-
white; basal half of the wing tawny-white, becoming tawny-yellow
towards the base. Hind-wing tawny-yellow, with a very narrow brown
outer border, in which is a row of black spots. Beneath: pale
testaceous-tawny, irrorated with olive-brown in patches : sub-marginal
spots asin the @.
A very distinct species, allied to P. Rhyphea. Panama and
Veragua.
110.—TAYGETIS SYLVIA.
&. Expans. 2” 4!"—2" 7". Fore-wing obtuse at the apex, outer
margin slightly rounded outwards; hind-wing not angulated, but outer
margin strongly scalloped. Above: brown, with two very fine marginal
parallel dusky lines. Beneath: lighter brown, with a broad, common
outer border, much paler, and separated from the basal part of both
wings by a whitish belt, edged on the inside with darker brown.
Within the pale limb there is a row of five small ozelli on fore-wing,
with yellowish irides and white pupils, and a row of six rather larger
ones on the hind-wing, also with yellowish irides and white pupils ; but
the second and fifth are larger and black. The basal part of the wings
is uniform brown, becoming darker near the whitish belt. Towards the
base of each wing there is a brown line, and towards the outer margin,
a much dentated finer brown line ; close to the outer margin runs the
same fine double brown line that is visible above, the space between
which is pale.
Panama; also Upper Amazons. The species resembles the smaller
and more clearly marked individuals of 7. Andromeda (Cram. 96a) ;
but the fore-wing outer border of Z. Andromeda is always angulated
near the apex.
111.—MESOSEMIA CARISSIMA.
d. Expans. 1” 6’. Fore-wing obtusely triangular; hind-wing
with the outer margin a little produced in the middle, and slightly
incurved between the produced part and the apex. Above: blackish-
brown, fore-wing with a black ocellus, having a yellowish iris and three
small blue pupils, one larger in the middle, and two smaller on the
outer side; hind-wing with the middle part oceupied by a large rich
154 i December,
\
blue, rounded spot. Beneath: lighter brown, black ocellus of fore-wing
surrounded by two yellowish rings separated by a dark brown one, the
whole encircled by a broader dusky ring open at the median nervure,
and prolonged externally to near the inner margin; apical portion of
the wing crossed by two broad indistinct dark brown belts, one of them
marginal: hind-wing with a small black ocellus in the cell, having two
blue pupils and a yellowish iris; the ocellus followed by a pale bar
extending across the wing, and margined with dark brown, outer half
of the wing darker brown, with a curved sub-marginal row of bluish-
grey spots.
Q?. Expans. 1" 7". Paler brown than the ¢; the upper-surface
of the fore-wing offering the same design as the under-surface in the
3; blue patch of the hind-wing truncated on the basal side. Beneath:
pale brown.
Veragua.
112.—Cuaris ARGYRODINES.
3. Exp. 10’ 12’. Closely allied to the North American Ch.
Ceneus, Lin. ( Virginiensis, Boisd. et Leconte), agreeing with it in
colours both above and beneath, but differing in the fore-wing being
much more elongate and pointed. Above: obscure dark brown crossed
by numerous short fine dark streaks, which are generally connected
together as fine waved lines; towards the outer margins is a row of
small black spots, and there are two extremely fine and indistinct
silvery lines, the inner one of which is strongly waved; the fringe is
dark brown, indistinctly spotted with ashy. Beneath: tawny-yellow,
the fine black streaks and spots more distinct than on the upper sur-
face ; silvery lines much broader. Eyes naked.
Guatemala: also Nicaragua.
\
113.—MESENE ARGENTEA.
o. Exp. 1” 2’. Similar in shape to M. Phareus, Cramer, wings
pure glossy-white with narrow black margins, except the inner margin
of the fore-wing, and basal half of costa of hind-wing; base of wings
saffron-yellow, antennz and thorax black, collar saffron, abdomen white.
Guatemala; Polochic valley.
114.—Evryeonsa CHRYSIPPE.
¢. Exp.1" 1”. Closely allied to Hu. Humenes, (Hewits. Exot.
Butt. Eur. f. 18), having a sub-marginal row of black spots on the
under side of hind-wing, but without dark line across the wings.
Above: blackish-brown, with a large rounded spot on the fore-wing
1866.) 155
extending from the inner margin to the middle of the cell, and the
whole central area of the hind-wing clear orange-tawny : wings beneath
yellowish-buff.
Veragua.
115.—SYMMACHIA RUBINA.
d. Exp.1" 2". Bright orange, fore-wing with the apical half, a
streak across the base and a spot within the cell, deep black ; the apical
black portion with six ochreous-white streaks, viz., two transverse from
costa to the median nervure, and four longitudinal, two near the apical
margin, and the other two more inward and between the marginal ones ;
hind-wing with a single black spot at the apex ; head, thorax, and base
of abdomen above deep black; collar and sides of the prothorax
ochreous ; apical half of the abdomen orange. Wings, beneath, the
same but paler, and costa of fore-wing black at the base ; face, palpi,
and legs, pale ochreous.
Panama.
116.—Merapueces (n. g.) Drvora.
g. Exp. 1” 10”. Fore-wing triangular, costa nearly straight,
outer margin bowed outwards; hind-wing sub-triangular, and angle
slightly produced, pointed ; outer margin bowed outwards ;_blue-
black glossed with brilliant silky-blue; fore-wing with a large tri-
angular basal spot and a sub-apical belt; hind-wing with the whole
central area transparent, veins bordered with blue-black; antenne
slender, black ; body glossy- blue; abdomen beneath striped with
orange. Wing-cells extremely short, fore-wing upper radial, and first
branch of the sub-costal arising together at the end of the cell, middle
and lower disco-cellulars of the same length: hind-wing upper radial
arising at a distance from the end of the cell.
The new genus Metapheles differs from Pheles in the short-
ness of the wing-cells, length of the fore-wing middle disco-cellular,
and position of the sub-costal branches, the second being emitted
far beyond the end of the cell in the fore-wing. In the brevity
of the cells the genus resembles Brachyglenis (Felder), but in this
group the fore-wing upper radial arises after the end of the cell.
Veragua.
117.—THEOPE BASILEA.
Q. Exp. 1’1”. Nearest allied to Th. Lytea of South Brazil.
Wings above deep black, with a large angular spot at the base anda
156 (December,
short streak towards the apex of the fore-wing, and the abdominal half
of the hind-wing rich blue ; nervures, and a sub-marginal row of short
streaks on the hind border of hind-wing black. Beneath: brownish-
tawny with a blackish line (as in Th. Lytea, Hbn. Z. 901-2), extending
from the costa (near the apex) of the fore-wing to the middle of the
abdominal edge of the hind-wing: fore-wing with two white spots in
the cell ; hind-wing with two black spots encircled with white near the
anal angle.
Panama.
118.—NyYMPHIDIUM PRHCLARUM.
?. Exp. 2.3”. Wings above dark brown; fore-wing crossed
in the middle by a broad buff-coloured belt very much bent towards the
outer margin ; basal part of the wing with five pale buff, oblong rings,
outer border with a sub-marginal line, and near the hind angle with a
broader flexuous stripe, also pale buff. Hind-wing pale buff with the
base, two sub-marginal rows of quadrate spots (the inner one inter-
rupted near the middle), and outer margin dark brown. Beneath:
the same in colour, but base of fore-wing buff, and outer row of black
spots on hind-wing coherent with the margin.
Panama.
119.—Nympuipium Doritis.
3d. Exp. 1" 7. In shape similar to WV. Gela, Hewits. Wings
above ruddy-brown, crossed by a somewhat narrow reddish-tawny belt
extending from the fore-wing upper radial nervure to the hind-wing
abdominal margin. Fore-wing cell crossed by six pale lines, in pairs,
and the space between the median and sub-median nervures also crossed
by four similar lines; outer margin of both wings with a line of tawny-
coloured circles enclosing dark brown spots. Beneath: the same as
above, but very much paler.
Panama.
CORRIGENDA.
1. Dircenna Callipero 8, Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 243, pl. xxix, f. 4.
? =AIthomia Balboa, id. id. p. 245.
The ¢ of this species has the robust form of thorax and head of
the genus Dircenna, and in the neuration of the hind-wing closely
resembles D. Hpidero and D. Lenea; the palpi, however, are not more
hairy than in the true Ithomie, and I doubt if the genus Dircenna can be
maintained.
1866.] 157
2. Ithomia Dorilla, Bates, Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. i, p. 85.
This is a dark, strongly-marked form of I. Azara (Hew., Exot.
Butt. Ith. f. 28). J. Azara is from the River Napo; I. Dorilla from
the Isthmus of Panama.
3. Synchlée Tellias, Bates, Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. i., p. 84.
= var. of 8. Lacinia, Hiibn. Zut. f. 899-900.
Synchlée Lacinia is an extremely variable species in the number and
form of its spots, both tawny-orange and white.
4. Pronophila letifica, Bates, Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. i., p. 164.
=P. tauropolis, Dbldy. and Hewits., Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 66, f. 1.
A FEW WORDS ON THE GALL-MAKING APHIDES OF THE ELM.
BY R. M’LACHLAN, F.L.S8.
At the meeting of the Entomological Society, held on the 5th
November, Mr. F. Smith exhibited some large galls formed by one of
the Aphide, and found at Deal on the elm. On the 24th of last July,
I observed numbers of these galls on some small elm bushes (not, I
think, Ulmus campestris), on the banks of the Thames near Hampton
Court. They were either formed of modified leaf-buds, or each of a
leaf itself, but as at that time they were fully developed it was impos-
sible to say which. ach was either at or near the extremity of a
twig. In size they varied from that of a walnut to that of a medium
sized potato; of an irregular shape, and green externally, turning to
rosy on the side exposed to the sun. They were hollow, and each had
a large hole on one side. Internally they were half full of liquid, which,
as the weather had been tolerably dry, I imagined to be sap, and they
contained also a large amount of the peculiar whitish powder, that
always accompanies gall-making Aphide. There were comparatively few
Aphides present, and these of the apterous form; but Mr. Smith, in his
galls, found many fully developed winged individuals.
As it seems to be uncertain if this species had been previously
observed in Britain, a short account of it may be interesting. It first
appears to have been noticed by Claude Joseph Geoffroy, who pub-
lished an account of the galls in a paper that I have not seen, in the
Memoirs of the French Academy for 1724; this notice also gives obser-
vations on the viviparous reproduction of Aphides, and is quoted by
Reaumur. The latter author, on pl. 25, (figs. 4-7) of the third volume of
his “ Memoires,”’ (1737) gives very recognizable figures of the galls, and
158 (December,
at_p. 299 he states his having observed them himself. De Geer also
mentions and figures them, and named the insect Aphis gallarum ulmi.
Etienne Louis Geoffroy, in his “ Histoire abrégée des Insectes,” vol. i.
p. 494, (1764) refers the insect to the Aphis ulmi of Linneus, (Faun.
Suec. ed. 1, No. 705). Geoffroy says: “On trouve ce puceron en
grande quantité sur l’orme ; il pique la substance des feuilles, pour
y déposer ses ceufs, et le suc venant 4 s’extravaser, forme des vesicules
souvent trés-grosses, creuses en dedans, qui tiennent 4 la feuille par
un pédicule quelquefois assez ¢ctroit. Au bout de quelque tems, les
petits pucerons éclosent dans l’intérieur de cette espéce de nid, et aprés
étre grossis ils font une ouverture 4 la vesicule, dont ils sortent.”
In 1770, Von Gleichen, in his “ Versuch ‘einer Geschichte der
Blattlause und Blattlausfresser des Ulmenbaums,” gives a long account
of Ulmus galls. Kaltenbach extracts the most interesting remarks,
which may be translated as follows. “In the beginning of May, as
soon as the leaves of elm have attained about half their size, they
are already beset with innumerable little knobs. One rarely opens one
of these knobs without finding within a small brown animal. Only in
its slow gait does it differ from a lifeless atom. I have to thank my
strong lens for enabling me to recognise it as a plant-louse. In the
first week in June, the mother commences to deposit her young. At
this time one cannot open a gall without finding from twenty to forty
young ones deposited by the mother. Above forty I have never seen.
The beginning of the third week in June is the customary time when
the whole posterity of a mother plant-louse have moulted for the last
time and are seen with wings. At this period the bladders are filled
equally with insects and cast-skins. The state of the mother then
strikes one as being very lamentable; her hitherto vigorous body is
now crumpled and shrivelled up like an empty bladder. One finds no |
hard excrement in the galls, but their inner walls look as if sprinkled
with water, which perhaps proceeds from the watery nature of their
excrement.” Kaltenbach, to whose work I have referred above,
(‘Monographie der Familien der Pflanzenliuse, 1843-4), describes an
insect under the name of Zetraneura ulmi, (p. 189-193), and remarks
that the galls vary in size from that of a pea to that of a bean, which
would also seem to apply to Gleichen’s description. Kaltenbach refers
to Geoffroy and Reaumur, and says that he has not been able to find
differences between the inhabitants of the small and large galls, though
the discrepancy in the sizes is very great. The galls found by me
and Mr. Smith are certainly the same as those of the two Geoffroys,
Reaumur, and De Geer. I have said that the galls when found were
1866. | 159
half full of liquid. Kaltenbach in a foot-note to Gleichen’s mention of
the watery appearance says, speaking, I presume, of the pseudo-galls
of his Schizoneura ulmi,—“ there is often such a quantity of a
whitish thick honey-dew present, that one could fill a middle-sized
thimble with it.” The liquid in my galls seemed too thin and trans-
parent for honey-dew, and I was rather inclined to refer it to the
exuded sap of the tree.
For two reasons I believe that the small galls of Gleichen and
Kaltenbach are formed by a different species of Aphide to that which
causes the large galls. Firstly, the discrepancy in the size of the galls
is very great. Secondly, the winged Aphides found by Mr. Smith are
certainly not a species of Tetraneura, to which genus Kaltenbach refers
his, but belong to Schizoneura. Of this latter genus Kaltenbach gives
only two species, one he considers to be the true Aphis ulmi of Linneus,
which rells up the leaves of the elm, and which is evidently distinct
from that of the larger galls; the other he names 8. Reawmuri, which
lives externally on lime. Our insect is then Schizonewra gallaruwm-ulini
of De Geer, but I know not if it has received other names.
Probably next season observers will be on the look-out for these
curious galls. They are very pretty objects when fresh, but in drying
shrivel up to half their previous size, and change colour. The
curled leaves infested by the allied species have probably been noticed
by all; they are altogether analogous to those blotched and disfigured
leaves so common on currant bushes.
NOTES ON THE BRITISH SPECIES OF ENNOMOS.
BY THE REY. JOHN HELLINS, M.A.
It has already been announced that I succeeded in obtaining moths
from the eggs of alniaria, which were kindly sent me last year by Mr.
G. H. Lacy ; and I have now put together a few notes on the various
stages both of that, and also of the other species: for the generosity of
my friends in supplying me with eggs has enabled me to rear them all
side by side.
The eggs of fuscantaria, erosaria, and tiliaria resemble one another
in these points—that they are all somewhat of the shape of a brick, with
the edges and corners rather blunted, and are deposited evenly side by
side in rows of various lengths. They are distinguished as follows :—
Fuscantaria: the most slender -looking in outline; measuring
about 13 to the } inch; colour a pale dull green, showing silvery in the
160 [December,
light, and not changing till just before the hatching of the larve, when
they become more silvery ; the whole surface pitted, but glossy, one end
surrounded with a rim, which shows like pearly-white beads. Some-
times nearly 50 in a row, with the beaded ends all one way.
Erosaria: rather shorter than the last, otherwise of the same size,
about 13 measuring 4inch. Colour when first laid, a dull but full
green; afterwards changing to a pale brown, and again becoming
greenish before the appearance of the larve. Surface more roughly
pitted than in fuscantaria, but still glossy; one end surrounded with
a beaded rim. I have counted 25 in a row.
Tiliaria: larger than the other two, about 11 eggs measuring
inch. Colour light green when first laid, afterwards a deep brown,
becoming silvery just at last. Surface slightly pitted, but glossy ;
without the beaded rim at one end. Deposited apparently in rows of
no more than 7 or 8.
The eggs of angularia and alniaria are of another form, being
cylindrical, though still elongated, with one end rounded, and the other
flattened and surrounded with the beaded rim; and instead of lying
flat they are deposited on their rounded ends, and stand up inaslanting
position.
Angularia: deposited with great regularity, both in rank and file,
all slanting the same way, each egg standing apart from the others, so
that about 8 are contained in ¢ inch. Colour a dull green, apparently
not changing till shortly before the larve are hatched, when they
assume a reddish tinge. The surface slightly pitted, glossy; the
beaded rim of a dirty pinkish-white. I have one batch of 5 rows,
with 8 or 9 eggs in each.
Alniaria: eggs rather larger than the last, slightly flattened.
Colour a dark brown, apparently not changing till they become paler
at last; glossy ; the beaded rim round the top (which is pitted), is of a
pure white. The nine eggs sent me by Mr. Lacy were deposited two
and two in a little long cluster, with sufficient indication of arrange-
ment to show that had the moth not been pinned, she might have
deposited them in the same way as angularia.
The following are the dates which I have recorded for the various
species this season :—
Angularia: began to hatch during the last week in April; fed
freely on birch; only one dying in the larval state ; they had all spun
up by June 14th. The moths emerged during the last week of June
and the first of July.
Erosaria : began to hatch May 13th; by the 18th I had 4 larve,
when I placed the eggs out of doors, and a sudden fall of temperature
1566.] lol
destroyed the vitality of all that were left. Before now I have succeeded
¢in obtaining but one moth out of a large brood of larvee, which seemed
to feed and spin up well; but these four went steadily on, feeding
upon oak, spinning during the first week of July, and appearing as
moths between 18th and 22nd of the same month. M. D’Orville, from
the same batch of eggs, fed up several larve, but bred only one moth.
Fuscantaria : began to hatch on May 22nd, and although I after-
wards placed the eggs out of doors, the larvee continued to appear for some
time, none dying in the egg: I placed them on a seedling ash, but most
of them died at various stages of their growth; only three spinning
up, (about the middle of August), and only two of these producing
moths on September 15th. However, Mr. A. H. Jones, from whom I
had the eggs, told me that every one of his larve, reared in a green-
house, fed up well, and that he met with no loss whatever among
them.
From 7 of the 9 eggs of alniaria, I obtained larve between May
29th and June 9th; they fed freely on both sallow and birch, and all
spun up between August 1st and 15th; two, however, had not strength
to assume the pupa state perfectly, but died after spinning ; and the 5
survivors appeared as moths between August 28th and September 18th.
Tiliaria were the last to hatch, but none died in the egg; all the
larvee emerged between June 6th and 24th, and at first seemed to
flourish well on sallow and birch; but by degrees they died off one
after another, except two, which spun up during the first week of
August, and appeared as moths about the Ist of September.
Why the larve of this genus should be so tender, and so liable to
die off, seems a puzzle to me.
Descriptions have been long since published of all the larve, but
those given in the Manual for alniaria and fuscantaria are not correct ;
of the other three I need not now say much. So far as I can speak
from experience, angularia and fuscantaria are the most variable, both
in colour, and in the presence and absence of humps; the green larvee
seem to be smoother, and the grey and brown varieties to be hwmped.
Erosaria, although variable when small, seems constant both in colour
and humps when full grown; and from the number and position of the
humps, it is the most irregular in outline.
Alniaria, when full grown, is a grand looper, nearly 25 inches
long, but not very stout. Head flattened, broader in front; the third
pair of legs very long; on sixth segment a narrow transverse hump
with two lateral warts; on seventh two lateral warts, with a slight
swelling below ; on ninth a narrow dorsal lump; and on the twelfth
two small sharp pointed warts. The colouring is intricate, but may be
162 (December,
shortly described thus: ground colour, brown; a series of imperfect
outlines of lozenges, longer or shorter according to the length of the
segments, in very dark brown; the sub-dorsal lines, and some spots
within the lozenges, of pale ochreous ; the fifth segment is distinguished
by along, dark dorsal patch; one or two of the larve had a reddish
tinge.
Tiliaria: seeing that I was so unlucky with this species, I cannot
give measurements with much certainty ; still I cannot think that any
deficiency in growth would cause such great difference in the arrange-
ment of the humps as appears between that given (after Treitschke)
in the Manual, and the one that now follows, made from my own care-
ful observation. Length 13 inches, figure slender; on sixth segment a
narrow transverse hump, formed of two lobes; the seventh slightly
swollen at the sides, and having on the belly a pair of warts, enclosing
an inner pair much smaller; on the ninth segment a small narrow
hump ; on twelfth a very slight pair of warts; the skin is glossy ; the
ground colour in front is pale brown, brown on the intermediate seg-
. ments, and darker again behind ; the lozenge outlines darker brown,
longer in form than in alniaria; the sides covered with a delicate
mottling of grey and pink ; the fifth segment has a long mark, paler
than in alniaria.
All the species draw together the leaves of their food to make a
covering for the pupa, perhaps angularia and fuscantaria use the least
amount of silk, whilst alniaria seems to make a strong, though open
and irregular, web, to protect the openings between the leaves.
The pupa of alniaria is of course the largest in the genus ; but in
form it is much like angularia, being rather elongated, and tapering off
to a flattened point at the tail, the wing cases short, the antenne
well-defined; colour pale brownish, with a slight tinge of green: the
whole surface is granulated, except the segmental folds, which are
glossy, and paler than the ground; the wing cases are minutely freckled
with brown, the abdomen blotched with brown. rosaria and fus-
cantaria are paler in colour than the other pupe, are not spotted, and
the latter is of a stouter form than the rest. Tiliaria is distinguished
by a little projection from the head-piece ; its colour is a pale brown
with a reddish tinge, all (except the wing cases) freckled with darker
brown; the segmental folds glossy and paler.
I will only add that the specimens of alniaria, which I bred, were
very fine, and far exceeded the parent moth (which Mr. Lacy kindly
allowed me to inspect) in richness of colour and beauty of their
markings.
Exeter, November 3rd, 1866.
1866.] 1Gé
Sphinaw ligustri feeding on holly.—Some time since, a labouring man near
here told me he had seen several larva of S. ligustri feeding on holly. Until I saw
Mr. M’Lachlan’s statement in the November number of the Magazine, I had con-
cluded that a mistake had occurred.—YEEND DueEr, Cleygate House, near Esher.
October 31st, 1866.
Sphinw ligustri feeding on holly.— With reference to Mr. M’Lachlan’s notice
(p. 137), of the discovery of the larva of S. ligustri feeding on holly, it may be
interesting to him and others of your readers to know that I have on several
occasions taken the larve from that tree, and, I believe, have recorded the fact in
the “Intelligencer,” or elsewhere. In our garden at Raleigh there were bushes of
laurestinus, lilac, holly, and privet growing close together, and ligustri was to be
found feeding freely on each, but showing a preference for privet and laurestinus. I
have likewise taken it from ash, cuelder rose, and evergreen-oak.
The larvee of Owrapteryx sambucaria will, in confinement, feed indifferently on
holly or ivy.—G. F. Marnew, Barnstaple. 3rd November, 1866.
Occurrence of Diasemia Ramburialis, Dup., at Lewes.—I captured a slightly worn
specimen of this insect at Lewes on the 29th ult., at the foot of a dry, chalky bank,
bounded by low meadows. This, I believe, is the second known British example.
Having compared it with some foreign specimens of D. Ramburialis, at Mr. Stain-
ton’s, I have no doubt of the correctness of my determination.—G. H. VERRALL,
Lewes, 9th November, 1866.
Capture of Stigomonota leguminana, (deflerana), in Epping Forest.—I captured
several specimens of this hitherto undetermined species last June in the above
locality. —E. G. Merk, 5, King Street, Old Ford Road, N.E., November 1st, 1866.
Occurrence of a Xylina new to Britain.—Mr. E. Meek has just placed in my
hands for identification a very handsome Noctua. It is the Xylina Zinckenit of
Treitschke, and was taken by an incipient Entomologist last September in the
neighbourhood of New Cross.—H. G. Knaaes.
Occurrence of a Tortrix new to Britain—Mr. Harper has lately submitted to my
inspection a very distinct looking Tortria. It is Tortrix ochreana, Hitbner.—In.
Capture of Acidota eruentata at Chelsea.—On the 27th of November, last year,
T was somewhat staggered at finding a lively specimen of this rarity crawling along
the bottom of a stone wall in a paved area at the back of this house; and accord-
ingly noted the capture in the “ Annual” for 1866. By a curious coincidence,
about the same time, my friend Mr. R. Henderson also took an example of the same
species crawling on a stone wall at Glasgow. The insect is of considerable rarity,
being usually found (when it is found), in moss or under dead leaves at the edges
of woods, and I was inclined to attribute the advent of my specimen to a certain
large basket of ferns packed in moss, from Lancashire, that had been deposited
in our small back-garden, until Mr. J. Stevens informed me that he also had
taken the insect from moss in a garden at the more rural but neighbouring
Hammersmith.
164 | December,
During the past year, hoping against hope, I have, of course, often cast a
longing eye upon the dry and unlikely spot where (as I considered) I had “ fluked’’
the little stranger; and on the 29th ult. I could scarce believe my eyes when I saw
another specimen travelling along the bottom of the same wall, and at the same
place. However it was Acidota in the flesh (or rather, in the corium), and not a
brachelytron of the brain. This was too much, (though not two too much), My
sieve and brown paper were produced, and the superficial area of our entire
premises duly sifted, yielding a result of Homalota fungi and Cryptophagus pilosus in
profusion, Oxypoda brevicornis, one H. melanaria (by no means a common insect), and
not a vestige of Acidota. As if in mockery of my efforts, the same spot of the same
wall (which is entirely free from moss and has no crevices), produced another
specimen on the 7th inst.! Being dreadfully superstitious by nature, I fancied the
beetle was “no canny,” and for a time hesitated about taking it, but I at last con-
cluded to bottle it.
Of course I made fresh efforts to discover the metropolis of the insect, but
only succeeded in turning up Homalota pagana. On the same day, (11th inst.),
however, I found two more of the Acidota, still (or rather, running) on the same
wall. On the 12th inst. I found another. On the 14th, another. To-day, another.
I shall probably go on until I get a hundred, and then christen them cruentata
var. muraria. Saprinus virescens and Gnorimus nobilis have both been taken in
the same garden; and this is the more surprising, as Chelsea, though once
countrified enough, is now shorn of all its green places, and to all intents and
purposes forms part of London, being continuously connected by streets with that
village, and having its due metropolitan share of railways, gas-works, and other
insect-detergents.— E. C. Ryr, 284, King’s Road, Chelsea, 15th November, 1866.
Note on Sitones cinerascens.—I have in my collection a specimen of a Sitones
much like our ordinary cambricus, but differing as follows: the antenne are rufo-
testaceous with the club darker ; the rostrum has a broader sulcus, in place of a
mere channel; the thorax is longer in proportion to its breadth, and so are the
elytra; the punctuation of the upper surface is less coarse and less deeply im-
pressed than in cambricus ; and the scales on the under surface are nearly white in
colour. I have no doubt I am correct in considering this species as Sitones
cinerascens, Sch., of M. Allard’s monograph. This author records the species in
question as an inhabitant of Britain, but so far as is known no specimen is extant
in any of our collections ; and-in the recent edition of Mr. Crotch’s Catalogue the
species is placed as doubtfully British. My example is a very rubbed one, so that
I cannot say anything as to the pubescence, which, according to M. Allard, gives
the species a very different appearance from cambricus.
I captured the specimen above referred to in the Isle of Arran, in August, 1864.
—D. Suarp, 18, Loudoun Road, St. John’s Wood, 12th November, 1866.
Occurrence of rare Coleoptera in London.—I have recently taken four specimens
of Anommatus 12-striatus under stones in the court-yard of the British Museum ;
and one example of Tachyusa concolor in dead leaves and rubbish at the same place.
—H. A. WatrrnHouse, 14th November, 1866.
1866. 165
Note on two forms of Mesene hitherto considered to be sexes of one species.—In
the “Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” p. 442, n. 1, it will be seen that the Papilio
Bomilcar of Stone (Cramer Suppl., pl. xxxix., f. 3) is considered to be the female of
Mesene Phareus, of Fabricius (Mant. Ins. ii, p. 79, n. 722).
A comparison of the figures of these two insects with the specimens in the
British Museum Collection has satisfied me that this is not the case, inasmuch as
our specimens of the true Phareus, as figured by Cramer (Pap. Exot., pl. elxx, f. C.),
are all males; and the only specimen of the true Bomilcar in the collection, is,
without doubt, also a male insect; therefore, though Mesene Bomilcar may be a
local form of Fabricius’ species, it is very clear it cannot be its male.
Although we do not possess females exactly corresponding to Phareus proper,
there are in the collection four specimens of what I take to be a slight variety of
that species: two of these are males, and differ from the typical form in being
slightly smaller, with a narrower black margin above, and having the internal red
streak on the under-side of the front-wings continued upwards towards the apex of
the wing ; the two other specimens are females, their wings are shorter and rather
more convex than those of the males, and the under-side of the front wings shows
the red colour to the same extent as on the upper-side: all our specimens of
Phareus, and of this variety, are from Para.
In addition to these, there are two pairs of a larger form, with broader black
margins, from Tapayos ; and our specimen of M. Bomilcar is also from this locality.
—A. G. Butter, Zoological Department, British Museum.
On the injury done to collections by Psoci.—In the “ Entomologists’ Annual”
for 1861 (p. 19) I said that, according to my observations, the Psocide (Atropos)
did little or no damage to collections. In the preface Mr. Stainton said that
experience in England proved quite the contrary. Now I have gained this experi-
ence at my expense, for having received a series of American Ephemeride@ on short
English pins, I have found that Atropos caused considerable damage to them, while
all others on long pins were not attacked. I was thus very much in favour of
German pins, but have been disabused on this point, for having taken Dragon-flies,
and left them on the table during the night, I found them completely eaten by mice.
Apparently one should have still longer pins in order to avoid these animals !—
H. A. Hacen, Koénigsberg, 24th October, 1866.
[ Note.—Without doubt insects pinned in the Continental fashion are not liable
to the attacks of Atropos, and require less care generally for their safe preservation,
I believe it would be useless to try and induce English entomologists to adopt this
method, but I will add that, without using long pins, if the insects be so set that no
portion of them touch the paper, they enjoy almost the same immunity as those
high up on long pins. I have found, however, to my cost, that Continental and
exotic insects suffer greatly from the larva of Anthrenus, an enemy far more for-
midable than Atropos; but this is an effect more of climatic conditions than of
fashion. To avoid mice one must use long pins indeed! Apropos of mice I will
relate an anecdote. A friend, on a collecting expedition in Scotland, had captured
a rare dragon-fly for me, and after setting it carefully, left it exposed in the room
during the night. Being aroused by a noise, he saw a kitten eating the insect with
much apparent enjoyment. Had the mice disappointed her of a meal, and so
166 {December,
caused her to appropriate their intended feast ? Cockroaches have more than once
gained access to my setting-board, and done great mischief. Most English Lepi-
dopterists can speak painfully from experience of the attacks of wasps on Noctue
that have been captured at “ sugar”; in fact, the corpulent body of a newly killed
Noctua filled with saccharine fluid is quite a bonne bouche to a wasp; the latter
makes a big hole and extracts the contents, and asually departs without damaging
the wings.—R. M’Lacutay, |
Noxious insects naturalized in America.—No. 12, (September 1866), of the
* Practical Entomologist,” (Philadelphia), contains an interesting article by Mr.
B. D. Walsh on this subject. From it we learn that fully one half of the worst
American insect-foes have been imported from Hurope. ‘Thus the Hessian fly
(Cecidomyia destructor), was introduced nearly ninety years since ; the wheat midge
(Diplosis tritici), about forty-five; the bee-moth (Galleria cereana), at the com-
mencement of the nineteenth century ; the apple moth (Carpocapsa pomonella), the
currant clear wing (Trochiliwm tipuliforme), the meal worm (Tenebrio molitor), the
cockroach (Blatta orientalis), &c., &c., at indefinite periods ; and within the last few
years the asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparagi), has made its appearance in the
state of New York; finally the gooseberry saw-fly (Nematus ventricosus), has since
1862 shewed itself in several places, and has already proved very destructive. Mr.
Walsh doubts if even the so-called American cockroach (Blatta Americana) be
really indigenous, and suspects its importation from Asia. Probably with justice,
he states that the injury inflicted on America by European insects is only recipro-
cated to a very slight extent ; the chief insect pests for which we have to thank
America, being the pea-weevil (Bruchus pist), and the now too-well known house
ant (Myrmica molesta). He argues, therefore, that (though popularly known as the
** New World,”) the American continent being the older, its plants and .animals
mostly belong to an old-fashioned creation, and can no more stand their ground
against their more vigorous imported European competitors, than the Red Indian
can hold his own against the Caucasian race. Mr. Walsh’s theoretical speculations
always deserve earnest consideration, and in this case the facts appear to bear him
out. One of our common white butterflies has already obtained a footing in Canada,
aud perhaps eventually may prove more destructive there than the indigenous
Pieris oleracea. Nor is America the only land so situated, inasmuch as it seems
ordained that the Huropean race, wherever it may locate itself, shall take with it
some of its natural pests. Thus it is well known that many of our common weeds
flourish in Australia and New Zealand, with far greater luxuriance than in Europe:
—R. MLacutan.
EntomoLocicaL Society oF Lonpon, 5th November, 1866.—Six Joun Lupsock,
Bart., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Colonel Scott, R.E., of Ealing, was elected a Member.
It was proposed by the President, seconded by Mr. Wallace, and carried
unanimously, that the cordial thanks of the Society be given to to the Linnean
Society, for the permission to hold the meetings in their rooms.
The President requested that Members wishing to promote discussion on
special subjects, would give notice to the Secretary, so that it might be published
in the weekly scientific journals ; such notice must, in any case, be received on or
before the Wednesday previous to the meeting.
1866.] 167
Mr. Wilson Saunders exhibited two larve of a Cicada from Mexico, each of
which had a large Clavaria growing from between its eyes. It was announced that
the subject of fungoid growths on insects would be discussed at a future meeting.
He also exhibited two cases, supposed to be those of Coleopterous larvae, sent from
Bahia by Mr. Reed.
Mr. Bakewell sent for exhibition certain new and rare Coleoptera from Dr.
Howitt, of Melbourne; including Hemiphasis Bakewellii, Passalus teres, several
species of Lissotes, some of them apparently undescribed, a new Ceratognathus, and
Dorcadida bilecularis.
Mr. Stainton exhibited drawings of the galls formed by Aphides on Pistacia
terebinthus, in which lived the larvee of Stathmopoda Guerinii; and at the same
time explained the habits of the creatures as noticed by Dr. Staudinger at Celles-
les-Bains. These galls were sometimes nearly a foot long, and, as they occasionally
became nearly filled with water, the pupa of Stathmopoda had the power of protruding
its body half outside the gall to avoid being drowned. He also exhibited the
drawing of alarva found in the hard interiors of alder berries, which it was supposed
might be that of Stathmopoda pedella.
Mr. Smith exhibited large galls formed by Aphides on the elm, recently found
at Deal. Mr. McLachlan mentioned that he had found similar galls on the elm
near Hampton Court (vide ante p. 157.)
Mr. Pascoe exhibited the patelliform scaly covering of a Coccus found on
Eucalyptus at Port Lincoln.
Mr. Stainton exhibited three boxes of Micro-Lepidoptera, collected by Herr
Lederer in Asia Minor and Syria.
The President exhibited examples, and numerous drawings, of a minute
Myriapod which appeared to be quite undescribed. In its most mature form it had,
apparently, only 9 pairs of legs, a smaller number than is known to pertain to any
previously noticed member of this class. The youngest specimens observed had 3
pairs ; they then seemed to acquire 5, and an additional pair was noticed after each
moulting ; but none were seen with more than 9, in which condition he had detected
spermatozoa, indicating that the creatures were adult.
Mr. Rogers sent for exhibition curious varieties of Hipparchia Janira and
Rumia crategata.
The Rev. Douglas Timins communicated notes on the habits of Argynnis
Lathonia.
Mr. McLachlan read a paper on new genera and species of Psocide.
Mr. E. Saunders read descriptions of 6 new species of Buprestidae, and exhibited
the insects.
19th November, 1866. Sir Joun Lussock, Bart., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Percy Bicknell, Esq., of Beckenham, was elected a Member.
Prof. Westwood exhibited a pupa of Thecla betule, and remarked that it was
placed lengthwise on a leaf, without the silken band that usually characterizes the
pupe of the Lycenide.
Mr. Weir exhibited a paper-like substance used by a Ceylon ant for lining its
nest.
168 [Deeember, 1866
Mr. A. F. Sheppard exhibited certain British Lepidoptera received from Mr.
Gregson, including Acidalia mancuniata, which Mr. Gregson proposed to re-name
veterata, in consequence of the name mancuniata having been applied to, in his
opinion, dwarfed females (!!); also Phycis subornatella, Zeller, a species of Gelechia,
and varieties of Pieris rape, P. napi, and L. sinapis.
Mr. Stainton exhibited a living example of Stathmopoda Guerinii, bred from
Aphis galls on Pistachia terebinthus. He remarked that these galls were described
by Reaumur, who said that the tree on which they were produced was sometimes
called Varbre mouche (fly-tree), in consequence of the galls, which extremely re-
semble seed-pods, being found to be full of Aphides. Mr. Stainton said further,
that probably the larve of S. pedella lived in galls on the alder, and that Linnzeu’s
words, ‘habitat in alni foliis subcutanea,”’
might, on this account, still prove to be
correct.
Messrs. Sharp and Crotch exhibited 71 new British species of Coleoptera; 11
of these were new to science: these they described under the names of Ptiliwm
concolor, Atomaria Wollastoni, Telephorus darwinianus, T .scoticus, Sitones ononidis,
Philonthus addendus, of Sharp; and Anthicus salinus, Gyrophena Powert, Lathro-
bium Jansoni, Stenus Shepherdi, and S. annulatus, of Crotch.
Mr. Meek exhibited a Noctua apparently new to this country, anda new species
of Tortrix bearing the name Dicrorampha flavidorsana, Knaggs MS.
Mr. Stevens exhibited new or rare species of exotic Coleoptera.
Mr. Janson exhibited Macronychus 4-tuberculatus, Miller, new to this country,
taken by Mr. T. J. Harris, of Burton-on-Trent.
Prof. Westwood exhibited a curious example of Pieris Pyrrha, of which the
sexes differed remarkably; the specimen exhibited had all the left-hand side and
the right-hand fore-wing coloured as in the male, whereas the right-hand hind-
wing was coloured almost wholly as in the female; also drawings of various species
of Leptalis, which mimicked species of Heliconide ; and of Condylodera tricondy-
loides from the Phillipines, an orthopterous insect, which exactly mimicked the
Coleopterous genus Tricondyla (also from the Phillipines), supposing the latter to
have abbreviated elytra. Prof. Westwood stated, that while admitting mimetic
resemblances in all natural organisms, he considered they could only be looked
upon as so many illustrations of the law of resemblance prevailing throughout
nature, He considered that all had been created in the same garbs they now wore,
and were not the result of natural selection, as supposed by Messrs. Bates and
Wallace.
Mr. Wallace argued on the other side, that these analogies proved to his mind
the truth of the theory of natural selection, and exhibited several insects in support
of his statement, including a new species of Diadema (D. anomala), in which genus
the males were usually suffused with purple, and the females obscure ; whereas, in
this instance, the case was contrary. He considered that Prof. Westwood’s argu-
ments proved the truth of his opinion. Mr. Bates also spoke on the same subject,
and exhibited interesting South American Butterflies, and explained their habits,
in support of his and Mr. Wallace’s theory.
Dr. Sharp agreed with the truth of the theory of natural selection, but differed
partially from Messrs. Bates and Wallace, as to the probable origin of mimetic
analogies.
January, 1867.) 169
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND.
BY EDWIN BIRCHALL,
(Concluded from page 148.)
GELECHIA CINERELLA—Howth, Wicklow Mountains.
RUFESCENTELLA—Howth, Clontarf.
- POPULELLA—Killarney.
= ERICETELLA— Howth.
- MULINELLA— do. abundant.
3 DIFFINELLA— do.
5 TERRELLA—A bundant everywhere.
f DESERTELLA—Dublin coast, on the sandhills.
x EXPOLITELLA— ditto ditto
2% ARTEMISIELLA— ditto ditto
35 SENECTELLA— Howth.
# MUNDELLA—Dublin coast, sandhills.
s UMBROSELLA— ditto ditto
DOMESTICELLA— Wicklow Mountains.
& RHOMBELLA— ditto
Ps PROXIMELLA—Galway and Belfast.
Mi VULGELLA— Wicklow Mountains.
= MACULELLA— Howth.
a TRICOLORELLA— ditto.
53 FRATERNELLA— ditto, and Malahide.
p VICINELLA— ditto, and Belfast.
es LEUCOMELANELLA—Howth, among the Silene maritima on
the cliffs.
a MARMORELLA—Abundant on the coast sandhills.
INSTABILELLA— Howth.
is SEQUACELLA— Belfast.
3 MOUFFETELLA— Killarney.
_ TRIPARELLA— ditto :
bi T#NIOLELLA—Dublin coast, Blarney.
a ANTHYLLIDELLA— ditto common.
i ATRELLA— Dingle.
5 N£VIFERELLA—Howth.
ht HERMANNELLA—Belfast (?).
¥ TARQUINIELLA (Plate L., fig. 2*)—Dublin coast, sandhills.
This species, allied to pictella, has never, so far as I am
aware, been taken anywhere else. It hides among the
short herbage and under the edges of the sandhills.
* The figure, unfortunately, does not correctly represent the form of the hind-wings; they should
be emarginate, as usual in the genus Gelechia.
170 (January,
CLEODORA cYTISELLA— Killarney.
CHELARIA CONSCRIPTELLA—Killarney.
ANARSIA SPARTIELLA— Howth.
TIARpPeLLA GrorrreLta—Killarney.
DasYcERA SULPHURELLA— Common everywhere.
(cornora MINUTELLA—Dublin, Howth, and Galway.
= FLAVIMACULELLA—Dublin ; by Mr. Hogan.
(EcoPHORA LAMBDELLA— Killarney.
= FUSCESCENTELLA— Howth.
PSEUDO-SPRETELLA—Common everywhere.
”
(Ecogenta KinpERManeLLa—Howth.
ENDROSIS FENESTRELLA—Common everywhere.
BuTaLIs GRANDIPENNELLA—Howth.
‘ FUSCO- HNEELLA— Killarney.
ACROLEPIA GRANITELLA— Dublin, Howth.
GLYPHIPTERYX THRASONELLA—Common everywhere.
us Haworrnana— Wicklow Mountains.
FISCHERIELLA—Howth.
”
Dovanasta OCNEROSTOMELLA-—Dublin and Howth.
ARGYRESTUIA EPHIPPELLA— Belfast
53 NITIDELLA—Generally common.
SPINTELLA — Howth.
ALBISTRIELLA— Belfast.
9)
RETINELLA—Kallarney.
Ga@parrEeLLA— Dublin, Wicklow Mountains.
a BrocKEELLA— ditto ditto
OcNEROSTOMA PINIARIELLA—Howth.
Gractnarta SweprerELLA—Generally common.
* WEMIDACTYLELLA—Killarney.
ELONGELLA— Of general occurrence.
TRINGIPENNELLA— Dublin, Howth, and Galway.
SYRINGELLA—Dublin and Holywood.
PHASIANIPENNELLA—Howth.
a AUROGUTTELLA— ditto and Wicklow Mountains.
ORNIX ANGLICELLA—Dublin and Howth.
bP)
CoLEOPHORA ALCYONIPENNELLA— Howth.
ALBIcosta—Howth and Galway.
9
ANATIPENELLA— Howth.
2)
a DISCORDELLA— ditto
MURINIPENNELLA —Howth.
9?
1867] “ Teh
CoLEOPHORA CHSPITITIELLA—Abundant everywhere.
= TENGSTROMELLA—Howth.
- VIRGAUREELLA— __ ditto
- ARTEMISIELLA— __ ditto
Fe NIGRICELLA— Dublin.
a FUSCEDINELLA—Dublin.
- GRYPHIPENNELLA— do. and Howth.
A VITISELLA (?)—Wicklow Mountains.
- OLIVACEELLA— Howth.
BATRACHEDRA PR #ANGUSTELLA—Dublin, common; Wicklow Mountains
OrmnopHILA V-FLAVELLA—Dublin, among fungi in spirit vaults.
CHAULIODUS CH®ROPHYLLELLA—Howth and Wicklow Mountains.
LavERNA LACTEELLA—Belfast (?).
*. EPILOBIELLA— Dublin.
, HELLERELLA— ditto common.
’ CHRYSOCLISTA LINNEELLA—Holywood.
5 FLAVICAPITELLA—Dublin and Howth.
ASYCHNA MODESTELLA— Dublin.
CHRYSOCORYS FESTALIELLA—Howth, Killarney.
ELACHISTA LUTICOMELLA— ditto
H FLAVICOMELLA— __ ditto
- GREGSONELLA— __ ditto
a NIGRELLA—Generally common.
= SUBNIGRELLA— Howth.
‘ PERPLEXELLA— Dublin.
= ZONARIELLA— Howth.
a TANIATELLA— ditto
2 MEGERIELLA— ditto
a TRISERIATELLA—Ditto
2 POLLINARIELLA— Ditto
i RUFOCINEREELLA—Dublin, Wicklow Mountains.
5s CYGNIPENNELLA—Of general occurrence.
TISCHERIA COMPLANELLA— Belfast.
EMYELLA—Howth.
LITHOCOLLETIS IRRADIELLA—Raheny, Co. Dublin.
* BremreLtta— Wicklow Mountains.
o POMIFOLIELLA—Generally common.
AS CORYLELLA—Malahide.
6 SPINICOLELLA—Dublin.
B FAGINELLA— ditto
172 7 | January,
LITHOCOLLETIS SALICICOLELLA—Howth.
45 ULMIFOLIELLA— ditto
QUERCIFOLIELLA—A bundant everywhere.
MESSANIELLA——Dublin, Howth, Holywood.
CORYLIFOLIELLA— __ ditto Wicklow Mountuins.
ALNIFOLIELLA—Howth.
HEEGERIELLA— Wicklow Mountains.
CraMERELLA—Generally common.
ScHREBERELLA——Clontarf.
es TRIFASCTELLA—Howth.
Lyonetia CLercKELLA—Dannycarney, Co. Dublin, Holywood, Blarney.
CEMIOSTOMA SPARTIFOLIELLA—Generally common.
BuccuLaTRIX CRATHGIFOLIELLA— Howth.
si MARITIMELLA— ditto
NEPTICULA ANOMALELLA— ditto
ss OXYACANTHELLA— ditto and Coolock, Co. Dublin.
5 SEPTEMBRELLA— ditto
5: IGNOBILELLA— ditto Coolock.
ARGENTIPEDELLA— ditto
ACETOSELLA—Howth, in sheltered spots on the cliffs.
PLAGICOLELLA—Artone and Dunnycarney, near Dublin.
GRATIOSELLA—Killister, Co. Dublin.
MARGINICOLELLA— Clontarf.
AURELLA—Of general occurrence.
PTEROPHORI.
PreROPHORUS OcHRODACTLYUS—Howth.
tsopactyLus—Killarney.
TRIGONODACTYLUS—Howth, Clontarf.
puNcTIDAcTYLUS— Killarney.
PILOSELL& (?)—Belfast.
BIPUNCTIDACTYLUS—Howth, Belfast.
FUSCODACTYLUS— ditto
LITHODACTYLUS—Galway.
PTERODACTYLUS—Howth, Belfast.
GaLactopacryLus— Wicklow Mountains.
TETRADACTYLUS—Galway.
4 PENTADACTYLUS— Wicklow Mountains, Cork.
Atvcira Ppotypactyna — Roebuck, Co. Dublin, Blarney, Wicklow
Mountains.
1867.] 173
SUMMARY.
British Species of Lepidoptera
according to Doubleday’s List.
TU Caleta i alee a re OGY A ae ee Ce Ra
Je etek’ SAE SSR ROD HOS) Pee cece ee ean
HELD RUT oy ge 7 (1 nem ae rep ek 11S)
Found in Ireland.
Nocturnt
SANE tee ee ery ti Gl Aeiieaad Rdspe wel san nadgacmtect mee
HSMUUMGDOMEVCES sc cocisicss, 20 .€otescesteeienssbecwencgive
Mae ipa ees cate: dss AkCOUAN” , tdacca diedeseteeccss denen
IDEHPORDES 206s oe3cckceesee. LS
i: SLMS Eel SR Oe A Mla MRE RENE ROR ean ee fen)
PCAN UA, ent ee coek mace, T OMG, decehe wudeesiecs qoenes nouns 36
CRA NEBIM ES acc occ sc cue tanctonne TOy vixscrussciclendeast-u seen eee
GREER EGHSNA Be ee 2 PRP OOS: isn lado Sevadonedeadeeeee eae
SEN IAE eae eh ciclo) wae deset (OLO! 1) icicle onivas saesscooses0ges 212
IBTEROPHORD (ii ss0sccssslso0c. SOM icame cbse den sec ce Noam ee es
Total British Species...1914 Total Irish Species...961
ADDENDUM—
Sxsta cuLicrrormis—Kallarney.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Fig. 1.—Hupecilia albicapitana, page 146.
» 2—Gelechia tarquiniella, p. 169. (This figure, unfortunately, does
not correctly represent the form of the hind-wings ; they
should be emarginate, as usual in the genus Grelechia.
» 3-—TDinea confusella, p. 147.
» 4.—Lithosia caniola, p. 33.
» 0.—Lygena Minos, (a. type, 6. var.) p. 33.
» 6.—Zygena nubigena, (a. type, b. var.) p. 33.
» %@.—Dianthecia Barrettii, p. 106.
», %.—Dianthecia conpta, p. 106.
» 9.—Dianthecia capsophila, p. 105.
174 (January,
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA BE-
LONGING TO THE FAMILY ERYCINIDZ; WITH CHARACTERS OF
TWO NEW SPECIES.
BY A. G. BUTLER, F.Z.S.
METACHARIS, gen. nov.
Antice maris subtrigonate, apice acuto; femine magis elongate,
apice subconvexo ; corpus maris robustum, femine tenue ; antennis
elongatis tenuibus, clava elongata tenui ; palpis minimis ; ale supra vents »
plumbeo-acuminatis.
Wings of male generally dark on the upper side; of female fer-
ruginous, spotted with black ; both sexes with plumbaceous terminations
; to the nervures; the wings of male frequently
shot with purple or blue below; the neuration
the same as in Lemonias* : the body of male
robust, elongate; of the female short, slender :
the antenne long, with slender and gradually-
formed club; the palpi very short, as in Charis.
This genus is. intermediate between Le-
monias and Charis; from the former it differs
~~, in its minute palpi, and in the leaden or silvery
sub-marginal streaks on the upper side ; from the
latter, in its longer antenne with more slenderly
formed club, and its much greater size; the
females with elongate wings, as in some species
of ZLemonias; in coloration it chiefly differs in
ed having the nervures tipped with plumbaceous
or silver, in place of the ordinary silvery sub-
3a e
2B ; marginal lines. The typical species are Hesperia
, Ptolomeus (Fabric.), Papilio Agrius, (Dalm.),
1. Palpus of Lemonias ae x
la. Club of antenna of ditto. and Charis Cadmeis (Hewits.)
. Palpus of Metacharis.
a, Termination of antenna of do.
2
2
8. Palpus of Charis. : :
Bn. Club of antenna of ditto, are natives of: South America.
The insects composing the present genus
1. Meracuaris ProLomazus.
3. Hesperia Ptolomeus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., ui., pt. 1, p. 319,
n. 209, (1793) , Donovan, Ins. ‘Ind., pl. 46, p. 6, (1800).
Erycina Ptolomeus, Godart, Enc, Méth. ix., p. 572, ni 38, (1819).
Lemonias Ptolomeus, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid., p. 459, n. 19,
(1851).
@?. Hesperia Lucius, Fabricius, Hnt. Syst., ii., pt. 1, p. 320,
n. 211, (17938).
Brazil. @s' BM.
* The arrangement of the sub-costal nervules appears to differ slightly in some of the species.
1867. ] . 175
2. Meracnanris Aarivs.
Papilio Agrius, Dalman, Anal. Ent., p. 46, (1823).
Calospila Agrius, 2. Doubleday, List Lep., Brit. Mus., pt. 2, p. 15,
(1847).
Lemonias Agrius, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid., p. 459, n. 20
(1851). |
Charis Sylvestra, Ménét. Oat., pt. 1, t. iii., fig. 6 (1855).
Brazil. aio See
3. Merracuarts CapMEIs.
Charis Cadmeis, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf., iii.,p. 118, pl. xlvu. f. 1,
(1866).
Amazons. Coll. W. W. Saunders and W. C. Hewitson.
4. METACHARIS REGALIS, Sp. Nov.
&. Alex supra nigre, cerulescentes, apicibus rufescentibus, punctis
duobus tribusve sub-marginalibus apicalibus, venisque sub-apicalibus
plumbeo-acuminatis ; margine interno posticarum ciliis ferrugineis ;
corpus nigro-cinereum, abdominis dimidio anali albicante.
Ale subtus ferruginex, area basali maculis plurimis parvis nigris
variegata ; puncto uno apicali, aliisque aliquando valde indistinctis,
nigris: corpus olivaceo-albidum, ferrugineo-irroratum.
Exp. alar une. 1 jj.
Q. Ale supra flavo-ferruginer, marginibus externis ferrugineis,
punctis marginalibus inter venas nigris: linea interrupta angulis
alternis undata sub-marginali, altera discali magis irregulari media,
maculisque basalibus plurimis, nigris: venis plumbeo - acuminatis :
corpus ochreo-fuscum.
Ale subtus flave ; punctis marginalibus, aliisque plurimis basalibus
nigris; lunulis inter venas latis sub-marginalibus, ferrugineo-fuscis :
corpus flavo-albidum. Exp. alar. une. 14.
Fga, St. Paul, Tunantino, Tapayos, Brazil. bos, SBME
This species has a slightly different arrangement of the sub-costal
nervules in the front-wings.
5. Meracnuaris Barestt, sp. nov.
g. Ale supra cinereo-olivacee, margine postico rufescente ;
punctis marginalibus, aliisque sub-marginalibus nigris inter venas
positis ; area basali lineolis punctisque plurimis basalibus nigris :
corpus cinereo-olivaceum ; antennis nigris, albo-fasciolatis et flavo-
acuminatis.
Ale subtus cexruleo-cinerex, nitide, marginibus olivaceis; antica
margine interno et apice nigro-punctatis ; punctisque aliis valde indis-
176 (January,
tinctis discalibus nigris: postice punctis marginalibus, aliis majoribus
sub-marginalibus ; serie macularum discalium irregulari, punctisque
nonnullis basalibus, nigris: corpus olivaceum. Exp. alar. une. 13.
?. Ale supra flavo-ferruginee velut, mari maculate: subtus
punctis marginalibus ferrugineo-fuscis ; lineolis discoideis anticarum
indistinctis, aliisque velut supra, nigris: corpus albidum.
Exp. alar. une. 14.
Tapayos, Brazil. a8 + Baw
There are several beautiful undescribed species of this group in
Mr. Bates’ Collection.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TORTRICINA.
BY H. G. KNAGGS, M.D., F.L.S.
DIcRORAMPHA FLAVIDORSANA, n. sp. Knages, Ent. Annual, 1867,
p- 148, fig. 5.
Mas. Alis anticis saturaté fuscis, fasciis tribus apicem versus obliquis
angustis lete fulvis; inter has lineis ceruleis metallicis interpositis ;
margine apicali, puncta nigra tria vel quatuor continente, lete fulvo;
coste dimidio externo punctis pallidis et nigris alternis vario; lunuld
dorsali conspicué flava, sed magnitudine et formad variabili : posticis satu-
ratioribus, ciliis pallidioribus.
Fem. Stmilis, sed alis obscurioribus ; D. Petiverelle persimilis.
Exp. alar. ¢ cire. 6"; 2 minor.
Habitat Haslemere, N. Devon, et
D. flavidorsana is intermediate between D. alpinana and D. Peti-
verella, the male partaking of the characters of the former, the female
of those of the latter. The male, however, is easily distinguished from
alpinana by its darker ground colour, from Petiverella by the brightness
of the apical oblique tawny bands, and from both by the vividness -of
its conspicuous dorsal patch. The female is not readily separable from
either sex of Petivereila, though the apical oblique bands and the blue
metallic lines between them are a trifle more evident than in that
?
species.
Some two years or more ago, my friend, Mr. C. G. Barrett, sent
me up, among a batch of “ insecta non determinata,” a male example of
the insect under notice: but, although I then strongly inclined to con-
sider it a species not included in our lists, I was induced to return it as
“alpinana ?” after seeing a similar specimen in the collection of Mr-
Doubleday, who at that time seemed to be confident that it was merely
a variety of alpinana.
1867.] Wie
This circumstance had passed from my memory when, a short time
since, Mr. Meek brought me, for identification, inter aliis, a pair of this
Tortrix, which revived my recollection of the occurrence, and still more
strongly impressed me with the idea of its distinctness from alpinana.
At this time Mr. Stainton, who, by-the-bye, perfectly coincided with
my opinion in the matter, being about to pay a visit to Mr. Doubleday,
I placed Mr. Meek’s ¢ example in his hands for the purpose of showing
to that gentleman.
A visit to Epping still further corroborated our views, for Mr.
Doubleday had not only already separated this insect from D. alpinana
in his cabinet, but agreed as to its being specifically identical with the
specimen which Mr. Stainton placed before him.
Although Mr. Barrett’s @ example (still bearing the ticket
“alpinana?” by the way) differs from Mr. Meek’s ¢, in having the
dorsal patch broader and less curved (more as in alpinana in point of
fact,) while in the latter that mark partakes of the character of that
of Petiverella, I have no hesitation in expressing my belief that they
both pertain to one and the same species.
Mr. Meek’s specimens (a ¢ anda 9?) were taken last August
amongst Artemisia maritima in North Devon, Mr. Barrett’s (a ¢ and
3 9) were beaten from a hedge near Haslemere ; I am unaware of the
locality in which Mr. Doubleday’s example (a ¢) was captured.
Kentish Town, November 25th, 1866.
A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH PSOCIDZ.
BY R. M’LACHLAN, F.L.S.
As a second instalment* towards monographing the British species
of the families included in the Linnean order Newroptera, I offer de-
scriptions of the genera and species of Psocide. These small insects
have been much neglected. Various writers of the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries noticed Atropos in the Philosophical Transactions ;
‘but it was not until 1815 that the family was instituted, when Leach
published an outline of it in the Edinburgh Encyclopeedia (article
“Entomology”). In 1886, Stephens described the British species
(which he appears to have assiduously collected) in the sixth volume of
his ‘* INustrations” (Mandibulata), and divided them into groups ac-
cording to the neuration ; but in several instances the types in his col-
* The Trichoptera are already done, and I hope soon to i itlehs in another places the British
Hemerobide and allied families.
178 [January,
lection do not accord with the sections in which they are placed, and
as was too often the case with that author, the specific differences are
too frequently grounded on superficial, or imaginary, characters. It is
to be regretted that Curtis has hardly given the family due importance
in his “ British Entomology.” He figures only one species (plate 648),
and the two pages of text are scarcely sufficient to give the most mode-
rate idea of the family. An important step in advance was here made
by the separation of certain forms in a distinct genus. After Curtis,
more than twenty years passed without any original notice. In 1861,
a synopsis of our species was published by Dr. Hagen in the “ Ento-
mologist’s Annual,” in which he endeavoured to bring the Stephensian
species within their proper limits, a task satisfactorily accomplished.
This brief account, therefore, embodies all that has been done for
the family in Britain.
With respect to continental authors, Linneus, of course, comes
first. In his “ Fauna Suecica’’* and “Systema” he described various
species, including them in the genera Hemerobius and Termes, in which
he was followed by Miller and Fabricius. In 1794, Latreille first
separated them from Hemerobius, &c., under the generic term Psocus. —
His paper was published in the “ Bulletin de la Société Philomatique,”
which I have not been able to obtain in our libraries. In 1799, his
descriptions, with additions, were reproduced in Coquebert’s Illustra-
tions of the insects of Fabricius, part 1, and Coquebert devotes plate 2
to figures of the various species. These figures are exceedingly rough,
yet in most instances recognisable, and the descriptions assist in the
determination of the insects intended: imperfect as they are, with one
or two exceptions, they are the only representations extant. After
Latreille, Burmeister in his “ Handbuch” (part of the division Corro-
dentia), Zetterstedt in his “ Insecta Lapponica,” Rambur in the “ His-
toire des Insectes Névroptéres,’ and Brauer in the “ Neuroptera
Austriaca,” ail described the species known to them. In the present
year (1866) Hagen has published a critical revision of the species of
previous authors in the Stettin. Entomologische Zeitung, and a syno-
nymic catalogue, with more exact generic divisions,in the Verhandlungen
der zool.-bot. Vereins in Wien (“ Psocinorum synopsis synonymica”’).
Schrank, Scopoli, &c., also describe some few species.
With respect to synonymy, the stumbling-block of all mono-
graphers, I will remark, that as far as the Stephensian species are con-
cerned, that here given appears to be exact, according to the results
* The citations in this paper are always from the second edition of the ‘‘ Fauna,” and twelfth °
edition of the “‘ Systema.”
rd
ia
| 1307.) 179
obtained from a careful examination of the types. With regard to
Latreille’s species, a careful study of his descriptions (aided by the
figures), has, in one or two instances, induced me to arrive at a different
conclusion to that of Hagen. I have not thought it necessary to notice
mere catalogue names, such as those of Stephens’ “Catalogue” and
“ Nomenclature,” and Curtis’ “Guide.” Neither, as a rule, have I
referred to Walker’s British Museum Catalogue (Newroptera, part 3),
because the diagnoses there given are copies from other authors, and
the species placed to represent them in the general collection of the
British Museum have, in many cases, nothing whatever to do with the
names accompanying them.
I enumerate 29 species ; but many more, no doubt, occur with us.
It may be remarked, that almost all the described European species have
been found here. Apterous or semi-apterous forms of the division
Atropina are very liable to be introduced and become naturalised ; and
even some of the true Psoeina are likely to obtain a footing in the same
way, for I once saw a species swarming in the empty hold of a foreign-
going ship.
Asarule I have not mentioned special localities; these insects
have been so little collected, that an enumeration here of known or
recorded localities would probably appear ridiculous in a few years.
Excepting for the apterous or semi-apterous forms I prefer pinning
to mounting on card; save my own, all recent collections of these in-
sects that I have seen are carded, but these are not so easy to examine,
especially as regards the neuration, which can only be well seen by
holding the wings against the light; besides, carded specimens are very
liable to be attacked and destroyed by mites and Atropos.
It only remains for me to say that I hope this monograph may in-
duce observers to turn their attention to these insects. The materials
I have had to work from have been limited. Stephens’ collection, as
affording the only reliable guide to a correct knowledge of his species,
has been constantly consulted, and my own collection contains most of
our forms. To Professor Westwood I am greatly indebted, he having
placed in my hands the materials in the Oxford Museum, and his own
drawings of the obscure Atropina; Mr. J.C. Dale has sent me more
than a hundred examples taken at various times during his long career ;
and the Rey. T. A. Marshall has also communicated the whole of his
materials in this family. To these gentlemen I herewith acknowledge
my obligations.
The Psocide may be arranged in two divisions, thus—
A. Ocelli absent. Wings ill-developed or absent ......... Atropina.
B. Ocelli present. Wings largely developed’...............Psocina.
180 (January, —
A.—Ocelli absent. (ATROPINA).
The species of this group are usually inquilines; that is to say,
they live a more or less concealed life, usually in houses or stores. The
antenne are multi-articulate, with all the joints rather short. The
wings absent or rudimentary ; the posterior pair wanting, the anterior
pair when present usually represented by coriaceous scales, or sometimes
membranous. The body soft. Comparatively little is yet known of
their exact habits, and the described species are not numerous.
The genera may be tabulated thus—
A. Meso- and meta-thorax united; wings absent ; femora strongly dilated... Atropos
B. Meso- and meta-thorax free ; femora only slightly dilated...............06
a. Wings represented by coriaceous sCales...........0.00 seeeeceeee veeeeeeee Clothilla,
Os Winnie's mmombranGus’::2... ites ceere.ks cc custo octacase ree cecheaset terete onete Psoquilla
Genus Arropos, Leach (1815).
Termes p. Linn. ; Hemerobius p. Fab.; Psocus p. Latr.; Lroctes Burm.
Tarsi 3-jointed ; femora strongly dilated, the intermediate pair less
so than the others. Head oval; eyes small. Antenne 17-articulate,
the two basal joints stout, the rest thin. Pro-thorax forming a narrow
transverse collar. Meso- and meta-thorax united into one large piece.
Abdomen ovate. Wings absent.
1.—Arropos pivinaTorta, Miiller.
Termes divinatoria, Mill. Prodr. p. 184, 2179 (1776). Hemerobius
pulsatorius, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 811, 18, nee Termes pulsatorium, Linn. ;
Atropos pulsatoria, auctorum. Troctes pulsatorius, Burm. Handb. 2,
p. 773, 1. Termes fatidicum, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 475, 1988. P
Greyish-white. Head slightly testaceous. Hyes black. Nasus and abdomen
with a few scattered bristle-like hairs. (‘‘g with an oblong lobe at the apex of the
abdomen beneath, on each side of which is a slender hook, acute and turned inwards
at the tip; @ with a large oval ege-valve covering the apex of the abdomen
beneath.” Nitzsch, as quoted by Burmeister and Hagen.) The creatures vary from
almost colourless to a decided grey, with the head more or less yellowish or
testaceous. Length of body 3/”.
Exceedingly abundant in books and papers, and in neglected boxes
and collections of insects, &c.; commits great ravages on dry insects
set in the English fashion on short pins; commonly known as the
“Dook-louse,” or, in German, “‘ stawb-laus’’ (dust-louse).
It is with great reluctance that I do not apply to this insect the name
“ pulsatoria,’ under which it has been so long and familiarly known;
but it appears conclusive that the true Termes pulsatorium of Linné is
1867.] 181
a Olothilla, for the words in his description “segmenta abdominis ad
latera punctis rufis singula notata” apply well to Clothilla but not to
Atropos. That this insect was unknown to Linné is impossible, and
that it is his Zermes fatidicwm is most probable, a lapsus calami in the
comparative size of the latter having possibly occurred. (Vide Hagen
in Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1866, p. 189.)
To this insect has long been attributed the power of producing the
ticking noise known as the “death watch.” That various species of
Anobium cause this sound, is proved beyond doubt ; but that a creature
with a body so soft that the least touch annihilates it can in any way
produce a noise sensible to human ears, seems to me impossible.* TI look
upon it as a perpetuated superstition commenced centuries ago, at a
time when the human mind was peculiarly sensitive to impressions of
the supernatural, and having its origin in the habitat of the creature ;
the real producers of the sound, species of Anobiwm, were not seen or
suspected, and Atropos, as being the only insect supposed to frequent the
spots whence the sounds proceeded, was naturally accused. The ap-
prehensions excited by what is only the love-call of a small beetle, still
exist with the uneducated.
A. formicaria, Hagen, a black species inhabiting the nests of Formica
fuliginosa, occurs near Kénigsberg, and is likely to be found in similar
situatiens in this country.
A. oleagina, Hagen, has occurred in Ceylon in oil-cake said to have
been imported from England; there is no evidence that it is a British
insect.
(To be continued.)
OBSERVATIONS ON THE STUDY OF GALL-FLIES (CYNIPID#).
BY FREDERICK SMITH.
It gives me great pleasure to see the first page of the “ Entomolo-
gist” for December occupied by a portion of a chapter on Galls. Some
ten or twelve years ago, my friend, Mr. Haliday, informed me that
German Entomologists had arrived at a conviction that the species of
the genus Oynips had no malesex. This naturally excited my curiosity,
and I became extremely anxious to investigate the subject. Galls of
Cynips Kollari were not at that time found in the neighbourhood of
London, but were plentiful in some parts of Devonshire; so | immediately
* Mr. F. Smith expressed similar doubts at a recent Meeting of the Entomological Society, and
Burmeister and others have avowed themselves equally sceptical on this point.
oa)
182 [January, ‘
entered into correspondence with friends in that county, who shortly
supplied me with a good bushel of sound galls. Early in the spring fol- _
lowing, hosts of flies were developed, but all proved to be females! This
result was brought before the Entomologieal Society, and no doubt was
duly registered in the Proceedings of that body.
I next ascertained that Hartig, in Germany, had reared and ex-
amined 10,000 flies, all Cynips divisa, with the same result. The same
astonishing phenomenon had attended similar investigations of thousands
of specimens of other species of Cynips ; so that the results obtained
by me had merely confirmed those at which Hartig had previously ar-
rived. J am acquainted with numerous similar investigations, attended
with similar results, having been made by Mr. Parfitt and other English
Entomologists, so that Mr. Newman’s statement has had abundant
precedent and confirmaticn.
On many occasions I have received supposed males of Cynips
Kollari, but these have invariably proved to be those of its parasites,
Callimome, Decatoma, &e.
About four years ago, Professor Westwood brought before the
Entomological Society a notice of the supposed discovery of the male
of a species of Cynips. Baron Osten-Sacken discovered a remarkable
gall on a leaf of the American red oak: it was petiolated, elongate-
fusiform, and of a pale green; the insect reared was said to be a male,
supposed to be that of the Cynips confluens, Harris; this was conceived
to be a discovery that at once solved the mystery ; the galls producing
the opposite sexes, it then appeared to be proved, were altogether of
different forms.
This supposed discovery of males, however, does not appear to have
been confirmed by subsequent investigation, and we are left to infer
that the connection between the male bred from the elongated gall and the
female of the gall of Oynips conflwens had probably no foundation in
reality. ;
Galls of Cynips Kollari are now so universally spread over this
country, and the opportunities of investigation of this mystery so close
at hand, that I cannot think it possible English Entomologists could,
up to the present time, have failed to discover the male if that sex has
really any existence.
Since the supposed discovery of the male of Cynzps, I have lost no
opportunity of searching for it: every one who has paid.attention to
this interesting subject, must have noticed the great disparity in the
size of the galls of O. Kollari, but flies bred from galls one inch in
diameter, and others from galls scarcely a quarter of that dimension,
£
an
1367. | 188
have invariably produced the same sex, that of female. All endeavour
to discover galls, differing in form, and producing male flies, has proved
ineffectual on my own part, and I am not aware of any Entomologist
having been more fortunate. The species which I have selected for
investigation have been Cynips Kollari, OQ. radicis, C. folii, and C. aptera ;
all plentiful in my own neighbourhood, and of each of which I have bred
some thousands of specimens. Now, supposing it possible that the males
of these really exist, and that in each species that sex inhabits a differently
formed gall, and that to be looked for in a different situation, to the
gall producing the female (as is supposed to be the case in the Cynips
confluens, and by analogy in the case of C, Kollari, C. folii, &c.), where
are we to look for the male galls in the case of C. aptera? an under-
ground species, and also in the case of C. radicis, the gall of which is
the well known woody excrescence found at the root of the oak ?
Startling as the announcement really was in the first instance, it still
appears that we have a want of evidence to prove that a male in the
genus Cynips has any positive existence. Inthe paper to which I have
referred at the commencement of these observations, some good practi-
cal instructions age given as to the modus operandi most desirable in
pursuing the investigation of this most interesting subject ; in the ma-
jority of cases the method prescribed will prove successful; but there
are a vast number of galls that require to be kept moist, particularly
such as are found on leaves of plants, as well as others found on their
roots; these require to be kept in pots, partly filled with earth; the
common oak-spangle, as it is familiarly called, cannot be brought to
produce its inhabitant without this process being adopted, and there
are innumerable other species to which this method must be applied.
The study of galls and their inhabitants has of late years been
assiduously investigated by more than one Entomologist in this country,
but the result of their labours will probably not be made known until
we have some portion of Mr. Armistead’s work, when probably much
interesting information will be placed before us.
British Museum.
A list “f captures of Lepidoptera im 1866 on the eastern extremity of the
Cotswolds.—In this list a note is added when the species was, by any means, pro-
cured from other places.
January lst.—H. rwpicapraria, bred; this insect is always out here in the last
week in December.
February 2nd.—P. pilosaria, bred; the pups very common at the roots of
elm. 6th. H. progemmaria, bred; most abundant on elm trunks after dark. 24th.
A. prodromaria.
184 | January,
March 6th.--A. escularia, bred; 1 2,numbers of g. 12th tol8th. T. gothica,
instabilis, stabilis, and cruda; all very abundant at sallow blossomslateron. 18th.
T. munda. 29th. X. lithorhiza, bred; an abundant insect: T. rubricosa, two at
sallow. About this time bred a fine specimen of X. conspicillaris: the pupa was
probably dug from an oak in the meadows between Worcester and Stourport.
April 3rd.—A. badiata, very common after dusk.
May 8th.—P. palpina, bred ; the pupz dug in abundance at roots of willow.
9th. D. mendica, commonly. 10th. N. camelina; the pupa dug. 11th. N. ziczac,
bred and dug. 16th. D. pudibunda, bred; scarcely found here. R. crategata; the
larva hybernated and spun up in the early spring. I7th. F. atomaria and S.
clathrata, common in every field. 22nd. A. betularia, very common; the larva on
currant leaves. 24th. §. culiciformis; bred nine from pups sent. A. Euphrosyne,
L. sinapis, 8. alweolus, H. Tages, T. rubi, P. enea, P. Geryon, HE. omicronaria, M.
euphorbiata, &c., at Malvern; on the same day, Dr. Hearder took M. hastata and
P. hamula. 26th. S. tiie and populi; the pupa dug at elm, sallow, and poplar.
29th. C. vinula and H. prasinana; the former from the larva, the latter dug.
30th. A. putris, in abundance at roots of elm.
June 3rd.—A. wrtice and A. rwmicis. 5th. A. megacephala, from pupz under
the bark of poplars. 6th. HE. subfulwata. 7th. S. ligustri; the larva has been
unusually common this year. C. furcula. 8th. N. plantaginis and C. bifida, both
bred. 9th. EH. mi and glyphica, both very common. P. bucephala, bred in
abundance. A. ligustri, quite common on ash trees; the larva spins up under the
top stones of the walls against the trees. 11th. H. oleracea, N. plecta, and G. trilinea,
at sugar. C.spinula, bred. 12th. D, Hlpenor, hovering over flowers. P. gammaand A.
segetum; these have been quite scarce this year. 16th. C. porcellus, hovering over
flowers. <A. luctwosa, hovering over wild thyme in the sunshine. 19th. M. typica,
only two ; the insect is usually abundant. 22nd. H. dipsacea, hovering over flowers
in the’sunshine. 26th. T. orbona, M. furuncula, and P. chrysitis, all common at
sugar. 28th. B. quercis; the larva hatched in August 18th, 1864, went into pupa
in August, 1865, 29th. Z. lonicer, in the utmost profusion ; two or three cocoons
on one flower stem. 30th. P. chrysorrhea, bred in numbers from larvee sent me,
Mem.—Never to breed any more till they give up irritating my skin.—H. Habwerr
Topp, Northleach, Gloucestershire.
(To be concluded in our newt.) :
Worcestershire captures (Lepidoptera), and species bred in 1866.—The season of A
1866 has been, according to my experience, very unfavourable for Lepidoptera, so
I have but few captures to record. The spring was so unusually cold and windy,
that the appearance of many species was much retarded. Thus I met with
A. escularia and A. prodromaria only just emerged on the 9th of April, and
Argynnis Ewphrosyne did not appear until the end of May, fully a month later than
last season; of this I captured one example nearly as large as Adippe. C. vinula
withstood the cold of April; I saw one at rest, already rather worn, on the 22nd
April.
January 3rd. E. gelatella was captured in my house.
April. P. lacertula and N. dictea bred.
1867.] 185
May. C. ocularis bred; C. rotwndaria bred, two of which had the “ first line”
and “central line” confluent, so that only two lines appear on the upper wings,
L. heaapteraria, E. plumbeolata, and L. sinapis captured.
June. C. porcellus, 8S. undulata, and L. luzella captured.
July. L. queretis, a $ bred from a pupa of 1865; P. lacertula (second brood)
N. dictewa, N. Ziczac, and T. betule bred; C. chamomille at rest on an iron fence (a
new species to Worcestershire).
August. C. difinis, C. werampelina, and C. graminis bred. M. ewphorbiata
(second brood) captured. On the 23rd, I saw a fine ¢ S. populi drying its wings
(no doubt of a second brood).
September. M. stellatarwm; the only one I have seen or heard of this season
was captured by a youth and brought to me. V. c-album; one bred from a larva
I found feeding on elm (I think this is very unusual), and one amongst the flowers
in my garden; the latter is filled with choice and attractive plants, yet I saw only
one V. Atalanta, and four or five V. urtice. Fi. tiliaria and C. miata bred. C. nupta
at rest.
October. X. semibrunnea, X. rhzolitha, O. macilenta, C. nwpta, and A. lunosa
at sugar. I never before saw so few of the common autumnal species attracted by
sugar; in fact, this system has failed with me throughout the year.
During the year, I met with the following larvae :—T. betulw, 25, nearly all of
which emerged; 8 ¢ emerged from the 21st to 27th of July, but no ?; after that
the 2 appeared, with 2or3 ¢. G. papilionaria, 6 larvee, 5 emerged; I think it
probable, that the high winds prevailing when the larvae were feeding, prevented
the Ichneumons from attacking them; in former years, I usually found one-third
of the larvee of T. betule, and 8 out of ten of those of papilionaria, stung. C. vinula
25 larve on one small willow. N. ziczac, N. dromedarius (14; the first on the 11th
August, the last on the 10th of October, then not half-grown), C. furcula,
A. leporina, P. palpina, A. Atropos (1 brought to me—rare this season), C. ocularis,
S. ocellatus, E. tiliaria, C. miata, P. falcula, E. pendularia, E. orbicularia,
P. lacertula, S. apiformis, and many others.—A. Epmunps, Cemetery House,
Astwood Road, Worcester, November 21st, 1866.
On the distinguishing characters of the larve of Nyssia hispidaria and Phigalia
pilosaria.—I have before now been puzzled how to distinguish thelarvee of these
species, and, indeed, have bred the moths of the one from what I had taken for the
larvee of the other; but this year, through the kindness of Mr. Batty, I have had
the opportunity of settling this difficulty for myself, and now venture to send a
note of the most striking points of distinction.
Both larvee are alike in this—that they are very knobby and warty ; they have
eight pairs of dorsal, and eight pairs of sub-dorsal warts, on segments five to
twelve—both inclusive ; they differ as follows.
In hispidaria, the warts, although not uniform in size throughout, yet do not
vary so much ; the dorsal warts on segment twelve being bigger than any of the
rest, and the biggest sub-dorsal warts being on segment six: and then as to the
colouring—there is a more uniform pattern and mottling of orange with grey or
black.
186 (January,
In pilosaria, both the dorsal, and the sub-dorsal warts of segments six and
seven, much exceed in size any of the rest ; and, together with some pale ochreous
marks on the same segments, which begin on the sides, and meet in the shape of
a A on the back, form a distinguishing feature easily to be caught.—Rev. J. HELLINS.
Captures at ivy, near Bristol.—My friend, Mr. John Hutchings, and I, have met
with the following insects at ivy bloom this autumn :—Dasycampa rubiginea, two
specimens on the 27th and 30th October; Hoporina croceago, a fine 9 on the Ist
November; Xanthia awrago, two or three specimens; and a few examples of
Xylina rhizolitha, semibrunnea, and petrificataa—ALFrReD H. Hupp, Clifton, 13th
November, 1866.
Note on Hepialus velleda, var. carnus.—On June 7th, while collecting in a
swampy copsc at the other side of Hindhead, I disturbed with my feet a specimen
of the variety “carnus” of Hepialus velleda, in fine condition. It, however, fluttered
and kicked about in the grass so much that I found great difficulty in pinning it
uninjured (boxing it was not to be thought of). Unfortunately, business prevented
me from staying till dusk, or I should have endeavoured to ascertain whether the
ordinary form of velleda was common, or whether the variety had taken its place,
which would have been still more remarkable. The ordinary form has, however,
been taken in this neighbourhood but rarely.—C. G. Barrett, Haslemere.
Note on Dicrorampha flavidorsana, Knaggs.—I captured this species (g and ? )
on the north coast of Devon last August, amongst Artemisia maritima. It appears
to be very local, only occurring amongst the above named plant, which is undoubt-
edly its food-plant. I saw several more than the pair I captured, but passed. them
over for D. Petiverella, to which they are apparently closely allied. On returning
home, however, and comparing them with some specimens of D. Petiverella, which
T had taken at Folkestone about a month earlier, I thought that they were distinct,
and at once took them to Dr. Knaggs, who recognized them as an insect which he
had some time ago received from Mr. Barrett, and had returned as a probable
variety of D. alpinana.
The habits of flavidorsana remind one of those of D. simpliciana, which flies
over its food-plant before dusk.—E, G. Mrrx, No. la, Paradise Row, Old Ford
Road, E., November 23rd.
Capture of Agrophila sulphuralis near Bury.—The only good thing taken by
me near this town this year is Agrophila sulphuralis, of which I captured three good
specimens in June.—J. W. Wuenan, Bury St. Edmunds, 3rd December, 1866.
Occurrence of Eubolia meniata near York.—I write to inform you that, on the
19th of August last, I took what I thought to be at the time a good variety of
E. mensurata. A few weeks ago, upon examining the specimen more closely, I
found it answered exactly the description in Stainton’s Manual of E. imeniata ;
I showed it to Mr. Allis, and he coincided with my opinion; so we together com-
pared it with the figure in the Entomologist’s Annual, and found it agree so well
that we had no doubt about its being that species. I took it by beating broom, in
1867. 187
a spot not far from where L. purpuraria was taken some years since. Mr. Allis
has the purpwraria in his cabinet. I intend making a coloured drawing of my
insect, and sending it you. It is about the only insect worth noting that I have
taken, having had a very bad season.—W. Prest, 6, Castlegate, York, December
4th, 1866.
[Mr. Prest has forwarded a drawing of his insect, and the form of the fascia is
without doubt that of Eu. meniata. Mr. P. also remarks that a Continental type
of that species which we have forwarded is specifically identical with his insect.—
Eps. }
An addition to Mr. Birchall’s List of “The Lepidoptera of Ircland.”—I observe
that one Irish insect I am acquainted with is not enumerated in Mr. Birchall’s
valuable and interesting list of “The Lepidoptera of Ireland:” I mean Ennomos
tiliaria. I can hardly understand how so conspicuous an insect has escaped the
notice of so accurate an observer as that gentleman.
In this county, which is by no means entomologically favourable, this inscct
is one of the commonest of the Geometre. In the Augusts of 1864 and 1865, I
found the pups commonly at birch, usually spun up in leaves, or between blades
of grass growing in corners formed by the roots of the tree. The perfect insects
came abundantly to light in September and the beginning of October last year.
This year, owing to my absence during the entire season, I have been unable
to obtain either the pupa or imago.—Hon. Emity Lawixss, Lyons, Hazlehatch,
County Kildare, Ireland, Nov. 13th, 1866.
Notes on Leptogramma Boscanw and scabrana.—The Rev. E. Horton’s observa-
tions on Lept. Boscana and scabrana would lead one to suppose that he is inclined
to believe them but one species.
I take them both here,—the first, Boscana, very sparingly ; it is much earlier
in its appearannce than scwbrana, which last year was in great abundance in one
locality near me, and is a much later insect ; and, moreover, it is to be found all
through the winter, concealed under leaves. I captured one only yesterday.
Boscana, on the contrary, quickly disappears, and I have never found one after
August. I have not yet tried my hand at breeding them, but another year I will
make the attempt.—H. D’OrvitLr, Alphington, near Exeter.
Recent captures on the Cotswolds.—The following insects were captured and
given to me by the Rev. H. Roberts, of Ashton Rectory, in this county, after an
excursion to the Cotswold Hills, near Cheltenham, at the end of June of this year:
1. Procris Geryon, taken near the celebrated Broadway Beacon, overlooking the
Vale of Worcester.
2. Asthena Blomeraria, taken at rest, and not uncommon, on the boles of the
larch on the Cotswold Hills near Cheltenham
3. Acidalia ornata, on the Cotswold Hills.
4. Eupithecia lariciata. This was brought to me alive, and deposited eggs from
which I have reared the larva. Mr. Roberts found this insect abundantly
in 1861 on the Cotswold Hills; but, being more of a botanist than an
entomologist, he did not know what it was.—-In.
188 Tig M (January,
Description of the larva of Agrotis lunigera.—Some years ago Mr. W. Farren
obtained a few eggs from a pinned ? of this species which were laid on the cork
of his collecting box, and he cut them out, and kindly sent them to me; but, as
they hatched in transit, I failed in attempting to rear them.
It is now with the greatest satisfaction that I am enabled to describe this larva,
thanks to the persevering exertions of Mr. Thomas Terry in rearing a few eggs,
obtained in a similar way, from a ? that had previously been poisoned and pinned.
The young larve when first hatched, and until after their third moult, were
supplied with grasses, dock, dandelion, and other food; but they fed only on the
dandelion, and preferred the withered leaves, perforating them with small round
holes. At the time they came into my possession, I supplied them with
Polygonum aviculare, which they attacked ravenously, and would never after eat
dandelion. Their growth and condition became so satisfactory, that I have no
doubt this is one of their natural food-plants.
They were sent to me on the 21st of last August, being then three lines long,
and in six days were half-an-inch, and by the 8th of September one inch in length,
and thick in proportion: they evinced great aversion to light, and a desire for
burrowing.
When half-an-inch long, they were pale ochreous or flesh colour on the back,
the sides greyish-green, their bellies of the same tint, but paler, and on the back of
each segment a Y-like mark of brown, inverted, with the apex in front, through
which passed the pale buff dorsal line, most conspicuous through the black plate
on the second segment. On the two sides of the inverted Y mark were placed the
usual four tubercular warts, black and large in proportion, and very conspicuous.
When they had attained an inch in length the inverted Y marks had dis-
appeared, and the larvee had become much darker; the central part of the back on
each segment mottled with dark brown, in the form of a diamond with the points cut
off; the spaces next the sub-dorsal line buff colour, and wedge shaped.
The dorsal line conspicuously sulphur-yellow on the black shining plate of the
second segment only, while on all the other segments scarcely noticeable, and
chiefly at the commencement of each, as rather paler brown than the mottled
portions it runs through.
The anal segment buff colour, forming a conspicuous pale mark above the flap.
The sides blackish-green, bounded above by the subh-dorsal line of rather
darker hue, and below by the black spiracles and usual warty tubercles; the sub-
dorsal line is edged below by a fine thread of dirty whitish-green, and another such
fine line, but undulating and interrupted, runs between it and the spiracles. Above
the legs is a pale, thin, dirty whitish line ; the belly and legs slightly darker, of a
greenish-drab tint ; the ventral legs more beneath the body than usual; all the
tubercular warts blackish, large, and shining. The head mottled-brownish, with a
large black blotch on each side of the crown.
When the larvze were an inch and a quarter long, and even a trifle longer,
their details of markings and colours were just the same, but more intense and bright,
the larva were then in their best coats, and very thick and plump. Soon after, about
the middle of September, on attaining their maximum length, an inch and a half when
stretched out, their colours and markings began gradually to fade away intoa
1867. j 189
monotonons dirty brown on the back, with greyish sides, and their condition was
less plump ; the tubercular warts changed to brown rings, enclosing buff dots, the
hair or bristles from each only visible through a powerful lens; and, by the end of
October, they began to diminish in length, with other manifestations of turning to
pupa.—Wwm. BuckLEeR, Emsworth.
Note on Damaster from Japan.—I have recorded the abundance of the smaller
species in Yokohama, but have not seen it here. Yesterday, however, I found two
examples of the large one, which is 18 or 19 lines in length. There are rumours of
a third species of this curious Carabus ! I found Panageus also for the first time.—
G. Lewis, Nagasaki, 11th September, 1866.
Note on Thiasophila inquilina, Miirk.—I am at a loss to know how Mr. Crotch
(Newman’s “ Entomologist,’ No. 35, p. 175) can have stated that this insect has
nothing in common with Euryusa Kirbyi. I have not examined the type of the
latter in his possession; but, from its description and figure in the ‘‘ Annual”’ for
1858, there can be no doubt that it is specifically identical with the insects known
to us as T. inquilina; moreover, Dr. Power has informed me that a careful exami-
nation of this type by himself and Mr. Crotch resulted in a confirmation of his
previously expressed opinion to that effect.
Looking, then, at the fact that there are two species of Thiasophila found on
the Continent, exhibiting a strong resemblance to each other, and of which the
larger is found with Formica rufa, and the smaller with F. fuliginosa, it is exceed-
ingly improbable that we also should have two not uncommon species, exhibiting
the correct resemblance and points of difference, and found in the proper localities,
of which the one should be without doubt the larger Thiasophila, and the other
should be not only not the smaller one, but a species unknown on the Continent, and
that ought to be referred to another genus. In support of this unlikely inference,
Mr. Crotch states that our insect has well developed male characters, and fowr-jointed
anterior tarsi, which “ at once connect it with Huryusa, of which genus it forms a
new and very interesting representative.”
Putting aside the not altogether impossible questions whether Thiasophila and
Euryusa be or be not correctly characterized, or whether our insect may not form
a third genus apart from both, I would remark that it is also not impossible that
the male characters may have been hitherto overlooked, though it is of course very
improbable (from Kraatz’s reference to the absence of salient sexual distinctions)
that such should be the case. The insect is mentioned as rare, and the male may
not have been observed when the description was published ; its characters, indeed,
being not very prominent when mounted in the continental fashion. In that case,
as T. angulata exhibits no such distinctions, one can readily understand that the
insect known to us as 7’. inquilina might easily, from its extreme resemblance to
that species, be considered as its congener.
It is, however, to Mr. Crotch’s statement that this insect has fowr-jointed
anterior tarsi, that I particularly demur. I had satisfied myself that this was not
the case, before connecting the two names as I did in the Catalogue appended to
my ‘ British Beetles;” but, as Mr. Crotch has drawn attention to the subject, I
~
190 (January,
have once more examined the front tarsi of two specimens of our T. inquilina, from
different localities (both out of F. fuliginosa' nests),—one taken by my friend,
Mr. G. Lewis, at Charlton, and the other (with many others, of both sexes) by
Mr. Brewer, at Tilgate Forest. I mounted these front tarsi in fluid, and examined
them as transparencies, with one of Ross’s }-in. object glasses, and an eye-piece
working to 700 diameters ; the result being that five perfect joints were evident in
each, clearly showing that the insect can be no Buryusa, according to the stated
characters of that genus. So high a power was not required, to be certain of this,
as the joints are symmetrical enough, with no particular excess or diminution
of the ordinary relative length; but I wished to be quite certain, knowing how
easy it is to be misled by the superficial examination of a gummed tarsus, in which
the hairs, when clogged together, often either present the appearance of a false
joint, or hide a real one. I have also since examined, and with a much lower
power, one of the front tarsi of a male specimen (of Mr. Brewer’s taking, at
Tilgate), with tuberculated abdominal segments: this, also, has five evident joints.—
H. C. Ry, 284, King’s Road, Chelsea.
Note on the contents of the gall of the Elm.—Apropos of Mr. McLachlan’s notice
of galls on the elm in Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, I may remind him that
the liquid which he noticed as occurring in them is collected in Italy and France
as a supposed remedy for sore eyes. It is called eau @orme. In the autumn, when
the galls are dried, a balsamic residuum is also found in them, which, under the
name of Baume d’ormeau, has some reputation for diseases of the chest. I presume
it is the same gall, said to grow as large as the fist.
Finally, L. Kirchner (“ Lotos zu Prag,” 1855, p. 241) calls the insect
Schizoneura lanuginosa, Hart. Probably this insect and the above galls are
identical with those found by Mr. McLachlan.
Entedon, nov. sp., is noted as a parasite which accompanies these galls.—
M. C. Cooke, 2, Junction Villas, Upper Holloway.
{I am greatly obliged to Mr. Cooke for calling my attention to the above in-
teresting facts, which are quite new to me.—R. McLacuian. |
Note on a short-winged species of Cryptus.—At the end of Oct. last I found, running
on the sand hills at Freshwater Bay, a singular Ichnewmon with abbreviated wings,
which I took at first sight for a gigantic Pezomachus,—it being nearly five lines in
length. After vainly consulting Gravenhorst and Foérster’s monograph of Pezomachus,
TI sent the insect to Mr. Desvignes, who has pronounced judgment upon it as
Cryptus incubitor, Strém, with the wings in a state of abnormal abridgement,—
or else a new species, for which he proposes the name of C. brevipennis. It corres-
ponds pretty exactly (wings excepted) with Gravenhorst’s description, t. 2, p. 590,
but the meta-thorax is sub-bidentate, a character not mentioned by Gravenhorst, as
Mr. Desvignes has remarked. The wings are only about as long as the head and
thorax, not torn or curtailed by any violence, but perfectly symmetrical, broad and
trunca‘ed at the apex, and slightly emarginate at its middle. The radial cell is
much shortened and widened; the costal nervure failing at and beyond the stigma.
1867.) 191
The three cubital cells aro visible, the 3rd being rudimentary ; none of the nervures
reach the margin. The fuscous cloud characteristic of the species is present,
interrupted by three hyaline spots, one on the inner nerve of the 2nd cubital cell,
one on the Ist recurrent nerve, and one on the inferior nerve of the first cubital
cell. The hinder wings, with their nerves and cells, are similarly and proportionally
abbreviated. With the exception of the failure of the costal nervure, nearly the
same phenomena occur in Pezomachus hemipterus, ¥.,and others of that genus.
That the larger Crypti should be subject to this imperfection is, I believe, a new
fact, and serves to bear out a theory which I have long entertained, that many
(and possibly, under some circumstances, all) Ichnewmons might occur with aborted
wings. Another case in point is the Brachypterus means, Grav., which I believe to
be nothing more than the pedestrian form of Ichneumon crassipes, L. Let any one
diligently compare these insects, and he will find it impossible to separate them
except by the wings. Moreover, I have a specimen whose wings are of intermediate
length, rendering it doubtful to which form it should be referred. Brachypterus is
changed in Férster’s monograph to Pterocomus, without any reason being assigned.
It is, moreover, a true Ichneumon by its concealed ovipositor, and nota Pezomachus ;
the latter genus embracing the apterous modifications of Oryptus, Phygadeuon, and
Hemiteles, which have the ovipositor exserted.—T. A. Marsuatt, Milford, Dec., 1866.
Cannibalism of the larva of Eupithecia minutata.—On the 27th of last month >
Mr. D’Orville showed me the strange sight of a larva of this species engaged in
devouring one of its companions. He had about a dozen of the larvae, nearly full-
grown, confined in a cage sufficiently large for them, and well supplied with their
proper, food—the flowers of Calluna vulgaris; so that neither overcrowding, nor
starvation, could have béen the incitement to cannibalism.
The victim had evidently been attacked behind the head, and its destroyer
was so absorbed in its repast, that neither the being shut up in a chip box, nor the
being carried about for three or four miles, made it desist, till it had left nothing
but a shrivelled skin.
This is the first instance I have known of cannibalism among the small
Geometre.—J. Hetiins, November 12th.
Enromo.oeicaL Society oF Lonpon, 3rd December, 1866; Sir Joun Lussock,
Bart., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
BE. T. Higgins, Esq., of Bloomsbury Strect, and Andrew Swanzy, Esq., of
122, Cannon Street, were elected ordinary Members ; G. H. Schrader, Esq., of
Shanghai, China, was elected a Foreign Member ; and G. H. Verrall, Esq., of School
Hill, Lewes, F. L. Keays, Esq., of Green Lanes, N., and Walter Thornborrow, Esq.,
were elected Subscribers.
Mr. Evans sent for exhibition a large number of Coleoptera found in bales of
New Zealand wool; the greater part were Pyronota festiva, but many other species
were also present.
Mr. Stainton exhibited living examples of Gracilaria scalariella bred from.
Echiwm vulgare, from the south of France, and an aphis-gall on Pistachia lentiscus,
containing a Lepidopterous larva, probably of one of the knot-horns.
192 | January, 1867.
Mr. Janson exhibited a collection of Coleoptera sent from Rio Janeiro by
Mr. Hume.
Mr. Duer exhibited a pupa of Vanessa wrtice with curious filiform appendages
projecting from the wing-cases.
Dr. Sharp exhibited a Stenus new to Britain, S. major, of Mulsant, found at
Southend.
Prof. Westwood exhibited a drawing of the larva of a species of Tropwa, and
read a description of its habits, as communicated by Mr. Holdsworth, of Shanghai.
He also exhibited a number of Hypogymna dispar, mostly bred by Mr. Briggs, of
Oxford, who had experimented upon the species with a view to test the power of the
food-plant in producing variation in the imago. Some he had fed on elm, others on
hawthorn ; those fed entirely upon hawthorn were very small. Mr. McLachlan
remarked that this insect was scarcely a fair subject for experiment, as, in this
country, it was in a semi-domesticated condition.
Mr. Belt, of Maranham (who was present as a visitor), related that having
found the nest of an insectivorous bird in a hole in a tree in Maranham, he watched
the birds with a view of ascertaining what description of insects they brought to
their young; and he found that Mr. Bates’ supposition that the Heliconide were
distasteful to birds (he being at the time unaware of Mr. Bates’ remarks) was
perfectly correct, for on no occasion was one of these butterflies brought to the nest.
Mr. Stainton said that, many years since, he was in the habit of taking large
numbers of Lepidoptera at light; these he killed by subjecting them to the fumes
of sulphur, examining them the next morning. The greater number consisted of
Agrotis exclamationis, and these were thrown out to the poultry. On one occasion
an example of Spilosoma menthrastri was among the number; and he remarked
that his turkey-poults greedily ate the Agrotidw, but each in its turn picked up the
Spilosoma, and rejected it as distasteful,—thus proving that there might be an
object in the mimicry of Leptalis and Heliconia.
Dr. Sharp replied to Mr. Wallace’s letter in the last number of the “Athenzeum,”
concerning his objections to Mr. Wallace’s theory of the cause of mimicry. Among
other arguments, he said that the fact of a bird not catching a Leptalis because it
was so like a Heliconia, supposed a want of perception on its part. Mr. Wallace
said that it had been proved (even in the case of the condor) that birds seek their
prey by sight, and not by smell, and it was not to be supposed that a bird would
catch a thousand distasteful Heliconias on the chance of obtaining a single Leptalis,
such being the relative abundance of the insects.
Prof. Westwood adhered to his previously expressed conviction, that mimicry
was not the result of natural selection, and announced that at the next meeting he
would produce examples of close mimicry in insects inhabiting very different
regions, in which case it could not be for preservation in consequence of the species
mimicked being distasteful.
The President made a few remarks on the whole subject.
Mr. McLachlan read descriptions of a new genus of Hemerobidw (Rapisma, type
Hemerobius viridipennis, Walker), and of Perlide (Stenoperla, type Chloroperla
prasina, Newman).
February, 1867.] 193
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF BRITISH |
HYMENOPTERA, ALLIED TO PEZOMACHUS.
BY THE REV. T. A. MARSHALL, M.A.
The characters of this interesting insect exclude it from every one
of the eight genera into which Forster has divided the group. It comes
nearest to Aptesis, but its relations will be best understood if we re-
produce Férster’s synopsis, with the necessary addition. See Forster,
Monogr. der Gattung Pezomachus, p. 22.
A. Terebra concealed, or scarcely exserted.
(Pterocormus, Oremnodes.)
B. Terebra considerably exserted.
b. Metathorax completely and regularly areated.
(Stibeutes.)
6b. Metathorax not areated, or with few and im-
perfect arex.
e. Seutellum distinct.
d. Penult. joint of the tarsi bilobed.
(Agrothereutes.) ;
dd. Penult. joint of the tarsi not bilobed. mabe erie 7
e. Rudimentary wings reaching beyond the base of the meta-
thorax. First segment of the abdomen punctulate, not
longitudinally rugose.
f. Antenne 2-3 coloured. (Aptesis.)
ff. Antenne unicolorous. (Oresbius, nov. genus.)
ee. Rudimentary wings not reaching the base of the meta-
thorax. First segment of the abdomen longitudinally
rugose. (Theroscopus.)
cc. Scutellum obsolete, at least in the 2. (Pezolochus, Pezo-
machus.)
ORESBIUS, n. gen.
Antenne crass, capite cum thorace duplo longiores, non convolute,
unicolores. Scutellum conspicuum. Ale metathoracis basin exce-
dentes; area radialis brevis, ovata; cubitales 2, cum disci cellulis
confuse. Areola nulla. Nervi omnes crassi, pilosi. Metathorax
rugosus, inter rugas punctulatus, non areatus; pars declivis utrinque
carina leviter designatus. Segmentum primum triangulare, tuberculis
lateralibus nullis, basi latissimum, apicem versus gradatim angustatum.
Abdomen capite cum thorace multo longius, supra depressum. Terebra
exserta, segmenti primi longitudine. Corpus totum depressum, et sub
saxis degenti idoneum.
194. : (February,
Oresbius castaneus, 1. sp.
Castaneus, vel rufo-brunneus ; caput antice et metathorax nigra.
Antenne 25-articulate, articulis 3 et 4 equalibus, rufo-brunnex ; ar-
ticulus ultimus apice fuscus. Corpus totum griseo-pilosum. Pedes
cum coxis trochanteribusque rufo-brunnei. Mas incognitus.
2? Long. (terebra exclusa) 2-35 lin.
Two specimens, differing much in size, were taken by me under
stones at the top of Garbhavel or “ Grayvel,” near Loch Rannoch, in
July last. The species may be suspected of being a parasite of Nebria,
Patrobus, or Otiorhynchus maurus. These are about the only insects
occurring at that elevation (some 3,500 ft.) capable of maintaining such
a creature. No spider of sufficient size was to be found.
Norr.—At page 191 of this vol. I stated inadvertently that
Forster had changed Gravenhorst’s Brachypterus into Pterocormus
without assigning a reason. He does assign a reason, and a good one.
Kugellan’s genus Brachypterus (Coleopt.) has the priority by several
years, and Gravenhorst’s name cannot stand.
A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH PSOCID.
BY R. M’LACHLAN, F.L.S.
(Continued from P. 181.)
Genus Crornitta, Westwood (1841).
Termes p. Linné ; Lepinotus, Heyden (?) ; Paradowides and Paradoxenus
(Coleoptera) Motschulsky.
Tarsi 3-jointed ; femora only slightly dilated. Head sub-cordate ;
eyes small. Antenne multi-articulate, the two basal joints stouter than
the others. Pro-thorax forming a narrow collar. Meso- and meta-
thorax separated. Abdomen ovate. Anterior wings represented by
small, coriaceous, hairy, convex scales.
According to Hagen, Lepinotus of Von Heyden (Stett. Zeit., 1850)
is identical with Clothilla. I append a mark of doubt against the
name, because Lepinotus is described as possessing three closely-placed
ocelli (“ Stirne mit drei geniiherten Nebenaiigen’’): probably a mistake
has occurred in the original description.
1.—CuiorHinta PuLsatoria, Linné. (Plate 2, fig. 2.)
Termes pulsatorium, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 474, 1937 (1761) ; Syst. Nat,
p. 1015, 2; 7. lignaria, De Geer, Mem. t.7, p. 41, tab. 4, fig. 1 (1778).
EE
1867.) 195
Clothilla pulsatoria, Hag. Ent. Monthly Mag. vol. ii, p. 122, 1. C.
studiosa, Westwood, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 480 ; Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. 1, vol. iv., p. 71; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 22, 2.
Pale yellowish-white. Head suffused with pinkish, especially on the nasus.
Antenne sometimes fuscescent, pilose. Abdomen with the sutures of the segments
marked with pink, which colour expands on the sides, marked with blackish at the
apex. Legs grey. Wing-scales very small, oval, whitish, hairy.
Length of body }-1’”.
Occurs among papers, and in collections, &c.
I have not examined living examples. In Prof. Westwood’s col-
lection are a considerable number; to one of his drawings I find a note
attached to the effect that “in the beginning of July a number of spe-
cimens were found in the seats of rush-bottomed chairs.” Immature
specimens are paler, and want the wing-scales; these latter readily fall
off. It is probable that some of the descriptions given by authors for
Atropos pertain to this insect. Latreille’s note to Psocus pedicularius,
respecting the copulation of P. pulsatorius, certainly refers to Clothilla.
(Vide Cogbt. Icon. p. 10.)
2.—CLOTHILEA rNquitina, Heyden.?
Lepinotus inguilinus, Heyden, Stett. Zeit. 1850, p. 84. C. inquilina,
Hag. Ent. Monthly Mag. vol. ii., p. 128, 3. Paradoxides psocoides,
Motsch. Bull. Soe. Nat. Moscou, 1851, p. 510, 511.
“ More or less dark brown, slightly hairy; labrum dark brown; eyes black,
prominent; rudiments of wings hairy, scabrous, of the same colour as the body.”—
Hagen. Length of body 2’”.
Amongst Professor Westwood’s drawings, is a coloured representa-
tion of an insect (which I believe is lost) that appears to closely agree
with the above description: either it was immature, or the wing-scales
had fallen off. A note attached states that it was ‘found in some old
honey-comb.”
Lepinotus inquilinus, as the type of his genus, is described by Von
Heyden as possessing three ocelli. Vide the remarks following the
generic description of Clothilla.
3.--Croruinia prcea, Motschulsky. (Plate 2, fig. 3.)
Paradoxenus piceus, Motsch. Etud. Ent. 1, p. 19 (1853). @. picea,
Hag. Neurop. N. Amer. p.8, 1; Ent. Monthly Mag. vol. i.., p. 123, 4.
Shining pitchy-black, short and stout. Abdomen very convex, smooth, the
integuments rather hard, the segmental divisions scarcely visible. Legs dark testa-
ceous. Wing-scales larger in proportion than in C. pulsatoria, oval, testaceous,
hairy. The thread of the antennz much finer than in C. pulsatoria.
Length of body 2’.
196 (February,
Two or three examples in Prof. Westwood’s collection, found
living in boxes of exotic (in one case Egyptian) insects ; one in Mr. Dale’s
collection. If it be not indigenous in England, it is, at any rate, na-
turalised here. The original example was found by Motschulsky in a
box of Californian insects. It bears a remote resemblance to the
Coleopterous genus Nossidiwm.
[Genus Lacuzsis, Westwood (Zachesilla, Hagen.) This genus
is characterized by Westwood (“Introduction” vol. ii., p. 19-20) as
having 2-jointed tarsi, slender femora, and rudimentary wings (see
also fig. 59, 18, 16, 17, and 18).
I have come to the conclusion that the genus is founded on in-
complete evidence. I have examined the types of L. fatidica under the
microscope, and made the following notes. The type-specimens are two,
fixed on the same card. The larger one has no ocelli, no rudiments of
wings that I can detect, 2-jointed tarsi, a large head with strongly
developed front or nasus, and free thoracic segments. There is nothing
to indicate that it is a fully developed insect, and I look upon it as a
very immature form, or larva, of one of the Psocina. The other, or
smaller example, is a very different creature; the head large and trian-
gular, with evident ocelli; the tarsi 2-jointed, and with evident reticu-
lated wings. That this is a micropterous form of one of the Psocina I
do not doubt. On Professor Westwood’s drawings of these creatures
it is noted that “one of each (form) was found on a piece of cheese
from a damp cellar.” That this latter form is a condition of Cecilius
pedicularius appears probable.
In Professor Westwood’s collection I see also another example,
which appears identical with the smaller of the two types of LD. fatidica,
in better condition, and this bears four small wings, but the neuration -
offers no guide as to whether it be a form of Cecilius; there is an
evident pterostigma.
In the absence of further information, it seems desirable to omit
Lachesis for the present. |
Genus Psoquitia, Hagen (1866).
Tarsi 3-jointed ; femora only slightly dilated. Head cordate. Eyes
large. Palpi with dilated apical joint. Antenne with stout basal joints,
and slender, multi-articulate thread. Abdomen broad, sub-depressed.
Wings (I can see no vestige of posterior wings) about as long as the
abdomen, elliptical at the apex, membranous; neuration evident but
simple; the veins and margins ciliated.
1867. 197
1.—Psoguitia MarainePuNcrata, Hagen (plate 2, fig. 4).
Psoquilla marginepunctata, Hag., Ent. Monthly Mag., vol. ii, p. 123
(1866).
The whole of the upper surface of the body fuscous ; nasus paler, oastansons ;
palpi fuscous. Under-side of the thorax very pale whitish-yellow. Wings ovate,
obtusely rounded at the apex, dark shining brown, the margins with rather large
white spots, which are placed in the cells between the veins. Legs very pale
whitish-yellow; the tibis with a fuscous ring at the apex; tarsi ringed with
fuscous. Length of body 4’”.
This curious little creature was recently described from an example
supposed to have been found at Hamburgh. In Prof. Westwood’s col-
lection I find two specimens (one nearly destroyed) found by the late
Mr. Raddon amongst maize (Indian corn), probably at Bristol. I have
no information as to whence the maize was imported. The insect can
scarcely be considered indigenous. No doubt we have yet much to
learn respecting these minute forms of Psocide, which, as mere living
atoms, are very liable to be overlooked.
(To be continued.)
AN ESSAY TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH HOMOPTERA.
BY THE REV. T. A. MARSHALL, M.A.
(Continued from page 152.)
Genus EUpTERYX, Curt., Ent. Mag. 1, 192.
Identical with Zyphlocyba, Germ., a name invented to express the
absence of ocelli. But as the insects of the genus have ocelli, situated
a little above the insertion of the antennex, and as the names Zyphlocyba
and Eupteryx were published as nearly as possible at the same time, the
latter and more rational appellation is here preferred. Hupteryx com-
prises numerous species, which are in fact the minuter and feebler forms
of Zassus. A small number of them have been described by Curtis
and Hardy, and one by Mr. Newman; the remainder have never ap-
peared in any English work, and it is probable that several new species
will be discovered. They are all of small size, and frequently of great :
beauty, rivalling, when alive, the gayest of the Micro-Lepidoptera. The
artificial characters by which they are distinguished from Jassus, are
taken from the hemelytra, wings, and legs. The fore and middle tibiae
are without spines on their exterior edge, the middle being likewise
destitute of the customary fringe of bristles on the inside. The mem-
brane of the hemelytra has 3-4 cells only: in Jassws there are 4-5.
198 (February,
See Burmeister’s genera (Lyphlocyba), and cf. remarks by Tollin, tiber
Kleinzirpen, in the Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1851, p. 67. For the discrimina-
tion of species, the best characters are those derived from the neuration
of the hemelytra and wings, in which the following arrangements are
to be observed: On the corium are three longitudinal nerves, not con-
nected transversely, and therefore forming no discal cells; they are
often invisible, except in their apical half. The two outer are united not
far from the base, and at the base all three are joined. The membrane
is long as compared with that of Zassus ; its nervures are conspicuous,
forming strictly four cells, but of these the first (or outer one) is some-
times very small, or vanishes, leaving apparently ‘only three. The
second cell of the membrane is sessile or pedunculated; the third is
either trapezoidal (broader at the apex than at the base), or its sides are
straight or parallel. The membrane is rarely appendiculated. The
wings have sometimes a sub-marginal nervure, receiving the extremities
of the longitudinal veins; in other cases the latter terminate immedi-
ately in the margin itself. At the apex of the wings 2-4 longitudinal
veins are to be seen, united transversely ; one at least of them is forked
near the base, and frequently two of them form bifurcations open to-
wards the margin. The nervures and cells are with difficulty seen in
these small insects, especially when dried. The best method which I
have hit upon is to detach the hemelytra or wings from a fresh specimen,
and stick them with water upon thin glass. They may then be ex-
amined with ease, as transparencies. In all cases the insects should be
set with wings open, or their identification may be impossible. The
species found in Livonia are elaborately tabulated by Flor, according to
their neuration and the structure of the genital organs. But, as the
difficulty of verifying these characters by pulling specimens to pieces,
and by the microscope, is somewhat deterrent, we will attempt a more
exoteric method, founded upon markings and general appearance, using
the less visible characters only in cases of necessity. This rough and
ready way will, for the most part, apply only to typical forms, but will
place a large number of species at once beyond doubt.
I. Membrana appendiculata. Alarum nervi longitudinales 4.
(Pronotum et hemelytra lineis citrinis plerumque ornata. Sed
Variac wlbra MOdUM).— 2... ienoerss ooareastaeh ates ovvdaastteeee eee eette albostriellus, Fall. (1)
II. Membrana haud appendiculata. Alarum nervi longitudi-
nales 3-2.
i. Vertex ut in Delfocephalo productus, pronoto 4 brevior.
(Parvus; pallidus, immeaculatus) si... ds - 450: -coenssturngeienetorss citrinellus, Zett. (2)
ii. Vertex late rotundatus, pronoto 3 brevior.
1867.] 199
A. Hemelytra quoad discum nigro, rubro, fusco, non sig-
nata. (Sed apex s#pe plus minus infuscescit.)
* Pallide virides.
1. Alarum ven fusca, CONSPICUR............cccseeeeeees smoragdulus, Fall. (5)
2. Alarum vene hyaline, inconspicu® ...............66 viridulus, Fall. (4)
** Pallide flavi.
+ Abdomen flavum.
a. Alarum nervi longitudinales 2.
1. Membrana et corii apex fumosi. Vertex sub-
productus. Pronotum longius quam latius...... apicalis, Flor. (7)
2. Membrana et corii apex hyalini. Vertex late
rotundatus. Pronotum transversum ............ flawescens, Fab. (6)
aa. Alarum nervi longitudinales 3 ...............065 rose, Lin, (12)
+t Abdomen nigrum, vel maximam partem nigrum.
a. Scutellum nigro 3-maculatum .,.............000e scutellaris, H. Sch. (11)
aa. Scutellum immaculatum, flavum.
b. Pronotum apud marginem anticum puncto
LUA TWEEAYC). O54, en onoCAbAEOobesdauanobanie bodaaboolasaoud ulmi, Lin. (18)
bb. Pronotum apud marginem anticum puncto
nullo.
CoPAL EMMI OSES sabieecete ote gassiee scisices denivancesses Germari, Zett. (22)
cc. Ale hyaline.
d. Corium apice, membrana basi, infuscata.
Hemelytra perpallida ...........sccseeeeeeeee . filicum, Newm. (16)
dd. Corium apice, membrana basi, hyalina.
Hemelytra flavissima ................000 ane flavipennis, Zett. (3)
AA. Hemelytra in disco ipso, nigro, rubro, aut fusco variata.
i. Hemelytra rubro variata.
a. Hemelytrorum stria longitudinalis rubra.
1. Hemel. stria lata, suturalis, nusquam emargi-
nata, ante membranam desinens, rubra. Clavi
margo internus fuscus. Membrana hyalina.
Vertex medio niger. Pronotum medio purpu-
reum, vel nigro-rufum (sed ¢ fere tota flavicat)...hypericit, H. Sch. (9)
2. Hemel. stria angusta, subsuturalis, bis emar-
ginata, membranam attingens, rubra. Clavi
margo internus pallidus. Membrana subfumosa.
Vertex et pronotum lineis 2 rubris. g @ ......blandulus, Rossi. (10)
aa. Hemelytrorum stria longitudinalis nulla—sed
macule 5 magne, oblong, rubre. Corium apice,
ANGMPLANA DAS, MEASCATA VE ieeevrrovsasces dele suncesiecs querciis, Lin. (20)
200 (February, |
~ 4
ii. Hemelytra nigro variata.
a. Frons et vertex immaculati.
1. Scutellum nigrum, vel pro parte nigrum.
* Hemel. nigro transversim vittata (Fascis 2 late,
transverse, nigre. Scutellum nigrum.) ...............665 nitidulus, Fab. (13)
** Hemel. nigro longitrorsum vittata.
+ Vitta perangusta, recta, corium intus marginans.
(Scutellaminigrojcinctum) ......c--creeeee ete eeeeenee geometricus, Schr. (14)
tt Vitta latissima, utrinque bis angulata (Scut. ni-
erum) apice interdumiMayo)! vaseescccdesseceeese tacts .vittatus, Lin. (25)
2. Scutellum flavum, vel subrufescens.
* Hemel. flava v. brunnea, strigis 3 brevibus transversis,
maculaque apicali rotunda, Nigris .........6.ccseeeeeee cen aes pulchellus, Fall. (21)
** Hemel. flava, maculis irregularibus dilute fuscis,
punctisque 2 nigris, altera in clavo, altera in corii disco..signatipennis, Boh. (15)
aa. Frons aut vertex uterque vel ambo, nigro ma-
culati.
1. Macule 2 verticis rotunds, cum punctis 2
frontis, nigree.
* Tibize posticas nigra, basi pallidae ...............ee00e ...urtice, Lin. (26)
¥*® Tibia posticas totes pallida ...........ccecevcccsereereuss melisse, Curt. (27)
2. Macule 2 verticis nigrz ; frons immaculata.
* Macule verticis punctiformes, minute. Hemely-
trorum macule suffusee, indeterminate .............00085 10-punctatus, Fall.(17)
** Macule verticis reniformes, majuscule. Hemely-
trorum maculze bene determinate.
+ Frons longior quam capitis (cum oculis) latitudo...awratus, Lin. (28)
tf Frons non longior quam capitis (cum oculis)
Letibado Si seANaei ioe ahbetesanetlecacsamen se taeero eer ateee pictus, Fab. (24)
iii. Hemelytra fusco longitudinaliter vittata.
a. Pronotum maculis 7, scutellum 3, nigris.........jwcwndus, H.Sch.? (19)
aa. Pronotum maculis 5, scutellum 2, nigris ...... parvulus, Boh. (8)
(To be continued.)
ON SOME PECULIARITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEMIPTERA.
HETEROPTERA.
BY J. W. DOUGLAS:
(Continued from page 272, Vol. ii.)
Since the former remarks were written, my attention has been
directed to the quotation by Mr. Westwood in his “Introduction
1867. j 201
to the Modern Classification of Insects,’ Vol. ii, page 474, of the
record, by Heineken, in the ‘ Zoological Journal” for 1829, of an
experiment made by him on a species of Reduvius inhabiting Madeira,
both antennz of a pupa of which he divided through the basal joint, on
the 8th of August.—‘‘ Sept. 4. Reproduced, at the same time moulting
into a perfect insect. They are of unequal lengths, thicker and shorter
than the original ones, and, as far as I can ascertain, having only three
instead of four joints.” This is interesting, not only as showing that
lost antennz may be reproduced, but also the exact period of life of
the insect at which the reproduction occurred. It is not stated which
particular joint was deficient, nor whether or not the terminal joint were
perfectly formed. But the inference to be drawn from this experiment,
in elucidation of the examples of 3-jointed antenne I have mentioned,
is, that an antenna had in them been accidentally broken off while the
insect was in the penultimate state, and was replaced by another, minus
the joint, at the final change.
The reproduction of legs, wholly or in part, had been noticed in
Myriapoda, Crustacea, and Arachinda, also in hexapod insects of in-
complete metamorphosis, but it it was doubted if the power existed in
those where the metamorphosis was complete. Mr. Newport, however,
subjected even the larvee of Lepidoptera to amputation of their legs,
and those which survived the operation produced butterflies with limbs
entire, even to the ungues, although some legs were small, and the
spines of the tibie generally absent. Réaumur had long ago recorded
that hairs cut off caterpillars were reproduced at the moulting of the
skin.
With regard to the reproduction of antennz, although Mr. New-
port proved that it took place in Qulide, Mr. Goodsir found in his
experiments with Crustacea, that, notwithstanding the greater power
of reproducing limbs in this class than in insects, if antenne were
removed they were not replaced. It is, therefore, the more interesting
to note such instances in the true insecta in which there is every reason
to believe there has been a reproduction of antenne. And, assuming
that in the cases I have quoted there has been a veritable reproduction,
it is still a matter to be elucidated why it is always the penultimate
joint that is suppressed, and yet the terminal one is perfectly formed.
902 : [February’
“THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND.”
BY EDWIN BIRCHALL.
First Supplementary List.
APpaAMEA FIBROSA— Killarney.
EnnoMos TILIARTA—Kildare.
Very abundant at light.—Hon. Emrty Law ess.
ENNYCHIA ANGUINALIS—Galway.
EPHIPPIPHORA TETRAGONANA—Howth.
Mr. BARRETT.
Hrratum.
For THERA SIMULATA read THERA VARIATA.
NOTES ON COLLECTING, MANAGEMENT, &c., (LEPIDOPTERA).
BY H. @. KNAGGS, M.D., F.L.S.
TH Hh) (CAT) Ree La ARS Sun Anion
(Continued from Vol. ii. page 271.)
The furore to possess varieties which rages among British Macro-Lepidopterists,
together with a growing interest by students of all branches of Natural History in
that vexed subject—the variation of species—has opened up a vast field for enquiry
as to the influences which produce these interesting freaks of nature.
“ Variety-breeding,” as it has been not inaptly termed, though yet in its in-
fancy, would appear to offer the most practical means of arriving at something
like a definite solution of the mystery, and as this art comes within the province of
the larva rearer, I purpose glancing at those influences which are supposed to act
on the preliminary stages of insect life to produce variation in the perfect state :
to be brief then.—
First.—Influences acting ab initio. These may be accidental or hereditary—
with the former we have little to do, but they may account for the formation of
certain monstrosities in which organs are multiplied, suppressed, or modified
through error in the primary impulse. Hereditary influences, on the other hand,
will account for a large proportion of varieties, and may without doubt be turned
to account as well by the variety breeder of insects as the Herefordshire farmer or
the pigeon fancier, by the careful selection of parent stock with a view to pecu-
liarities, whether structural or ornamental, being reproduced in the progeny. Of
this we have (e.g.) instances in the rearing of negro varieties from parents more or
less tainted with melanism; and of imperfections perpetuated, as in the frequent
recurrence of individuals wanting a hind-wing, which may be noticed even at large
in Macaria notata.
That these are the results of hereditary influences would seem to be demons-
1867. } 203
trated by the fact that, while certain species have a tendency to vary in the above
and other manners, few species are liable to the same extent of variation, and
many apparently to none at all.
Of course it must be understood that originally these hereditary peculiarities
have been acquired through some accident, or by the force of surrounding con-
ditions, and have in the course of generations become perpetuated in what is
termed a variable species, or in a race of individuals presenting appreciable differ-
ences from the typical form.
Second.—We have what may be called topographical influences ; influences
acting in greater or less degree on the fauna of a district through the nature of
the locality ; and among these the soil especially would appear to exert a potent
influence, since we find certain species varying according as they may have repro-
duced, generation after generation, on a chalky, peaty, gravelly, or other soil. This
cause may act indirectly through the vegetation of the respective districts which
doubtless undergoes some modification.
Next, we have food, and whatever influence this may exert must naturally be
through the larva; but of the fact that it does operate in various ways upon
the future imago we have ample proof. The colour of the perfect Tortrix viridana
is a familiar example of the power of food to produce variation in the imago, and
there are many other instances of so-called phytophagic species, races, or
varieties, chiefly among the Micro-Lepidoptera, which might be adduced.
It must not, however, be understood that, as a rule, changes of this kind are
wrought in one or even in ten generations. We see, too, alteration in the colour of
the larva brought about by the agency of food; thus in that of Hupithecia absyn-
thiata and of other species, there is a tendency to assume the tint of whatever
flower they may be feeding upon; and again, the colour of the silk of which the
cocoon of the Halias prasinana is formed, depends on whether the larva had pre-
viously fed on oak, hazel, &c. We see, too, that species single brooded on one plant
have a tendency to become double brooded on another, as in the case of Orgyia
gonostigma reared respectively on oak and willow or sallow. And, finally, with
respect to that unsatisfactory pet of the variety breeder—Arctia caja—many dark
specimens have been attributed to the agency of coltsfoot, lettuce, and other
pabula; but the late Peter Bouchard used to say of one of his best varieties of
“the tiger,” that he could account for it in no other way than that the beast must
have lunched off some bread and cheese which had accidentally fallen into its den.
Then come causes of variation produced by the action of light (upon the
larval and pupal stages especially), through which it is averred the future imago
is rendered darker or paler, according as this influence may have been intense and
prolonged, or nearly wanting, and of short duration. It is certainly worth the
while of the variety-breeder to act upon and test the value of light as an agent in
causing variation.
And, lastly, we come to those influences which operate chiefly upon the pupa ;
of these, perhaps, the atmospheric hold the foremost place, and under these may
be classed what may be denominated the “ thermic,” causing retardation or ac-
celeration of the completion of this stage; and this, like other causes of variation,
; appears to affect the individuals of certain species more than of others ; for while,
204: (February,
on the one hand, it is affirmed that the imago of Pieris rape is unaffected by the F
length of duration of the pupa state (the pups which should produce the peculi-
arities of the so-called spring brood doing so whether the perfect insects emerge
before or after the pupal hybernation), it is equally patent, on the other hand, that
the corresponding brood of Selenia illustraria is considerably modified by the length
of time which is passed in the pupa state, those pupze which hybernate producing
what is termed the spring brood, those which do not, the so-called ‘‘ second summer
brood,” the latter in nowise differing from the ordinary summer brood. Again, by
similar agency, we may, as a rule, account for the greater darkness in tint and
markings of many northern, and especially Scotch, Lepidoptera, as compared with
corresponding southern types, since many species double-brooded in the south are
single-brooded in the north, and others which here pass but one winter in the pupa
stage are apt, in the north, to remain in that state over a second winter, or even
for a longer period. Dampness and dryness, too, may be added as atmospheric
influences acting chiefly on the pupa.
Glancing back, therefore, we see that the would-be variety-breeder has the
option of certain lines of action towards the end he has in view. First and
foremost, he may, by judicious selection of the parent stock, enhance his future
chances of success, if not in the first, at any rate, in succeeding generations: he
may, if he be patient and of a peripatetic turn, avail himself of locality or soil ; or he
may bring to his aid the influences of food, light, heat, cold, moisture, &c.
It is here, perhaps, just as well to add that direct injuries, by any means
whatever, to non-vital parts, especially of the pupa, tend to produce variation, or
rather monstrosity, in the imago; but this hardly comes within the scope of variety
breeding; it is rather a connecting link between the legitimate art and those
ingenious delusions which may be classed as post mortem varieties, and which are
not infrequently indulged in by the unscrupulous, the sordid, and the envious—I
allude to such morbid practices as imitating varieties, or even rarities, by the aid of
the paint brush and wasted talent, the manufacture of hermaphrodites, the
clumsy artifice of dyeing by saffron and other agents, the conversion of greens
into orange, bleaching by exposure to strong light or the fumes of sulphur, &c.,—
impostures which are only mentioned to put the young entomologist on his guard,
and which may generally be pretty easily detected by means of the relaxing jar
and a strong lens.
(To be continued.)
Note on pairing im Phryganide.—It is generally believed that insects never
pair a second time, but the following observations go some way towards proving
that this belief is not absolutely correct.
One Tuesday afternoon, at about four o’clock, in the middle of October, I
captured four or five couples of Chetopteryx tuberculosa in coitu. When I got
home, I found them still united. Two pairs I placed under a glass shade with a
small aquarium, hoping I might get some eggs. The other couples I killed with
cyanide of potassium: these died without separating, and I was not surprised at
this, considering the shape of the intromittent organ ; but it made me all the more
surprised at what I have presently to mention. Ten hours after the capture, the
1867.] 205
pairs I kept alive were still im coitu. Seven hours later I found one of the pairs
had separated. I removed the united couple, and continued my observations on
the others. At eleven o’clock that night (Wednesday) I found the remaining
couple had re-united, and were again in coitu. They continued thus through the
whole of Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. On Saturday night they separated.
For some hours after the male was remarkably active, but the female was sluggish ;
both, however, died early on Sunday morning.—J. Geper, Cambridge, Dec., 1866.
Note on the food-plant, Sc., of Lycena Alsus.—L. Alsus is found in the neigh-
bourhood of Cambridge in several localities. The larva of this insect is generally
said to feed on Astragalus ; but in one place where it occurs I know there is no
Astragalus, and in another only the smaller species (A. hypoglottis) is to be found,
and that very sparingly. This made me curious to know what the larva fed on.
There is one leguminous plant which grows plentifully in the localities for this
butterfly, and which I thought would turn out to be the food-plant. This is
Anthyllis vulneraria, otherwise known as “ kidney-vetch,” “lady’s fingers,” or
“woundwort.” Anthyllis gets its name (generic) from the downy flower-heads
which characterize it: each legume being enclosed in an inflated hairy calyx. To
decide this question, I determined to watch the females deposit their eggs. On
June 27th, the perfect insect was out in great abundance, so I set to work to
discover its food-plant. I soon observed that they did not care much for the great
masses of Anthyllis, but rather chose to settle upon the scattered flowers of this
and other plants. Presently, however, I saw one settle on a flower-head of
Anthyllis which showed no yellow blossoms. I remained perfectly still. It walked
down between the flower-buds, and dragged its body between the wooly calyces ;
all round the flower-head it went, and then turned up its body and flew off to
another head. Here there were two or three blossoms just open, but it seemed
to go through the same process. Upon gathering the flower-heads, I found in each
case a single egg laid between the downy calyces. This I saw repeated many
times. The insect showed great discrimination in the flower-heads she chose;
often she settled on one, walked round it, then flew off to another, and sometimes to a
third before she was satisfied. Never did she seem to be content unless there were
some buds on the head; at any rate, I particularly noticed that she avoided those
where the blossoms had faded, leaving the calyx, the first food of the larva, dry.
Twice I saw what I took to be a female settle on the flower-head of Hippocrepis :
in one case the insect remained some time, but in neither case was there any egg.
The eggs were of a glaucous hue, and under the microscope were found to be most
perfectly reticulated; the meshes which stood out in relief were not hexagonal as
in L. Egeria, but perfectly rhombical, and knotted at the junction of their angles,
They hatched on the sixth day (July 3rd). The larvae began by eating the hairy
calyx, then they passed into it and fed on the legume, and finally, upon that
becoming dry, they crept down the flower-stalks, and perished in the water that
was used to keep the flower-heads fresh.
In a second locality, I found that Anthyllis was the food-plant of L. Alsus; and
though I must not be understood to give undue weight to the fact, still it is worth
mentioning, that A. vulneraria, like L. Alsus, is not confined to chalk or limestone,
though it always prefers dry sunny places.—Ib.
206 (Febru d
Note on the number of eggs in Cerwia vinula and Smerinthus ocellatus.—
C. vinula found in coitu on the afternoon of June 7th. Less than six hours after-—
wards the female commenced laying eggs, which proved to be fertile. She died
after depositing 32 eggs; but upon dissection, I found 236 eggs undeposited,—so
the total number was 268.
8. ocellatus found in coitu at 1.30 p.m. on June 9th. Four hours afterwards I
found two eggs had been laid. She continued to lay for several days (at least five
days), laying in all 351 eggs—all fertile. Upon examination, I found 38 eges
undeposited, making in all a total of 389.
In the above instances, the sexes separated through fright immediately upon
capture.—Ib. :
Sphine ligustri feeding on holly.—As some notices of the discovery of the larva
of this insect on holly have recently appeared in the ‘‘ Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine” (vide pp. 137, 163), it may perhaps be worth while to add another
instance to those already known of its making that shrub its food. I extract the
following from one of my note books :—“ Sept. 11th, 1865. Found a privet hawk-
moth caterpillar on holly at Fursdon,’ Egg Buckland, near Plymouth. So far as
my observations go, the ash, privet, and laurustinus generally constitute its food ;
less frequently the lilac. So long ago as 1724, Eleazar Albin, in his curious old
“Natural History of Insects,” remarks that, besides being found on the lilac, it
also feeds on “privet, holly, and Phillyrea.”’—T. R. Arncuer Bricas, 10, Torrington
Place, Plymouth, December 17th, 1866.
Note on Dianthecia capsophila and Tapinostola elymi.—I noticed a remark by
Mr. Birchall (ante p. 106), who states that only four species of Dianthecia occur in
Britain. I desire to record that I have bred D. capsophila from larvee collected in
North Wales, near Conway. I have also had the good fortune to capture T. elymi
this last season, but I reserve the exact whereabouts for the present.—JOSEPH
CHAPPELL, 18, Sheffield Street, Hulme, Manchester, 24th December, 1866.
Lepidoptera at Guestling, near Hastings, in 1866.
March 28th.—Eriogaster lanestris, six bred ; Hoporina croceago, a few at sallow;
Xylocampa lithorhiza, one specimen at sallow; several on walls of Rectory on
April 8th.
April 7th.—Teniocampa gracilis, local, but plentiful,—this seems to appear the
last of the commoner Teniocanpe,—at sallow.
April 23rd.—C. ridens, one specimen on a tree trunk, one at sugar.
May 7th.—Eupithecia ivriguata, on the trunk of a tree, a very fine specimen.
May 18th.—Phytometra cnea, very brightly coloured; Ephyra pendularia,
common; Platypteryx falcula, scarce; P. lacertula, not uncommon.
May 26th.—Acidalia subsericeata, common; Macaria notata, local, but rather
plentiful ; Ephyra punctaria, rather scarce, three specimens ; Eupithecia pulchellata,
nice series bred, and some larvee found.
May 29th.—Ephyra porata,not very common. All the species of Ephyra have
occurred here except HL. orbicularia. ,
1867.) 207
May 30th.—Trochiliwm cynipiforme, 2, one specimen, on coppice oak.
May 31st.—Eupisteria heparata, several in one locality ; Hmmelesia decolorata,
with preceding.
June 2nd-12th.—Corycia temerata, one specimen ; Camptogramma fluviata, one
specimen; Arctia villica, two specimens ; Selenia lunaria, one specimen ; Limacodes
testudo, one specimen; Lobophora sexalata, two specimens ; Eupithecia centawreata,
one specimen.
June 14th.—Agrotera nemoralis, one worn specimen ; Cymatophora fluctwosa,
one specimen. Last yearI recorded this latter species in error, as the specimens
were only C. duplaris. I have now met with it.
June 15th.—Tephrosia extersaria, one specimen.
June 20.—Scotosia undulata, one specimen.
June 28th.—Asthena sylvata, one specimen, at Fairlight.
June 29th.—Phorodesma bajularia, one specimen; Herminia derivalis, one
specimen. I took another specimen on July 14th, at light.
July 16th.—Lithosia complana, probably not uncommon : apt to be passed by
as L. complanula ; Geometra papilionaria, two specimens.
July 17th to 27th—Cidaria picata, two specimens; Melanippe unangulata,
one specimen; Pseudopterpna cytisaria, one specimen, at Fairlight ; Hndotricha
flammealis, very common, in a heathy wood, at Fairlight ; Epione apiciaria, one
specimen ; Eup. succentwriata, one specimen.
August 4th.—Triphena fimbria, one specimen.
August 13th.—G@nophos obscurata, one specimen, at Fairlight.
August 25th.—Macaria notata, one specimen. Is not this a second brood ?
Last year I took five specimens in August.
September 30th.—Acherontia Atropos, reared from a larva taken at Fairlight.
I have omitted two insects which, perhaps,I ought to have mentioned. E.
plumbeolata, which is common here, and A. inornata, of which I met with one
specimen this year, and one last; in neither instance do I know the dates.
All the above, with the two exceptions mentioned, were taken in, or on the
borders of, a wood close to the Guestling Rectory. All that are not marked
otherwise, were taken by mothing.—E. N. BLoomFrExp, Guestling Rectory, Hastings,
Janwary 12th, 1867.
Cosmia pyralina in Suffolk.—I secured a specimen of this species last season at
Great Glenham, in Suffolk. Some years ago I used to take it not uncommonly in
my own neighbourhood at light.—Ib.
New locality for Epione advenarva.—While entomologizing in that part of the
country which lies between Dorking and Guildford, I had the good fortune to find
a new locality for this scarce species. In a fir wood, situated not far from the
village of Ewhurst, where the ground is covered throughout with the whortle-
berry, I found this species, together with F. piniaria, in great abundance, the one
as plentiful as the other; Hypena crassalis was not scarce, and I also secured a
specimen of Halias prasinana and of Ellopia fasciaria. Commoner species, such as
F. atomaria, I. lactearia, A. remutata, L. marginata, &e., were of course, there also,
at the time of my visit.
208 (February,
In the same district, I have this year met with P. bajularia, E. coronata, P.
syringaria, in lanes; Thera juniperata, and C. flwiata, on the ivy. At sugar,
Xanthia awrago, cerago, and silago, Hoporina croceago, Ennomos fuscantaria ; and a
singular Noctua, of which I have not yet found out the name, and I noticed, on
one particular lime tree, abundance of the larvee of X. citrago, each larva having a
rolled-up leaf as its habitat ; I also noticed that the period for these larve to be
in their cocoons was of somewhat longer duration than for most other Noctwa,—five
weeks being the chosen time to rest their wearied limbs and jaws before undergoing
the change. After all, the specimens bred were not so fine, in any respect, as
those found in a natural state, 7. e., sitting idly (by night) on the leaves and twigs
of the lime tree.—S. Cannine, 51, St. George’s Square, Belgravia.
Description of the larva of Cucullia umbratica.—To the kindness of the
Rev. Hugh A. Stowell and Mr. Greening, I am greatly obliged for examples of
the larvae of this species, and interesting details of their early history. The first
named gentleman captured a 2 at honeysuckle, that laid a large number of eggs
on the 11th of last July, and in five days they were hatched, and fed well on sow-
thistles (Sonchus).
Unlike the sun-loving habits of others of the genus, these larva evinced a
great aversion to light, and always hid themselves by day, reposing under the lower
leaves of the sow-thistles, and at night ascending and feasting on the upper leaves
and flowers.
Those reared from eggs were full fed by the 25th of August, and the others by
the 8rd of September, and were kept separately and well supplied with earth; but
instead of making subterranean cocoons, they spun silken threads amongst the
flower buds of the sow-thistles, attaching them to the tops of their cages, and
spinning under the buds a few threads, forming a loose and open kind of hammock,
in which they changed to pupe..
One individual chose a leaf, curved downwards and secured to the stem beneath
by a few threads, amongst which it underwent its transformation.
The pups were smooth and reddish-brown, with the tips of the wing-cases
projecting a little, and the anal point considerably.
The larve, when viewed from above, tapered but very little anteriorly or
posteriorly, excepting the last segment only, which was rather elongated, and
depressed at an obtuse angle with the other segments. The chief variation, indi-
vidually, consisting of the more or less suffusion of black, and of the degree of
dullness or brilliancy of the ground colour. Amongst them three examples will
amply suffice for description, the others being intermediate and connecting.
Var. 1. Ground colour bright ochreous-yellow, with an elaborate blackish-
brown raised and granulated arabesque pattern of curves and angles on the back ;
the sides equally intricate, but linear and wavy in character. The dorsal stripe is
represented by bare double triangular spaces of the ground colour at the segmental
divisions, and on the last segment as a central stripe. The sub-dorsal is indicated
by a very thin undulating line of the ground colour, and on the anal segment
abruptly widening into a very broad stripe, tapering to a point ab the extremity.
The head dull black ; a dull blackish-brown plate on the second segment, with
'
1867.] 209
three small spots of the ground colour on its front edge. Tubercular dots and
spiracles black, also the anterior legs and prolegs; the latter with a ring of white
above their extremities.
Var. 2. Ground colour brilliant orange-ochreous, visible in spots at the seg-
mental divisions along the centre of the back, and in narrow streaks along the
sub-dorsal region, a much interrupted line along the spiracles, and a row of spots
and blotches on the side just above the legs (the largest blotches being above the
anterior legs), and three broad stripes meeting at the end of the anal flap ; all the
rest blackish.
Var. 3. Ground colour dull brownish-ochreous, seen as dorsal, sub-dorsal,
and lateral stripes, on the third and fourth segments with little interruptions, and
on other segments only the faintest traces of them, excepting the anal, which is
marked similarly to those previously described, and the dorsal stripe merely as a
triangular spot at the end of the intermediate segments ; all the rest of the body
dull brownish-black, and each spiracle placed in a swelling blotch of intense and
rather shining-black.—Wwa. BuckLer, Emsworth.
Notes on Micro-Lepidoptera occurring at Haslemere.—At a short distance from
here there is a swampy copse, consisting principally of alder, sallow, and birch
bushes, with plenty of brambles, rushes, and high tussocks of sedge, and cut up in
every direction, but to very little purpose, with drains. Here, on May 18th last, I
found Micropterye mansuctella and Allionella pretty commonly, with calthelia in
abundance, all flitting among, and settling upon, the rushes and culms of sedge,
keeping generally in the shadow of the high bushes, not in the sunshine.
At the end of the month, I visited the spot again, and then found the same
species, all crowding upon the sedge blossoms, where they were joined by
Thunbergella.
Glyphipteryx oculatella was also common, dancing merrily about the open
places late in the afternoon, and settling on the rushes; and a few Elachista
ochréella occurred among the sedge.
For three weeks I was prevented from going there again, but on June 21st
and 26th found oculatella still common, but worn; and also obtained Phowxopterya
diminutana, Choreutis scintillulana, Nemophora metawella, Laverna lactéella, Buccu-
latrix cidarella, and, I believe, Nepticula intimella.
On May 31st J found, in another damp place by the railway embankment,
Micropteryx mansuetella, swarming on the blossoms of Luzula pilosa, with calthella
in hundreds; and just on the other side of the railway, had the good fortune to take
Incurvaria tenwicornis flying after sunset, and just by, Coleophora graminicolella*
was flitting in numbers among the grass and Inula.
In various woods I found the Luzula blossoms covered with Micropteryx
calthella, which also frequented flowers of Mercurialis perennis, while mansuetella
was not to be found at all on that plant.
Nemotiis minimellus was very common late in August, among flowers in open
places in the woods, and two or three times I noticed it flying in little swarms over
flowers of Centawrea and Stachys.
Psoricoptera gibbosella, bred from oak leaves rolled lengthwise into tubes.
* See Entomologist’s Annual, 1867, p. 164.
210 [February
Oncocera ahenella was rather common in June in some rough fields on the side —
of a hill, and was almost invariably to be found among Hieraciwm pilosella, though
after a flight it would sometime settle on fern. Unless the sun was shining, it —
was hardly possible to disturb a specimen, and, when put up, catching it was
no easy matter, as it would dart straight away to a good height, as though intending
to fly a long distance, and then, making an acute angle, return to within a short
distance of where it started. But these movements, from its shining metallic”
apearance, were by no means easy to follow. The specimens varied from pale drab
to deep pinkish grey.
Acrobasis consociella, bred from larvae which draw together the leaves of
terminal shoots of oak into bunches.
Mizodia Schulziana, not scarce among heath at Woolmer Forest, Hants,—the
most southern locality for it of which I have heard.—C. G. Barrett, Haslemere,
November, 1866.
®
' A list of captures of Lepidoptera in 1866, on the eastern extremity of the
Cotswolds. (Concluded from page 184.)
July 1st.—B. rhomboidaria bred from larva feeding on ivy. 2nd. E. bipunctaria
and T. Janthina abundant; A. Galathea, very plentiful. 4th. A. triplasia, at
sugar. 7th. C. prunata and N. c-nigrum, plentiful; P. Alsus, new to this locality.
8th. A. villica, a curious specimen, with the tips of fore-wings nearly white, bred
from larva from Southsea; P. iota, scarce here. 11th. I. vernaria, larva taken at
Malvern. 14th. C. diffinis and L. complanula, the former sometimes common in
the larva state. 18th. C. cytherea, abundant at light and sugar. 20th. A. imitaria
and S. cambricaria, common. 21st. A. pyramidea, bred from larva on oak and
sallow. 30th. A. ornata, two specimens; S. dubitata.
August 2nd.—W. fulva, abundant in one corner of ameadow. 38rd. HL. wpiciaria.
Oth. G.libatric. 15th. S.ilustraria, one specimen at Malvern. 18th. P. lignata,
abundant. 19th. H. sylvinus. 24th. P. fuliginosa, second brood.
September 7th. T. crategi, one at light. 8th. H. popularis, at light. 10th.
E. cervinaria, bred. 12th. A. Wwnosa, at light and sugar. 13th. A. aprilina and
C. miata. 25th. P. flavocincta, at sugar. 29th. G. flawago, at light.
October 3rd.—H. micacea, at light. 8th. O. lota, at sugar. 13th. H.pennaria,
at light. 25th. P. populi, bred.
November Ist.—P. cassinea, at light.
Tn addition to these, I have taken the following, without being sure of the
dates :—A. pyrophila, 4at sugar; A. cinerea, 2 at light; [. cespitis, 1 at light ;
A. aquilina, 2 at light; also A. ravida and A. obelisca.—K. Hatietr Topp,
Northleach, Gloucestershire.
Notes on the transformations of Leucophasia sinapis.—For eggs of this species
Lam indebted to the kindness of Mr. C. G. Barrett; and it has been with no
ordinary pleasure that I have watched its transformations ; for the insect has
always been a favourite of mine ever since I began collecting—now some ten
year's ago.
1867.) Die
The eggs seem to be deposited singly; in shape they are cylindrical, very
long, standing erect on one end, the upper end coming to a point, which is curved
a little to one side (reminding one somewhat of the shape of a cucumber), ribbed
longitudinally—about four ribs appearing in any one view: colour a glistening
yellowish-white.
The larva when full-grown is about #-inch in length; head globular, rather
smaller than second segment; body cylindrical, tolerably uniform in bulk, but
tapering very gently towards the tail; anal flap terminating squarely, and under
it appearing two very small blunt points: the skin wrinkled—with six folds to each
segment, covered uniformly (but not densely), with very fine, short, whitish down.
Colour a beautiful green, the front segments minutely dotted with black; dorsal
line darker green, edged with yellowish-green; spiracular line distinct, of a fine,
clear yellow, edged above with darker green ; spiracles undistinguishable, belly and
legs translucent green.
When tho larva is about to spin, it fastens itself, with the head upwards, to a
stem of its food-plant by a little webbing at the head and the tail, and a thread
round the fore part of the body ; and at first it rests quite flat on the stem; after
some hours, it raises its back, and bends itself into a bow, the head and tail still
fastened to the stem, and the thread round the body being much stretched ; in this
position it remains about two days, when it casts its skin for the last time (the
threads which fasten down the head apparently being attached only to the larva
skin), and becomes a pupa. The pupa when arrived at its full colour is very
beautiful. In shape it is slender, very acutely pointed at the head, not so acutely
at the tail; the wing-cases projecting in a swelling curve to nearly twice the width
of the body, and meeting in a blunt ridge; the head is thrown back, and the pupa
rests with the wing-cases touching the stem, fastened by the tail, and the thread
round the body. The skin is semi-transparent; the colour a lovely delicate green ;
the abdomen rather yellowish: just in the spiracular region there runs all round
the body a stout pink rib, enclosing the greenish spiracles: from this a strong pink
line branches off, bordering the outer edge of each wing-case; and the nervures of
the wings themselves are delicately outlined in pink.
I received some eggs on August 2nd, and again.on September 1st. The larvae
appeared respectively on August 8th and September 6th; full fed on September
26th and November 8th; in pupa September 29th and November 8th. The food
chosen was either Vicia cracca or Orobus tuberosus; but not both.—Rerv. J. HELLINS.
Caprices of Chelonia caja.—I have just completed the interesting occupation of
setting October imagos of this species, thereby advancing its right to be considered,
in some measure, double-brooded.
They were reared from ova deposited last July. Between fifty and sixty larve
fed up in their accustomed manner, and are now of the usual size, save five, which
outstripped the rest, and grew rapidly on a mixed diet, of which Tagetes erecta,
(African Marigold) formed their “piéce de résistance.” Theyspun their shroud about the
last week in September, and four of them have emerged (the fifth appearing, on
examination, to be drying up), one, a very small g, and three 2. All the three 2
have produced masses of eggs, probably barren ones, for the ¢ would seem too
>
punily inadequate to aspire to the dignity of a “ paterfamilias.” He is the smallest,
212 [ February,
most perfectly marked “Tiger Tim” conceivable; and now when set, barely an
inch in expanse from tip to tip, and about six lines from points of palpi to anal tuft.
His wings, though perfect and marked according to custom, are scarcely in propor-
tion to the body, although, when prepared for the cabinet, the little gentleman was
five days old. There is no characteristic departure from the normal type to speak
of, in the ladies. Should their eggs prove fertile, we should thus at once
have before us the egg, the larva, the pupa, and the imago—three of them at
unaccustomed periods—illustrating, during a humid and almost sunless season, a
condition of insect life much nearer the equator. In this case it is unnecessary to
observe that there was no “ forcing” of any kind, the natural and the precocious
larveo having been reared together ander precisely similar conditions of light, at-
mosphere, locality, parentage, and food-plant. It will be interesting to a high degree
to discover which of these five influences is the most important agent in effecting the
strange aberrations exemplified by this and other species. A slight attention to
the science of optics in reference to Chromatology would persuade to the belief
that “light” was an important agent in these variations. It would not be difficult
to prove “ theoretically” that it was an all-sufficient cause. But, in these practical
times, “‘ demonstration” is gradually displacing “theory,” and evidence is happily
becoming more important than argument. In C. caja it is possible entomologists
may have an easy opportunity of practically proving if light have or have not material
influence on Jepidopterous ornamentation, I venture to believe that I have, this
past season, confirmed my previous impressions that it has; and I am now repeat-
ing my previous experiments on a larger scale, the results of which it will afford
me gratification to be permitted to make known. Speaking generally, I feel con-
vinced, from observations already made, that insects subjected during their growth
and transformations to much light, would, as a rule, be darker; and those reared
in the shade lighter than the normal individual. I should feel very grateful for
any communication, pro or con, from those who may have already reared conspicuous
varieties, or who may be induced to do so. For instance, information relating to
the condition of the breeding cage would be interesting , if covered in from, or
capable of admitting much of, the solar light ; on what food-plant the larva chiefly
fed; if a captured specimen, the sort of soil from whence it came; and any other
circumstance contributing, in the estimation of the writer, to the result in
question.
Tn conclusion I may describe a most singular var. of C. caja, 1 have had the
good fortune to add to my series this season; a wild g captured last July at
Woodford, in Essex ; and which, from information kindly forwarded by Mr. Double-
day and other authorities, may be considered almost unique. Let my readers figure
to themselves a male of the average size; the thorax and body of the common type;
the superior wings entirely cream-white; the lower wings rosy-crimson, with all
the usual blue-black markings orange-yellow, except in the upper semi-lunar spot of
the right lower-wing, in the midst of which is visible a blue-black atom, formed by
about seven of the scales still retaining their accustomed tint; and it will be
scarcely possible to imagine a greater sacrifice of “‘ pigmentwm nigrum,” short of its
utter annihilation. It would be most interesting to know the conditions under
which this extraordinary example was produced. Surely something more than
locality and food-plant was at work !—Eb. Horiry, 14, South Bank, Regent’s Park,
October 30th, 1866.
1867.) 213
Hermaphrodite Trichiwra crategi.—The following as yet unpublished description
of a hermaphrodite Gastropacha (Trichiwra) crategi occurs in a letter, dated
December 15th, 1866, addressed to me by my esteemed friend, Herr Ch. Haury, of
Prague; but, as the specimen has since then changed hands, I am unable to say in
whose collection it is now.
Herr Haury writes,—‘‘ One of my entomological friends here has bred this
season a specimen of Gastropacha cratcegi, the right ahtenna of which, as well as
the exact right half of the body, and the right wings, are male, whilst the whole left
side is female. The anal organs are, also, male on the right, and female on the left.
* The difference in the wings are very great, as the male side is much darker
than the female one; the right male half of the abdominal segments is black,
whilst the left female half is simply pale grey.
“The larva did not appear to differ in any way from others of the species.”—
ALBERT MULLER, Penge, January 11th, 1867.
Captures in the Isle of Wight.—I beg to send the following notes. The captures
were made close to my residence (with the exception of M. Cinwia and A. luctuosa,
which were taken at Ventnor).
At sallow blossom :—2 D. rubiginea, 5 T. miniosa, 4 T. gracilis, 2 X. petrificata,
and hosts of commoner species.
Bred :—E. lanestris, A. villica, C. vinula, 8. tiliw, and lots of common moths.
LT also bred Cinwia and Artemis.
Taken with net :—V. maculata, E. lineolata, A. citraria, A. luctuosa, B. trifolii,
L. quercifolia, M. Cinwia, A. luctuosa, Hoporina croceago, and 8. wrorella (Edusa did
not put in an appearance.)
At ivy blossom I was fortunate enough to secure 6 D. rubiginea, and several
other good things.
Among my best captures were two curious varieties of H. Janira, one having
the centre of all the wings a pure pearly-white, and the other having the wings
of one side (the right) marked in the same manner.
I got only one specimen of A. Atropos this season ; last season I could count
them by dozens.
I saw a fine specimen of CO. Celerio while at the ivy blossom; it came to my
lamp, but, being upon a ladder at the time, I was unable to secure it.—JameEs
Incram, St. Helen’s Schools, Nettlestone, Ryde, Isle of Wight, Dec. 11th, 1866.
Curious locality for Acari.—At Gosforth, in August last, I caught a number of
water bugs of the genus Coriva, and was a good deal surprised, when I came to
mount them, to find several specimens infested by Acari. The parasites were
lodged on the upper surface of the abdomen, beneath the wings ; they were minute,
bright red creatures, and quite unknown to me. One of the Coriva (semistriata)
had, in addition to several of the mites, what I take to be an oval egg sack, of
sufficient size to hold a good number even of the perfect creatures.
Both hemelytra of this Coriza are punctured through the centre of their
corium, and the holes appear to be of old standing, their edges being smooth
and blackened. Can these holes have been made by the mites, for facility of
ingress and egress to their strange dwelling place?—Tuos, Jno. Boup, Long Benton,
December 26th, 1866.
214 | February,
Winter captures of Coleoptera at Wimbledon.—I briefly note the results of three
hurried excursions (about an hour each) to one of my old localities here,—a pond
near the windmill,—as shewing that the combined influences of drainage, bricks
and mortar, volunteer camps, and perpetual rifle-shooting, have failed to destroy
the entomological value of this well-known spot. All my captures were made by
cutting tufts, &c., at the edge of the aforesaid pond; exposed the while to the
peculiarly searching blasts that course unchecked over the expanse of the open
common.
Lamprinus saginatus, 8. In company with Tachyporus chrysomelinus, to which
it bears anabsurd resemblance. A question for mimetic-analogists : which of these
beetles mimics the other,—and why? Has the Lamprinus an intuitive perception
that the Tachyporus is so common that no Coleopterist would knowingly bottle it ?
Stenus longitarsis, Thoms.,2 g and1?. This is the place where, years ago,
I first took this rare insect, then known as “small ater,’ and which has recently
been found in other parts of the continent besides Sweden.
8. lustrator, ¢. The Wimbledon examples agree with those from Shirley in
differing from the fen specimens through their shorter elytra and the degree of
darkness suffused at the apex of their femora; they cannot, however, I think be
specifically separated from the latter.
S. canaliculatus ; S. cicindeloides, 1 or 2 ¢ (which sex, as noted by Hrichson, I
always find very rare) ; Mycetoporus lepidws, in numbers, chiefly the dark var. ;
Tachyporus transversalis, common, and now apparently migrated from the far
distant Kiesenwetteri locality ; T. scitulus.
Evesthetus leviusculus, 12. Calodera riparia. Aleochara brevipennis. Hister
neglectus, 2. Anchomenus sexpunctatus, 3.
A. versutus, 12. Readily distinguishable from A. vidwus,—which occurs with
it, and by which it is often represented in collections,—by its smaller size, broader
and shorter thorax, flat interstices, and much less robust legs and antenna.
Stenolophus dorsalis, several specimens. These Wimbledon examples vary
much in size (some being scarcely larger than S. lwidus), and more in colour,
exhibiting intermediate grades between almost entirely testaceous and pitchy-
black, with a lighter humeral patch to the elytra,—the latter extreme, indeed,
closely simulating S. meridianus. The entirely pitchy-black, or psewdo-derelictus
form, has not been found by me.
Last year I found here one example of Anisodactylus binotatus, var. (?)
atricornis ; my two specimens of which (apart from the marked and, apparently,
constant characters of lesser size and darker colour attributed to this insect) have
the outer apex of the elytra distinctly more deeply sinuate than in the supposed type
form ; a character much relied upon for specific separation in the Harpalide by the
late Dr. Schaum, but which alone does not seem to afford anything like a safe
guide.—E. C. Ryn, 284, King’s Road, Chelsea, January, 1867.
Newspaper Entomology.—The following little gem, from the Times of the 10th
January, may have escaped the notice of some of our readers.
“Tue PoraTro AND ITs Parasitrs.—It is stated in La Patrie that ‘The
“microscope reveals to us the existence of a small black spot, of the diameter of a
“‘pin’s head, in the potato, In this small space can be detected some 200 ferocious
es
1867.) 215
“animals of a coleopteric form, which bite and tear each other with continued
“fury. It is easy to comprehend the potato disease when such an intestine warfare
‘is raging.”
It is a pity that this paragraph did not appear before the publication of the
Ent. Annual for 1867 ; since a portion of it, viz., “in this small space can be detected
some 200 * * animals of a coleopteric form,’ might have been utilized as a
motto for that little volume, instead of the Tupperian quotation. The concluding
part of the same sentence might, also, be considered as an exaggeration of those
amantium ire which so often (alas !) disturb the entomologist’s mind.—Ib.
Notes on Coleoptera from the French “ Annales,” &.—M. Lucas, in the last
trimestre of the Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 442, records the capture, in the wooded
district near Harfleur, of very bright and light-coloured specimens of Geotrupes
vernalis, with the thorax either impunctate, or, at most, only slightly punctulated
on the disc. On the sandy flats of Lion-sur-Mer he finds the ordinary dark
specimens, with distinctly and densely punctured thorax; and enquires whether
this variation be owing to the conditions attending the different localities. M.
Grenier appears to have found the brilliant form inland, far from the sea. From
the publication of such a trivial note in the French “ Annales,” and from M. Lucas’
terming the bright insect a very curious variety, which he has only found in that
part of Normandy, I presume that these two forms, so long familiar to British
Coleopterists, and even specifically separated by Haworth, Stephens, and others,
are now for the first time known to French Entomologists. Haworth’s levis,
according to Stephens’ description, can only be considered as a synonym of
vernalis, as in it the thorax is thickly and coarsely punctured; Stephens’ vernalis
being the form with very obsoletely punctured thorax. I have taken both vars.
on Wimbledon Common; and Mr. Sharp recently found a very large number of
the insect with punctured thorax near Malvern, many of which were of extra-
ordinary brilliancy.
M. Chas. Brisout de Barneville, at p. 356 of the same part, in his list of new
Coleoptera from the Spanish excursion of the society, describes a Homalota (H.
glacialis) which, from its habitat and characters, must be very close to the
previously described H. eremita, mihi; it seems, however, to differ from the latter
chiefly in its obscure pubescence, and (compared with H. tibialis) its narrower
thorax. It is, also, apparently of considerably less size than H. eremita.
In the “Catalogue des Coléoptéres de ’Alsace et des Vosges,” by Messrs.
Wencker and Silberman (reviewed in “Jl Abeille,” Vol. IV., 1867, xlix.), M. Chas.
Brisout describes (p. 131) Ceuthorhynchus versicolor, which Mr. Crotch has informed
us is the insect known to us hitherto as C. quercicola; and also C. ewphorbie,
which, on the same authority, represents our (. erwe.
At p. 53 of the last-mentioned journal, M. de Marseul gives translations of the
diagnoses of M. Kutschera’s new species of Halticide, from the defunct Wiener Ent.
Monatschrift, including those described from British specimens, and already noticed
in these columns by Mr. C. Waterhouse; and, at p. 283, M. Allard, in his revision
of the same family, gives full characters for the Plectroscelis, hitherto known to us
as Sahlbergi (and abundant in marshy places on Wimbledon Common), but which,
as pointed out in another place, is the swbcwrulea of Kutschera (Wien. Monat, 1864,
346, 27). M. Allard, does not, however, note the difference in the length of the
antenne.—lIn.
216 [February, 1867.
Note on Scolytus intricatus:and Bembidium paludosum.—Last spring I visited
Dunham Park, and succeeded in discovering the larvae of Scolytus intricatus feeding
on the smaller branches of the oak. I secured an infested branch about 3 feet
long, and 1} inch in diameter, which, being rather decayed, with. the bark peeling
off, and about as crooked as an oak-stick could possibly be, attracted more attention
from non-entomological people in the street than was exactly agreeable,—rude
remarks being made as to my powers of selecting fire-wood. From this despised
twig I bred about 100 of the Scolytus in the following July.
During the last summer I visited the haunts of Bembidiwm paludosum. On
the first time, the day was cloudy, with occasional gleams of sunshine, and the
Bembidium ran very rapidly, but never took wing: on the second, however, the day
being bright and sunny, it was excessively alert; not only running rapidly, but
using its wings when hotly pursued.—JosepH CHAPPELL, Hulme, 24th Dec., 1866.
EntomotoeicaL Society or Lonpon, 7th January, 1867; Sir Joun LuBBock,
Bart., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
S. A. Davis, Esq., of Seven Sisters’ Road, Holloway, was elected a Subscriber.
Prof. Westwood exhibited a collection of butterflies, formed in Brazil by the
late Dr. Burchell; each specimen was carefully labelled as to locality. He remarked
that an examination of the Heliconide of this collection had almost induced him to
abandon his belief in the immutability of species, but promised to speak more
fully on the subject at a future meeting. He had been unable to look out examples
of mimicry in insects inhabiting different regions, but thought that the resemblance
between the humming-bird hawk-moth and the humming-birds offered an analogous
instance. Dr. Sharp considered that this resemblance was more apparent than
real, and was the result of the similar habits of the creatures, and not a case of
mimicry.
With respect to the humming-bird moth, Mr. McLachlan inquired if any
Member could offer an explanation of the propensity exhibited in this insect to
frequent walls, sand-banks, &c., far from herbage. In connection with this subject,
Mr. Smith said that a correspondent had once actually sent him the clay-nests of
bees, under the impression that they pertained to the moth!
Mr. Haton suggested that the habit might result from the extra heat afforded
by the walls, &c.* ‘
Mr. Eaton said that last season he had found a hornet’s nest in a bank, a very
unusual occurrence.
The Secretary read some notes, by Capt. Hutton, on the Japanese silk-worm.
Mr. Stainton communicated two papers, by Prof. Zeller, on the Crambina,
Pterophorina, &c., collected in Palestine (March to May, 1865) and Egypt (January
to April, 1864) by the Rev. O. Pickard Cambridge. Some of the insects were
exhibited.
Mr. Butler communicated a monograph of the genus Hestia, with descriptions
of forms not hitherto noticed, and remarks on the natural affinities of the Danaide.
* JT shall be glad if any of the readers of this Magazine can suggest any explanation of this peculiar
habit. The question has been asked more than once. Mr. Eaten’s suggestion is the most plausible
I have hitherto heard.—R, McLAcHian.
a
March, 1867.] 217
DESCRIPTION OF AN HITHERTO UNACKNOWLEDGED SPECIES OF
SCOPARIA (S. U“MELLA, DALE, M.S.).
BY H. G. KNAGGS, M.D., F.L.8.
ScoPaRIA ULMELLA, Dale, M.S.
Ale antice anguste, apicibus sub-acutis, costis sub-arcuatis ; pallide,
Susco nigroque sparsim irrorate ; lined primd arcuatd, late fusca ; stigmate
orbiculare sub-obsoleto ; stigmate claviformi lined primd confuso ; stigmate
reniformi perspicuo, 8-formi, flavido-ochraceo, fusco marginato ; lined
secundd costam versus quasi 3-formi, deinde serraté, ad marginemque
internum oblique deflecté ; umbris sub-terminalibus inconspicuis ; margi-
nibus apicalibus strigis punctisque sex vel septem notatis. Postice albide,
nitide, sub apicem leviter emarginate. Exp. alar. lin. 8.
From the members of the dubitalis (pyralella) group, to which
upon the whole it perhaps bears the
greatest affinity, S. wlmella is distin-
guished by the slender conformation
of its fore- and hind-wings.
The peculiarity of its renal stig-
ma, 8-shaped and filled in with ochre-
ous, at once separates it from the :
mercurella group. rien
To the coarctata group it bears Borparia simatic, ale. iia:
some resemblance in the form of the fore- and hind-wings, but it has
little else in common; the characters of the first line and its appurte-
nances, &c., forbidding any connexion with that group.
It will therefore be seen that S. wlmella has a facies peculiar to
itself, of which the most striking points are the long narrow fore-wings
with slightly acute apices—the well-defined broad arched (concavely
facing the base) first line, in which two of the stigmata are pretty
nearly absorbed—the very characteristic renal stigma, 8-shaped and
filled in with ochreous—the apical margin furnished with dots and
dashes—the shape of the hind-wings, which are comparatively long, and
slightly emarginate just below their apices.
Of this interesting little species Mr. Dale took three examples on
the 18th of July, 1844, on a wych elm trunk in a thick wood at Hast
Meon, adjoining Bordean Hanger (Captain Chawner’s estate). One of
these, which Mr. Dale presented to the late Mr. Curtis, is now un-
fortunately in Australia ; the other two are in Mr. Dale’s own cabinet.
Kentish Town, February 2nd, 1867.
218 [March,
AN ESSAY TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH HOMOPTERA.
BY THE REV. T. A. MARSHALL, M.A.
(Continued from page 200.)
Genus Euprrerrx, Curt.
1.—Hupterysx albostriellus, Fall.
Flavus vel albidus; pronotum vittis 2, hemelytra vittis 3 longi-
tudinalibus aureo-citrinis. Alarum nervi longitudinales 4, quartus
abbreviatus. Abdomen flavum, vel nigrum incisuris flavis. Pedes
flavi. 9. Long. 13; alar. exp. 4 lin.
Cicada albostriella, Fall., Hem., Pt. 2, p. 54.
Typhlocyba id., Flor, R. L., 2, p. 382.
Cicadula elegantula, Zett., Ins. Lapp., p. 298.
Var. a.—Unicolorous, without orange-coloured stripes, apex of the
corium, and the membrane, fuscescent: 7. fulveola, H. Sch., D. Ins.,
16416 9°
Var. b.—Similar, but of a much deeper yellow; the wings also
dusky. In one instance the hemelytra are entirely clouded with dusky,
except at the base.
Var. c.—Pronotum and scutellum broadly brown; hemelytra
pearly white, with yellow lines, and a transverse fuscous spot on the
inner margin. ZL. Wahlbergi, Boh., Handl., 1845, p. 42.—Hupt. fasciata,
Curt., B. E., 640, No. 3 (not of Brit. Mus. Coll., which is #. parvulus,
Boh.).—¥Z. vitrea, Walk., Cat. of Homopt., 42.
I believe also at present that Z. rubs and TZ. eximia, Hardy, Tynes.
Trans., 1, 417, belong to this species, although the latter is represented
in the Brit. Mus. by the roseate variety of Z. citrinellus, Zett.
Very common on oaks, elms, and other trees, throughout the
country.
2.—LKupteryx citrinellus, Zett.
Sulphureus; hemelytra hyalina, clavo coriique margine externo
late citrinis vel flavis: sed hee pictura interdum obsolescit. Vertex
Deltocephali, triente brevior quam pronotum. Abdomen nigrum, basi
et apice flavum, ¢ ; vel tantum dorso medio nigrum, ?. Pedes flavi.
Long. 1-13; alar. exp. 3 lin.
Var.—The yellow replaced by a faint rosy tint, or flesh-colour.
Cicada citrinella, Zett., Fn., Lapp. 1, 536.
Typhlocyba id., Flor, R. L., 2, p. 386.
Cicadula gracilis, Zett., Ins., Lapp., p. 299.
Dikraneura variata, Hardy, Tynes. Trans., 1, 428.—Specimens
under this name are in the British Museum.
1867] 219
Locally common among grasses: Swithland woods, Leicestershire ;
sand hills near Deal; coast of Berwickshire, late in October, “in the
sea caverns on Geranium Robertianum” (Hardy).
3.—Lupteryx flavipennis, Zett.
Flavus; abdomen supra nigrum, incisuris flavis. Yertex ¢ rotun-
datus; @ sub-productus. Hemelytra flava, membrana corli apice,
maculaque prope marginem corii exteriorem elongata, fenestrata, hyalinis.
Long. 1-14; alar. exp. 33 lin.
Cicada flavipennis, Zett., Ins., Lapp., p. 292.
Typht. id., Flor, R. L., 2, p. 388.
It is not likely to be confounded with anything except flavescens,
Fab., and apicalis, Flor; both which species differ in having the abdo-
men wholly yellow. In marshy places, not very common.
4,—Euptery« viridulus, Fall.
Totus lete viridis, capite et pronoto obsolete albo striatis. Ocul
fusci. Hemelytra pellucida, viridia, immaculata. Ale hyaline, nervis
inconspicuis. ¢ 2. Long. 1}; alar. exp. 3 lin.
Cicada viridula, Fall., Hem., Pt. 2, p. 53.
Typhi. id., Flor, R. L., 2, p. 392.
Eupt. solani, Curt., in the Gardener’s Chronicle, 1846, p. 388,
and in Morton’s Cyclop. of Agriculture, vol. 1, p. 772, fig.
This is the “ potato frog-fly” of Curtis, stated (1. c.) to have appeared
in great profusion on that plant after the murrain of 1845. A case of
post but not propter. It is common, frequently abundant, everywhere,
in gardens, hedges, and fields, on many other plants beside the Solanwm.
5.—Hupteryx smaragdulus, Fall.
Viridis; vertex, pronotum, scutellum, fusco bilineata. Vertex
brevis, latus, medio non longior quam lateribus. Hemelytra aureo-
viridia; corium extus, clavus totus vel margine interiore, infuscata.
Frontis latera, pedes plus minus, cum oviductu femine, cerulea. Abdo-
men supra medio interdum nigricans. Alarum nervi fusci, conspicul.
Gee: Long. 14; alar. exp, 32 lin.
Cicada smaragdula, Fall., Hem., Pt. 2, p. 53.
Typhi. id., Flor, R. L., 2, p. 393.
Eupt. viridipes, Curt., B. E., 640, No. 9.
‘The fuscous markings vary in intensity, and are frequently absent,
probably in immature specimens. The short, broad vertex, greater
size, and different habitat, at once distinguish it from the preceding,
On willows and alders, common.
220 [March,
6.—Lupteryx flavescens, Fab.
Angustus, elongatus, totus pallide flavus. Vertex medio paulo
longior quam lateribus. Hemelytra abdomine multo longiora, pellucida;
membrana hyalina, nervis 3 longitudinalibus leviter incurvis, intus con-
vexis ; cellula media triangularis. Oculi post mortem, tarsi apice, fusci.
ae. Long. 13 ; alar. exp. 33 lin.
Cicada flavescens, Fall., Hem., Pt. 2, p. 53.
Typhi. id., Flor, R. L., 2, p. 394.
Larger and longer than Z. rose, and having only two, instead of
three, longitudinal alary nervures. Among the yellow immaculate
species there remains only apicalis with which it can be confounded.
Common on various trees, hazel, lime, elm, &c., until late in the autumn.
7.—Lupteryx apicalis, Flor.
Preecedenti persimilis. Vertex medio conspicue longior quam
lateribus. Pronotum sue postice latitudinis dimidio longius. Scutellum
angulis anticis rufescentibus. Corii spatium a margine exteriore ter-
tium spe hyalinum. Membrana, cum corii apice, infumata. ¢@ 9.
Var.—The clavus infuscated, and the apex of the hemelytra more
broadly clouded.
T. apicalis, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 396.
Taken near London, but on what tree I am unable to state.
Epping Forest; Thames Ditton.
8.— Hupteryx parvulus, Boh.
Flavus, abdomine nigro. Vertex maculis 2 rotundis, nigris, macula
etiam citrina, perobscura, antice inter has posita. Pronotum maculis 2
anticis, totidemque lateralibus, fuscis ; medio aut postice utrinque inter
has rufescens. Scutellum maculis 2 magnis, triangularibus, nigris.
Hemelytra pallida, pellucida; clavus rufuscens. Corium longitudi-
naliter rufo-fusco univittatum. Membrana vix fumata, unguibus fuscis.
die. Long. 1; alar. exp. 3 lin.
T. parvula, Boh., Handl., 1845, p. 46.—Flor. R. L., 2, p. 397.
T. 10-punctata, H. Sch., D. Ins., 124.
On hazel bushes, Epping Forest and Birch Wood ; not common.
9.—Lupteryx hyperici, H. Sch.
Flavus.— ¢ spe subrufescens ; scutellum apice nigro; abdomen
vitta dorsali longitudinali nigra.
Q pallidor; vertex macula magna, postice latiore, marginem
posticum attingente, nigra. Pronotum vitta media longitudinali lata
1867. j 221
nigro-purpurea. Scutellum apice nigrum ; linea maculeque 2 triangu-
lares baseos fusce vel nigre. Hemelytrorum clavus late sanguineus,
margo externus anguste niger. Als hyalinz ; pedes pallidi.
Long. ¢-1; alar. exp. 23 lin.
P. hyperici, H. Sch., D. Ins., 143. —Flor, R. L., 2, p. 398.
T. coronula, Boh., Handl., 1845, p. 44.
T. placidula, Stal, Ofv., 1853, p. 176.
I took a single pair on Hypericum perforatum in Swithland Woods,
Leicestershire, in August.
[Norr.—At page 199, line 8 from bottom, for ? read ¢.]
(To be continued.)
CORRECTIONS or ERRORS HITHERTO EXISTING 1n tur NOMENCLATURE
OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF THE GENUS NYMPHIDIUM.
BY ARTHUR G. BUTLER, F.Z.S.
1. In Mr. Doubleday’s ‘‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” p. 449,
n. 17, Nymphidium Orestes, Cramer, Pap. Exot., ii1., pl. 282, f. a, 6, is
queried as a male insect, whilst NW. Soranus, Cramer, Pap. Exot., iv.,
pl. 353, f. a, 6, is proposed as the female of it ; there can, however, be
no doubt that the figures of both Orestes and Soranus are taken from
female specimens.
The true male of Soranus, which we have in the National Collection,
resembles, in some measure, WN. Arctos, Hewitson, Exot. Butterf., 1.,
p- 118, pl. 57, f. 1 (1853). It is, however, of a lighter colour, and with
narrower and more elongate wings.
Judging from a somewhat shattered specimen of Soranus in the
Collection, I should say that it is sufficiently distinct to be separated
from Orestes; but even supposing it should prove to be only another
form of that insect, the name Orestes will have to be superseded by
that of Soranus, the latter being undoubtedly the older title.
2. The female of Nymphidium Lamis, Cramer, Pap. Exot., iv.,
pl. 335, f. f/ g, both sexes of which are figured in Hiibner’s Samml.
Exot. Schmett. Band., ii., pl. 14, f 1-4, has been again represented in
the “ Genera” (pl. 73, f.5) as WV. Azan of Doubleday’s List. It is
not, however, the insect intended by Mr. Doubleday, but a new species,
which I thus characterize.
NYMPHIDIUM AZANOIDES, sp. noy. (Azan., Doubl., Ms.)
6. Ale supra fusce, fascia lata media communi alba extus sinuata,
anticarum triangulari ad nervulum discoidalem primum terminata ; linea
“
222 {March,
submarginali cinereo-albida undulata, aliisque maculas ,tres discoideas
circumeingentibus colore similibus: postice stria submarginali interrupta
coccinea: corpus thorace fusco, abdomine albo fusco-terminato, antennis
Suseis flavo-acuminatis.
Ale subtus pallidiores maculis nonnullis nigris a linea submarginali
ceinctis ; maculis nonnullis sub-basalibus nigris: aliter velut supra:
corpus, thorace fusco-albido, abdomine albido: alar. exp. une. 13%.
2. Ale supra fusce cupreo-tincte, fascia lata media communi alba,
anticarum pre angustiore extus sinuata, intus irregulari, post celle
Jinem terminata; maculis marginalibus nigris apud apicem anticarum,
indistinctis albido-cinctis, aliisque basalibus elongatis similibus: postice
margine anali coccineo rufescente: corpus fuscum abdomine albo-fasciolato,
antennis fuscts.
Ale subtus multo pallidiores, fascia media magis irrequlari, margine
anali nee rufescente ; maculis marginalibus, quarto sextoque anticarum
primo quarto sextoque posticarum, albicantibus, aliter velut supra; corpus
albidum: exp. alar. une. 2. dé Brazil? 9; Para. B.M;
Var. ¢ fascia media angustiore, maculis marginalibus magis
distinctis: 9 fascia media angustiore, anticarum minus irregulari ; margine
toto postico posticarum et margine anali anticarum rufescentibus.
9 Santarem. 9 Ega. B.M.
The female of the above species had Doubleday’s name (Azan)
attached to it.
3. Nymphidium Ascolia, Hewitson, Exotic Butterf. i., p. 113,
pl. 57, f. 4, appears to be very closely allied to, if not identical with,
Papilio Damon, Stoll, Supp. Cram., pl. xxxix., f. 5,5p. It may bea
distinct species, but some of our specimens seem to be intermediate
between the two figures.
4, <A figure of Nymphidium Lysimon, Stoll, is given in the
“Genera,” pl. 73, f. 4, as WV. Platea of Doubleday’s List. It is only in
part the species intended by that gentleman; the true Platea is inter-
mediate between WV. Omois, Hewitson, and WN. Acherois, Boisduval.
NYMPHIDIUM EPIPLATEA, sp. nov. (Platea, Double., Ms.)
9. Ale supra albe, margine costali anticarum marginibusque
posticis fuscis ; maculis marginalibus semicircularibus mgrofuscis, linea
violaceo-albida cinctis ; fascia submarginali coccinea, anticarum abbre-
viata, anali ; antice costa albicante ; maculis duabus discoideis coccineis,
aliisque albidis nigro-cinetis et albido circumeinetis, velut in Lysimone ?
dispositis : corpus, thorace fusco, abdomine albo; antennis nigris albo-
fasciolatis et ochreo-acuminatis.
1867.] 223
Ale subtus pallidiores ; maculis striisque fulvis pro coccineis, maculis
gquarta et sexta anticarum, tertia quintaque posticarum marginalibus
albicantibus: corpus albidum : aliter velut supra: exp, alar. une. Le
Pernambuco.
This insect and a male specimen of NW. Lysimon, from Para, repre-
sented Mr. Doubleday’s Platea. This species differs from the female
of Lysimon in its more quadrate form, and the great width of the white
band, which in fact occupies almost the entire wing, as in 1. Acherois,
5. The female of Nymphidium Belise of Cramer has in the
“Genera” been placed amongst the Mymphalide as Pyrrhogyra ? LIrenea.
The synonymy must now stand as follows:
Nymphidium Belise.
& Papilio Belise, Cramer, Pap. Exot., iv., pl. 376, f. E, F (1782).
Thisbe Belise, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 24, n. 189 (1816).
Erycina Belise, Godart, Enc. Méth., ix., p. 578, n. 67 (1819).
Nymphidium Belise, W estwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep.,p.449,n.18 (1851).
Q Papilio Irenea, Cramer, Pap. Exot., iv., pl. 828 (1782).
Erycina Trenea, Godart, Enc. Méth., ix, p. 419 (1819).
Pyrrhogyra? Trenea,W estwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep.,p.253,n.7 (1850).
Kea. St. Paulo. ¢,9. B.M.
Var. a. Major, fascia anticarum sub-apicali alba magis elongata ;
postice maris magis elongata ; fascia submarginali maculart albida femine
magis distincta. g Peru?* 2? Para. B.M.
Var. b. Fascia sub-apicali anticarwm vix distinguenda, aliter velut
precedenti.
Para (two specimens) g. B.M.
This species belongs to the -Phliasus group. It is evidently allied
to NV. Molela, Hewitson, of, which we possess both sexes ; but the latter
insect differs much from it in coloration, especially on the underside.
Zoological Department, British Museum.
ee
DESCRIPTIONS OF BRITISH HYMENOPTERA (PROCTOTRUPID) NEW
TO SCIENCE, &c.
BY THE REV. T. A. MARSHALL, M.A.
Gen. PARAMESIUS, Westw.; Thoms. Ofv., 1858, p. 370.
P. BELYTOIDES. n. sp. After, nitidus ; antennarum articulo ultimo
ovato, articulis 9-13 nigris, ceteris rujis. Pedes cum coxis rufi; tar-
* I think this must be erroneously registered ; it is probably from Para.—A.G.B.
sorum articulus penultimus apice, ultimus totus, fusci. Ala fumate,
anguste, abdomine breviores, volatui viz idonew. Abdomen apice rufo,
piloso, compresso, acuminato. ¢. Long. lin. 2, alar. exp. lin. 2.
224 [March
4
At the base of the second abdominal segment are three very short
linear impressions, a character which refers the insect to
the first of Thomson’s sections, l. ec. Of this section
only one species has been described, Diapria nervosa,
Nees, = Par. rufipes, Westw. Both sexes are known,
and are not uncommon among dead leaves in woods. I
have taken several in this situation near Leicester. The
present species differs considerably in form, having the
abdomen longer and more acuminated, and the wings
much darker, too short and narrow for flight. All the Paramesius dety-
other Paramesii which I have seen have ample wings aa ads
in both sexes. P. belytoides is also remarkable for its large size. Taken
in the London District by Mr. Rye, who kindly communicated it to me.
Gen. aatesus, Curt., B.E. 341; Thoms., Ofv., 1858, p. 373.
Mr. Haliday enumerates (in the Nat. Hist. Review, vol. iv.) five
British species, of which three are neither
named nor described. He gives Psilus
cornutus, Panz., as a syn. of Diapria
brunnipes, Nees. I cannot understand
this; for, if it be true, neither of them is
a Galesus at all; since Nees gives to his
brunnipes (f) 15-jointed antenne instead
of 14-jointed (Mon. t. 2, p. 322). But it
is probably a waste of time to attempt to
reconcile the older authors. Nothing cer-
tain can be made out from Panzer’s figure.
T am acquainted with three species of this
genus, one of which is new. The other
two are G. fuscipennis, Curt., |. ¢., fig., and
G. elypeatus, Thoms., 1. c.; No. 3 = cor-
nutus, Curt. (but not of Nees or Panzer).
Thomson has described eight species, but
seems not to be acquainted with /wscipen-
nis, Curt. The vertex in this genus over-
hangs the frons more or less in the form
of a hood; we shall here call it laminated
1. Galesus cecutiens, Marsh.
2. Head of ditto, seen laterally.
1867.) 225
A. Ocelli 3, conspicuous, near the edge of the frontal lamina. Wings
ample.
a. Front broadly laminated. The lamina deeply emarginate in
the middle......... (1) G. fuscipennis, Curt.
b. Front narrowly laminated. The lamina faintly emarginate in
the middle......... (2) G. clypeatus, Thoms. = cornutus,
‘Curt. (not of Nees or Panz.) = (P?) elaviger, Hal. (too
briefly characterised).
B. Ocelli obsolete, represented by two faint punctures. Wings aborted.
(3) G. camcuTiENs, n. sp. Ader, nitidus, capite postice non dilatato,
thoracis latitudine. Antennce capitis thoracisque longitudine, articulo
penultimo transverso. Oculi pari, parwm concavi, desuper omnino
non videndi ; ocelli nulli. Ale lineares, breves, metathoracis basin
haud eacedentes. Pedes picei ; femora tota, tibiw nist apice, nigra.
9. Long. lin. 1}.
The only other species described with aborted wings is swbapterus,
Thoms., Ofy., 1858, p. 375. This belongs to Thomson’s second section,
having the frontal lamina entire in front, the head dilated behind, &c.
Tn cecutiens the frontal lamina is produced into four lobes rounded at
their apices, the two central being raised above the two lateral, and the
elevated space bounded on each side by a depressed line; the laminated
space is aciculated, and therefore not shining. The ocelli should be at
the anterior edge of the frontal lamina; they are entirely obsolete, and
in their place only two blind punctures are to be seen. This insect
appears at first sight to be blind, but having examined it with great
care, I can answer for its possessing eyes, which are in their usual po-
sition, viz., low down on the antero-lateral part of the head. They
are smaller than in the other species, flat, quite invisible from above, and
not readily seen in any position, being nearly homogeneous with the
rest of the surface, and having the facets very minute. I am indebted
for this curious creature to Mr. Rye, who took two specimens on the
23rd April, 1865, in a sandpit near West Wickham Wood, Surrey.
They were running actively about in the sunshine, vibrating their long
antenne in front, after the fashion of Oalodera or Callicerus, members
of both of which genera were found with them. A specimen has also,
I believe, been taken by Dr. Sharp near Edinburgh.
Gen. ANEURHYNCHUS, Westw.; Thoms., Ofy., 1858, p- 375.
A. NODICORNIS, n. sp. After, nitidus; ¢ antenne capity cum
226 | March,
thorace longitudine wquales, picee : articulus 3'"* oblique insertus ;
4°° extus incrassatus, lobatus. Pedes picet ; cove nigrw nisi apice ;
Jemora medio infuscata. Ale amplc, subfuscw, disco saturatiores ;
linea longitudinalis utrinque abbreviata, albida. Tegulw ferruginee.
Abdomen ovatum, brevius quam precedenti, magis convexum, fortius
basi sulcatum.
2 differt antennis totis nigris, capite cum thorace breviortbus,
apice sensim clavatis, articulis 3, 4, simplicibus. Terebra sub-exserta,
Serruginea.
3%. Long. 13; alar. exp. 3 lin.
Common in Swithland Woods, Leicestershire, among dead leaves
in damp places, July, August.
Milford, January, 1867.
A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH PSOCIDZ.
BY R. M LACHLAN, F.L.S.
(Continued from p. 181.)
B.—Ocelli present. (PSOCINA.)
In this division come all the species. which have hitherto been
generally included in one genus, Psocus: but already, in 1837, Curtis
separated certain species under the generic term Cecilivs, and a more
extensive acquaintance with exotic forms has rendered a still further
division necessary. This has been done by Hagen in his “ Synopsis
Psocinorum synonymica,”’ and his genera are adopted here. The
general characters of the division are as follow:
Antenne about 13-jointed; the two basal joints short, the rest long, but
gradually decreasing in length, pilose in the male (probably the joints are always
13 in British genera, but the exact discrimination of the apical ones is sometimes
difficult). Head transverse, triangular; the crown provided with three evident,
and often prominent, ocelli ; the front is tumid, and forms a strongly convex piece,
termed the nasus. Hyes large and prominent; larger and placed closer together
in the male than in the female. Labrwm large and convex. Mandibles strong and
corneous, trigonate, toothed within (the teeth unequal in the two mandibles,
according to Westwood). Mawillary palpi 4-jointed, the terminal joint somewhat
clavate. Labial palpi rudimentary. Prothorax scarcely evident. Mesothorax very
large, strongly convex, divided into three lobes. Metathoraw equal in breadth with
the mesothorax, transversely sub-quadrate, convex.. Abdomen small, oval. Legs
moderately long, slender; the femora very slightly dilated; tarsi 2- or 3-jointed,
the terminal joint with strong claws (when 3-jointed, the second or middle joint is
the smallest).
~_--—_*
1867.) 227
Wings large, much longer than the abdomen (excepting in the micropterous
forms), membranous, the anterior pair dilated and rounded or elliptical at the
apex. The nervures strong, arranged as follow: parallel with the costa runs a
strong nervure, the radius; before its termination this more or less gradually
recedes from the margin, forming a triangular or elongated space, generally darker
coloured than the rest of the wing, and termed the pterostigma; but immediately
at the point where it recedes, it emits a short transverse vein to the costal margin.
The subcosta is rudimentary, forming a fine vein at the base between the costa and
radius, and scarcely visible without the aid of the microscope.* Below the radius
runs anervure which I here term the forked vein ; rather before the middle of the
wing this vein divides, one branch running obliquely to the posterior margin; at
about the middle it divides again, one branch running to the costal portion of the
_apical margin beyond the pterostigma, and ending in a long and usually curved
furcation ; the other branch runs into the apex, and emits two or three smaller
branches to the dorsal portion of the apical margin; the upper branch of the
forked vein sends out one, and sometimes two (Stenopcosus) transverse veins to
the radius. The first lower branch of the forked vein, after reaching the dorsal
margin, frequently sends out a veinlet obliquely upwards, reaching the second
lower branch, closing a large space which is called the discoidal cell (Psocus and
Stenopsocus) ; or this veinlet does not reach the second lower branch, but is directed
back again to the dorsal margin, forming a free elliptical cellule (Cecilius and
Elipsocus) ; or this veinlet is absent (Peripsocus). The other nervures are
unimportant, consisting of a very fine vein, which may be called the cwbitus, ranning
obliquely from the base of the forked vein to the dorsal margin, and, within this, a
stronger vein, running nearly parallel with the dorsal margin, and which may be called
the post-costa. The posterior wings are shorter and narrower than the anterior ;
the costal margin nearly straight, the apex obtuse. The neuration of these wings
is very simple. The sub-costa is absent; the radius joins the costa rather beyond
the middle; the forked vein first sends out a simple branch to the posterior margin,
it then again forks, the upper branch dividing at the end, and enclosing a triangular
cellule, the lower simple; one transverse vein unites the forked vein to the radius.
There is also a cubital vein running parallel with the first lower branch of the forked
vein, and a rudimentary post-costal nervure.
(The nomenclatnre of nervures is a subject on which few two authors
agree. That here given will be found sufficient for all purposes connected with
British species. A reference to the plate will render this terminology better
understood.)
The eggs are laid in patches on leaves, bark, or other objects, and
the females cover them with a web. The larve and pups greatly re-
semble the perfect insects. As in all Pseudo-Neuroptera, the line of
distinction between the larva and pupa states is not evident, the changes
being very gradual ; the more fully developed individuals bearing rudi-
mentary wing sheaths. The ocelli in these states are absent. The
* In the “‘ Kntomologist’s Annual,’’ 1861, p. 18, Hagen calls the vein forming the pterostigma, the
“ sub-costa,” and he terns the forked vein below this the ‘‘radius.” I consider the sub-costa to be
certainly represented by the rudimentary vein described above.
228 [March,
tarsi appear to be 2- or 3-jointed according to the species, as in the
imago; I certainly possess larve or pupe with both 2- and 3-jointed
tarsi. The idea expressed by Westwood in his “ Introduction,” vol. ii.,
p- 19, that there is probably a sexual variation in the neuration, appears
to have been based on an insufficient knowledge of the specific charac-
ters. I possess both sexes of most of the species, and nowhere do I
find sexual variation in this respect. Ay in all other Mewroptera, the
neuration is occasionally liable to individual aberration, but only in an
unimportant degree. This aberration generally consists in the veins of
one wing of an individual belonging to a particular group or genus,
showing a tendency to assume partially the characters of other groups; a
fact which to the philosophical entomologist is pregnant with signifi-
eance. The occasional occurrence of micropterous forms is interesting.
TI have observed these forms in at least five species, and they probably
occur in all. It is also possible that some individuals never acquire
wings, though otherwise fully developed; a supposition which the
evident analogy with Zermes renders additionally worthy of obser-
vation.*
In all their states they probably feed on dry vegetable matters and
lichens. They are universally common, more or less in societies, on
tree-trunks, and palings, and amongst the herbage of trees, especially
firs, larches, and yews ; and some species in houses and warehouses. I
believe that both sexes possess the power of spinning web, not distin-
guishable from that of spiders. If a number of living specimens be
enclosed in a pill-box, it will be found that, at the end of a few hours,
the interior is traversed in all directions by numerous lines of web.
They are exceedingly active and difficult of capture.
The British genera may be tabulated as under —
A. Tarsi 2-jointed.
a. Pterostigma free.
* Discoidal cell closed, quadrate ; four complete cellules on
apical half of the posterior margin...,.... a deissihisiteicimenilapietal seeee PSOCUS.
** Discoidal cell incomplete, open.
+ Three complete marginal cellules; the last (counting
from the apex) elliptical and free ......... .c....s000+-.+- Cecilius,
++ Two complete marginal cellules; the last altogether
BDSONL 55 sins oieje a Feincaaje ciatleisie ealstelsiarajnsjeaere soho trp meee mises eetele ts Peripsocus.
* In the micropterous forms (which are probably always females) the neuration differs slightly
from the normal arrangement. Yet the deviation is usually less than would be expected from the
abridgement of the wings, and seems to consist in a shortening of the apical cellules. A micropterous
example of Psocus nebulosus has an altogether normal neuration, excepting that the pterostigma is
much abbreviated; a similar form of Stenopsocus cruxiatus presents an irregular formation of the
cellules on the posterior margin. The forms noticed in the remarks on Lachesis, and which i imagine
to be this state of Cecilius pedicularius, shew no trace of the posterior marginal cellules,
1867.) 229
b. Pterostigma united to the forked vein by a transverse veinlet ;
neuration otherwise almost as in PSOCUS ..sseececsceceeseeeeeveeerenes Stenopsocus.
B. Tarsi 3-jointed ; neuration as in Cwcilius..........cseeeeecseene eee eee eee ees Elipsocus.
Genus Psocus, Latreille (1794), Hagen.
Psochus, Latreille (1796). Hemerobius, p. Linné, Fabricius, Miller,
Schrank, Scopoli, &e. Phryganea, p. Linné, Geoffroy.
Tarsi 2-jointed. Pterostigma free. Discoidal cell complete, quad-
rate. Four complete cellules on the apical half of the posterior
margin.
1.—Psocus Ltonarcornis, Fabricius.
Hemerobius longicornis, Fab. Gen. Ins. p. 245 (1776), &e. BP. longicor-
nis, Fab. Ent. Syst. suppl. p. 203, 1; Zett. Insect. Lapp. col. 1052, 1;
Ramb. Név. p. 820, 3. PP. lineatus, Lat. Coqb. Icon. p. 12, tab. 2,
fig. 8 (1799) ; Steph. Ill. p.119, 8; Curt. B. E. 648, 5; Burm. Handb.
vol. ii., p. 780, 18; Ramb. Névrop. p. 219, 2; Brauer N. A. p. 34;
Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 28, 15.
Antenne much longer than the wings, pubescent in the ¢, black, the first,
second, and third joints reddish-testaceous. Head yellowish-ochreous ; crown striped
and spotted with black; nasus regularly striped with longitudinal black lines.
Palpi yellowish-ochreous, the terminal joint pubescent. Thora fuscous or blackish,
the divisions of the lobes margined with yellowish-ochreous. Abdomen yellow, the
segments margined with black, which expands on the lateral margins, the terminal
segments wholly black. Legs yellow; tarsi and the apex of the tibia blackish.
Wings hyaline ; fore-wings rather elongate, with sub-triangular pterostigma, which
is yellowish, with a fuscous spot in the apical portion; at the base a sub-triangular
fuscous spot proceeds from the inner margin half across the wing; a more or less
indistinct fuscous cloud in the apex (all these markings vary much in intensity) :
veins blackish, all, excepting the costal nervure, yellowish at the base, that closing
the discoidal cell, and the base of the superior apical furcation, also yellowish. The
male differs considerably from the female ; the pterostigma being darker, almost
filled in with piceous; the other clouds and markings are often almost entirely
wanting. Length of body* 1$-24’”; expanse of fore-wings 6-7”.
Tolerably common on tree-trunks, especially poplars.
2.—Psocus NEBULOSUS, Stephens.
P. nebulosus, Steph. Ill. p. 199, 9 ¢ (1886); Burm. Hand. vol. ii., p.
780,17; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 29, 16. P. similis, Steph. Ill. p. 120,
20 (1836) ; Brauer N. A. p. 33. P. variegatus, Curt. B. E. 648, 4, nec.
Fab. P. infuscatus, Ramb. Névrop. p. 319, 1, 29 (1842). P. affinis,
Ramb. Névrop. p. 320, 4 ¢ (1842).
* In all cases the measurements of the body are taken from dry examples; in the live insects they
are considerably greater. The abdomen of the ¢ shrinks much more than that of the 9.
Antenne (g) longer than the wings, pubescent, blackish, the two basal joints —
yellowish ; (?)not pubescent, the third joint reddish-testaceous. Head fuscous, —
paler (somewhat ochreous) in the 2, in which sex the crown is marked with longi-
tudinal darker stripes; labrum darker. Thoraw pitchy-brown ; the divisions of the
lobes margined with yellowish, more conspicuous in the 2. Abdomen blackish,
with yellowish markings more conspicuous beneath. Legs obscure testaceous, the
tarsi darker. Wings of the g uniformly pale fuscous, with cupreous iridescence ;
fore-wings rather short and broad, the pterostigma is triangular, blackish in mature
individuals, paler at the inner side; in the 2 the fore-wings are paler with darker
clouds, and the veins margined with darker, the inner side of the pterostigma often
conspicuously yellowish; veins fuscous, that closing the discoidal cell, and the base
of the superior apical furcation, pale ; the posterior wings paler than the anterior.
Length of body 14-2’”; expanse of fore-wings 54-6”.
A common species on tree-trunks, &c.
3.—Psocus varincatus, Fabricius.
Hemerobius variegatus, Fab. Ent. Syst. 2, p. 85, 18 (1793). &e. P.
variegatus, Lat. Coqb. Icon. 13, tab. 2, fig. 138; Steph. Ill. p. 118, 4
(partim); Burm. Handb. 2, p. 778, 4; Ramb. Névrop. p. 322, 12;
Brauer N. A. p. 33; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 30,17. P. atomarius,
Steph. Ill. p.118, 15 (1886). P. picicornis, Steph. Ill. p. 118, 2 (1836).
P. pilicornis, Lat. Coqb. Icon. 18, tab. 2, fig. 12 ?.
Antenne scarcely so long as the wings, very pilose in the ¢ , yellowish, the two
basal joints and the apex fuscescent. Head yellow; crown with a few fuscous
markings about the conspicuously blackish ocelli; nasus fuscous in its lower half,
scarcely striped ; labrwm darker; palpi with blackish apical joint. Thorax yellow
(sometimes fuscescent, or with fuscous markings). Abdomen yellow above, with a
blackish median line ; beneath blackish. Legs yellowish, the tarsi darker; tibiso
hairy, and marked with very minute blackish dots. Wings hyaline; anterior wings
very thickly clouded and irrorated with greyish-fuscous ; with darker fuscous spots,
especially about the pterostigma and posterior marginal cellules, and along some of
the veins; the radius about the inner side of the pterostigma conspicuously suffused
with yellow, and some of the other veins also streaked with yellow.
Length of body 1-1}’” ; expanse of fore-wings 4-43””.
Very common on tree trunks, but difficult to see on account of its
coloration being so similar to that of the bark. In the Ent. Ann., 1861,
this species was not separated from P. fasciatus.
4.—Psocus Fascratus, Fabricius. (Plate 2 fig. 5.)
Hemerobius fasciatus, Fab. Mantiss, 1, p. 247, 13 (1787), &e. Psocus
JSasciatus, Fab. Syst. Ent. Suppl. p. 203, 4; Steph. Ill p.118, 138; Zett.
Ins. Lapp. col. 1052, 2. P. pilicornis, Lat. (?); Burm. Handb. 2, p.
779, 2. P. variegatus, Steph. Ill. p. 118, 4 (partim),.
'
230 , (March, é
4
SS ee ee
1867. 931
Antenne not so long as the wings, very pilose in the g,fuscous. Head, thoraa,
abdomen, and legs, coloured almost as in P. variegatus, but the blackish median line
on the upper side of the abdomen is apparently absent. Wings hyaline; anterior
wings irrorated with fuscous, the irrorations becoming confluent and forming more
or less distinct fuscous fasciz, viz., a basal one indicated only by an almost quadrate
spot on the inner margin; another extending obliquely across the wing rather
before the middle, and very broad on the inner margin; a third, which may be said
to commence as a dark spot at the pterostigma, proceeding in an often indistinct
manner across the wing, and carried round the apical margin, forming a nearly
semi-circular band (this is very evident in distinctly marked individuals). None of
the veins yellow. Length of body 14-1?’”; expanse of fore-wings 43-5”.
Occurs in the same situations as the last, and is probably equally
common. Very similar in appearance, but at once separated by its
slightly larger size, by the dark irrorations being collected into fascie,
and by the absence of. any yellow veins.
(To be continued.)
Notes on the un-named species in Mr. Waterhouse’s Catalogue of British
Coleoptera (1861).—There are 23 species un-named, and mostly queried as new, in _
Mr. Waterhouse’s Catalogue, the greater part of which have now, with more or less
certainty, been endowed with “a local habitation anda name ;” and it has occurred
to me that it may be of some slight use to British Coleopterists if these species were
collected together, with references, &c., to the insects to which they are attributed.
They are as follows :—
1. Hyproporus 1* sp.—? Cat., p. 107, and Pocket Cat. (Hydroporus, sp.— ?),
p. 7. This insect has been identified by the Rev. Hamlet Clark (vide Ent. Ann.,
1863, p. 69) as the H. quinquelineatus of Zetterstedt (Hyphydrus). My friend Mr.
T. J. Bold appears to have formerly taken it in abundance near Newcastle.
2. Catopera 1 nov. sp.? Cat., p.16; Pocket Cat., p. 8. This fine insect,
occurring rarely in marshy places near London, is the “ Callidera nigrita, Mann. ?”
of the 1st Edn. of Mr. G. R. Crotch’s Catalogue of British Coleoptera, and the
Calodera nigrita of his 2nd Edn., and of my own Catalogue, appended to “ British
Beetles.” Mr. Waterhouse informs me that his reason for hesitating to attribute
the insect to that species (with the description of which he was, of course, well
acquainted) was that Erichson, in the Gen. et Spec. Staph., describes the abdomen
of C. nigrita as “planum et equale” (in distinction to others of the same genus,
wherein he specifies it as “‘ segmentis basi summa”—or “4 primis” or “ anterioribus”
—“transversim impressis” or “ depressis’’), though in the Col. March., p. 303, he says
“die ersten Ringe an der Basis der Quere nach eingedriickt,’—an expression
echoed by Dr. Kraatz in Ins. Deutschl., ii., 142 ;—whereas our insect has the four
first segments of the abdomen distinctly and strongly transversely furrowed.
Thomson, however (Skand. Col., ii., 300), gives the following character for Calodera
(in which he includes nigrita, Mann.), “‘ Abdomen—segmentis 2—5 basi impressis ;”
and I believe that Dr. Kraatz has sent over specimens as C. nigrita, Mann., which
agree with our insect.
232 {March,
It appears from Mr. Waterhouse’s note-book that he long ago named this
species in MS., provisionally, ‘ Kraatzit.”
3. Srenus 20 sp.—? Cat. p. 28. This, in the appendix, p. 108, is named S.
lustrator, Er., Kraatz (Ent. Ann., 1863, p. 85).
4. Bunpius 5 sp.—? Cat., p. 108 (and Pocket Cat., p. 7). This is to stand in
the place of the B. pallipes, Grav., of the Catalogue. It is represented in Mr.
Waterhouse’s cabinet by three specimens: I, also, have it from the Lancashire
coast. B. pallipes, compared with B. opacus (teste Erichson), should have longer
and more densely punctured elytra ;—a character not exhibited by Mr. Waterhouse’s
insects, or mine. Bledius pallipes, Gr., is included, with a query, in the 2nd Edn.
of Mr. Crotch’s Cat.; and is, I presume, intended to represent this species.
5. ANCYROPHORUS 2 nov. sp.? Cat.,p.30. This, at p. 108, and in the Pocket
Cat., p. 18, is named A. longipennis, Fairm. (Ent. Ann., 1863, p. 87).
6. Omatium 14 nov. sp.? Cat., p. 31, and Pocket Cat., p. 138. This has been
determined by Mr. G. R. Crotch as Deliphrum crenatum, Grav. (Omaliwm) ; vide
Ent. Ann., 1867, p. 68. It appears (as Mr. Crotch says) to have no generic
characters in common with our only other Deliphrum.
7. Omatium 16 nov. sp.? Cat., p. 32, and Pocket Cat., p. 18. This is repre-
sented by a single specimen in Mr. Waterhouse’s collection, which is named in his
note-book “ O. brevicorne, Er. ?,” and which is, in my opinion, only a deceptive
O. vile. O. brevicorne has been recorded as British by the Rey. A. Matthews
(Ent. Ann., 1864, p. 63).
8. Anisoroma 13 sp.—? Cat., p. 85, and Pocket Cat., p. 14. I have identi-
fied this insect (vol. i. of this publication, p. 167) with the A. ornata of Fairmaire,
which appears to be a pale form of the A. litura of Stephens. Vide Ent.,
Annuals for 1865, p. 65; 1866, p. 78; and 1867, p. 111.
It seems, also, to be the A. scita of the lst Edn. of Mr. G. R. Crotch’s Cat.
(nec Hrichson).
9. MELIGETHES 6 nov. sp.? Cat., p. 88, and Pocket Cat., p.15. This insect
occurs abundantly on Cruciferous plants at Southend. It most resembles M.
coracinus, but has the punctuation less fine, the legs brighter coloured, and the
antenne entirely pale. It is in the same section (that with simple tibia) as M-
aneus ; from which common species it may be known by its usually smaller size,
its clear rufous legs and antenna, duller and non-metallic colour, closer punctua-
tion, and more evident pubescence.
10. CrypropHacus 16—, sp.? Cat., p. 41, and Pocket Cat.,p.17. This is
the insect described by me as OC. Waterhousei at p. 101 of the present vol. Vide
Ent. Ann., 1867, p. 51 (fig., frontisp.).
11. Avomaria sp.—? Pocket Cat.,p.17. I have identified this insect with
the A. Barani of Ch. Brisout (p. 156 of vol. ii. of this publication: and Ent. Ann.,
1866, p. 86).
12. Hyprmna 2 nov. sp.? Cat., p. 44, and Pocket Cat., p.18. This has
been referred by Mr. G. R. Crotch (vide Ent. Ann. 1867, p. 77) to the H. palustris
1867. | 233
_of Krichson. A continental type of the latter insect, however, in Dr. Power’s pos-
session, does not seem to him (or to me) to coincide with the specimens in his
collection which, as he informs me, represent Mr. Waterhouse’s species.
13. Hyprmna 6 nov. sp.? Cat., p. 45, and Pocket Cat., p. 18. Mr. Crotch
has referred this species (which appears to be represented by insects in Dr. Power’s
collection) to H. pulchella, Germ. (Ent. Ann., 1867, p. 78).
14, ELAter 5 nov. sp.? Cat., p. 52, and Pocket Cat., p. 20. This is repre-
sented by four examples in Mr. Waterhouse’s collection; one taken in Kensington
Gardens by himself, and the others in Windsor Forest by Mr. T. H. Griesbach
and the late Messrs. A. Griesbach and R. Sharman. It is about the size of E.
pomone, but has thinner joints to the antennz, brownish (not black) pubescence
on the thorax, which is duller, being more closely punctured, and the elytra with
finer striz, and flatter interstices. For this insect, which I intend shortly to de-
scribe, 1 propose the name of FE. coccinatus.
15. Hater 11 nov. sp.? Cat., p. 538, is identified at p. 21. of the Pocket Cat.
with E. rujitarsis, Desvignes (“ Entomologist,” 1842, p. 326), an insect apparently
described under various names,—of which De Marseul, in the last Edn. (I’ Abeille) of
his Cat., adheres to Athiops, Lacord.
16. AcGriotes 4* sp.—? Cat., p. 109, and Pocket Cat., p. 21.
Adrastus imbatus (p.), Steph. coll.
This (usually mixed with Adrastus pallens in collections) is, I believe, repre-
sented by the Agriotes pallidulus, Il.? of both the 1st and 2nd Edns. of Mr,
Crotch’s Cat.
A. pallidulus is described as having the elytra either fuscous or testaceous ;
whilst every specimen of our common insect that I have seen has the elytra light,
with a dark and often broad sutural stripe.
17. AGRIorEs 6 nov. sp.? Cat., p. 54, and Pocket Cat., p. 21. This is the
insect taken by the Rev. H. Clark under stones on the Chesil Bank. It is very
closely allied to A. sputator; but is rather flatter, and slightly larger, with rather
more closely punctured thorax and more delicately punctured elytra.
18. TELEPHORUS 21* sp.—? Cat., p. 109, and Pocket Cat., p. 22. This is
the insect described as T. scoticus (Rye, Cat. “ British Beetles’) by Mr. D. Sharp
(vide Ent. Ann., 1867, p. 53), and previously, at different times, attributed to
T. femoralis, Brullé, T. assimilis, Payk., and T. figuratus, Mann.
19. Prinus 5 sp.? Cat., p. 58, and Pocket Cat., p. 28. There are several
specimens in Mr. Waterhouse’s collection, labelled “near sub-pilosus.” They
are closely allied to P. fur; but appear to be smaller than that insect, and to have
no tuft of pubescence at the back of the thorax.
20, ANTHICUS 2 sp. nov.? Cat. p. 62, and Pocket Cat., p. 24. This has been
described by Mr. G. R. Crotch under the name of salinus. Vide Ent. Ann., 1867,
p. 53.
21. ANTHICUs 6 sp. nov.? Cat., p. 62, and Pocket Cat., p. 24.
Anthicus ater, Murray, Cat. (teste Wat. Cat.).
234 [Mareh,
This insect is stated by Mr. Murray (I. c., p. 103) to occur at Raehills and in
Aberdeenshire. It can by no means, however, be correctly attributed to the true
A. ater.
My friend Mr. Morris Young, of Paisley, has recently sent me specimens of it,
and it is represented in Mr. Waterhouse’s collection by two examples (also from
that gentleman) which are stated in his note-book to have been named A. flavipes
by Du Val for Mr. Young ;—that name, indeed, being still affixed to one of them,
and written apparently by a foreigner.
My specimens are nearly equal in length to ordinary examples of A. tristis,
Schm., but are considerably broader and more convex andbulky thanthatinsect. They
are clothed with the dense glittering pubescence peculiar to certain Aleocharide
of shore-frequenting habits, and are somewhat roughly but very closely punctured
on the thorax and head, the latter of which is square behind, and has a thin longi-
tudinal shining line on the vertex. The elytra, which are less closely punctured
than the head and thorax, are slightly shining, as far as the pubescence allows the
surface to be seen. The darkest specimen is entirely dull black, except the tibiao
and base of the tarsi, which are pitchy-brown ; and the lightest one (out of six)
exhibits the faintest possible trace of a dark brown humeral blotch, and has the
femora and antenna pitchy-brown, and the tibia and tarsi light reddish-testaceous.
La Ferté, Mon. Anth., 222, states the type of A. flavipes to be brownish-black,
with an oblong obsolete chestnut-brown humeral spot, and the antennz and legs
entirely testaceous. His darkest form (A. rufipes, Payk.) is entirely black, with
brown femora, and the tibiz, tarsi, and antenna of a ferruginous red, more or less
dark; and I presume it is to this form that these Scotch specimens are to be
referred. If distinct from it,as is very probable, they must nevertheless be closely
allied to it; as they do not agree at all with any other species in La Ferté’s mono-
graph, That author gives the length as “ 0,0017 ad 0,002 ;” which can hardly fail
to be a misprint,—though not noticed in the list of errata.
Thomson gives $ of a line for the length of A. flavipes; whereas my largest
specimen exceeds 14 lin.
The specimens representing A. flavipes in the European collection of the Brit.
Mus. cannot be reconciled with my insects.
22. Tuyamis 26 sp.—? Cat. p. 94, and Pocket Cat. p. 33. This insect is, I
believe, intended to be represented by the T. lateralis, Ill., of the 1st Hdn. of Mr.
Crotch’s Cat., and was, indeed (as I am informed), so named for that gentleman by
M. Allard; who, subsequently (as Mr. Crotch remarks, Ent. 35, 174), on finding
that it could not be rightly attributed to that species (of which Mr. Waterhouse
was well aware, having continental types agreeing with LIlliger’s insect), has pro-
posed for it the name of T. patruelis, under which it appears in the 2nd Edn. of Mr.
Crotch’s Cat.
The species is allied to T. melanocephala, but differs from that insect in being
smaller and with less evident shoulders to the elytra, which are more deeply punc-
tured, the punctures running somewhat into stri#. Mr. Waterhouse’s specimens
were taken at Darenth, about the end of June, on Verbascum.
23. PSYLLIODES 6 sp. nov. ? (from Lundy Island), Cat., p. 95, and Pocket Cat.
ee
1867] 235
p. 33. This insect, sent to Herr Kutschera by Mr. Waterhouse, has been described
under the name of luridipennis. Vide Ent. Ann. 1867. p. 98.
Besides the above, there is another species, the Gyrophwena sp. ? 6*—, of Mr.
Waterhouse’s Paper on that genus in the Trans. Ent. Soc., 1861. This insect has
been described by Mr. Crotch under the name of Poweri. Vide Ent. Ann., 1867, p.
48,—E. C. Ryn, 284, King’s Road, Chelsea, 9th February, 1867.
Note on Cidaria silaceata.—I believe it is generally understood that silaceata is
double-brooded in the southern parts of England ; such, I believe, is not the case
in the north, that is, so far as my own experience goes. In June, 1865, I took two
or three specimens of this species at Bishopswood, near Lawood, one of which
kindly laid me a few eggs. In due time the larve came forth, and fed up by the
end of July, when they changed to pupw. As I understood this species was double-
brooded, I kept a sharp look-out for the imagos, but none made their appearance
in 1865. In May, 1866, the first moth, a fine dark specimen, made its debdt. I
think, beyond doubt, that silaceata is not double-brooded here. Of course there
are exceptions to all rules, and odd specimens of this species may make their
appearance in August or September ; but these, in my opinion, prove the exception
and not the rule.—W. Prest, 6, Castlegate, York.
Stylops emerging five months after the death of the bee.—On the 18th July, 1866,
I captured, at Ipswich, a male of Andrena convewiuscula, Smith, the abdomen of
which was much distorted with a Stylops on the left side, about the juncture of the
8rd and 4th segments. On returning home I placed it in my collection, and on
the 4th December last put it in a pocket-box by itself, in order to name it, as I
was then not certain of the species. On opening the box on the 13th December,
I was astonished to find a live male Stylops, which had evidently just emerged
from the bee. The pocket-box had never been used before.—G. A. James RoTHNEY,
Queen’s Road, South Norwood, 2nd February, 1867.
Capture of a second British ewample of Xylina Zinckenit.—In the note I sent
you some time ago (vide ante p. 207), I mentioned having caught a Noctua of which
I had not then found out the name. I took it to an entomologist, and he wrote
back that it was the new species, Xylina Zinckenii. It was taken at sugar on a
young elm tree, in the month of October ; locatity mentioned in my former note.—
Hon. SPENCER CANNING, 51, St. George’s Square, S.W., Jan. 26, 1867.
[The example of Zinckenii above referred to has been seen by Mr. Doubleday,
and also by ourselves.—Ebs. ]
Note on Xylina Zinckeniit.—In the Entomologist’s Annual my friend Dr. Knaggs
states that M. Guenée’s remarks upon what Fabricius says of this species (supposing
it to be his Lamda) surprise him. I think them very just, as I cannot see any resem-
blance between it and Acrowycta Psi either in form, colour, or markings. It is very
nearly allied to X. conformis, and some of the specimens approach this species so
closely that, but for their smaller size, they might easily be confounded with it.
I possess two from Lapland which have hardly a. trace of the ordinary black
markings on the superior wings.
236 {March,
I incline to Haworth’s opinion that the Lamda of Fabricins is the lithoriza of
Borkhausen.—HeEnry DousiEpay, Epping, February 14th, 1867.
Note on Dianthecia cesia.—I believe some dark coloured specimens of this
species have been taken in the Pyrenees, but I have not seen any of them.
I think Dr. Knaggs is mistaken in supposing that the name applied to this
insect by Mr. Parry,—Mamestra awredo,—is “ a palpable lapsus calami for Mamestra
arida of Lederer.” Very little is known of this Asiatic species, and I think but
few British Entomologists even knew of its existence before the publication of the
Annual.—Ib.
Captures at sallows, Sc., near York (1866).—I devoted the evening of March
31st to a trip to some sallows which were in bloom at Langwith, near this city ;
but, finding on my arrival that I was too early, I employed the time until dusk by
beating for hybernated larvee feeding on Scotch fir. I got about a dozen larves of
Ellopia fasciaria, (from which I bred a lovely series,) and lots of those of Thera variata.
At dusk I took on the wing several Larentia multistrigaria and Lobophora lobulata,
and a Cidaria psittacata, the last as greenasifbred. By ‘“ sheeting” the sallows I
found a perfect shower of insects of various orders ; but, as I only collect Lepidop-
tera, I boxed in about an hour 18 Trachea piniperda, a dozen Teniocampa
munda, and a few Xylocampa lithoriza, and saw more of the commoner species of
the genus Teniocampa than I had ever before seen at one time. Rubricosa was
especially common this year. ‘
April 14th. I again visited the same locality, and got, besides commoner species,
40 Trachea piniperda, 5 Teniocampa populeti, several T. gracilis, and a few Sarro-
thripa Revayana (hybernated) ; also on the wing, Selenia illunaria, Anticlea badiata,
Cidaria suffumata, and Hupithecia abbreviata.
April 28th. Iwent to Stockton forest, to look for Teniocampa opima; I
“ sheeted”? in company with Mr. Jackson for two or three hours, and got one. It
was a very cold night ; we had easterly winds until after the sallows were over ;
but I got another T. opima on May 5th, both this and the previous one being
males. I took a number of larve of Hwpithecia tenwiata at the same time, from
which I bred many fine specimens.—T. J. Carrineton, Fulford, York.
Notes on variation in Lepidoptera.—Dr. Knaggs has some interesting remarks
on this subject in his last paper on ‘‘ Collecting, &c.”’ My object in the present
communication is to ask how, in many instances, we are to know that certain
forms are, in point of fact, varieties of the (taken for granted) typical insect ?
Where such variations result from the progeny of a known parent, of course we
have no difficulty in deciding the question; but how can it be proved in the
following instance, for example? Most collectors are familiar with the beautiful
lemon-coloured variety (query) of Xanthia cerago. Upon what data is this state-
ment made? If, as I have remarked, it has been bred from eggs laid by an
ordinary cerago, then the question is settled. But if not, which I believe to he the
case, how can it be proved? Surely there are dozens of species, allowed to be
such, more closely resembling each other than cerago and its variety. I would
1867.] 237
remark, farther, that this variation, if it be such, can not proceed either from
locality or food, for, as regards the former, it is found in all parts of the country,
and, as regards the latter, it feeds exclusively (with me) on sallows. Whatever it
may be, it is certainly a rare insect. For some years past I have had from 300 to
400 larvee of cerago and silago mixed together, and I find the proportion between
the lemon-coloured and the ordinary specimens to be as one in sixty. As I am on
the subject, I may be permitted to make an observation or two on Dr. Knages’
paper. And first, as to variation being produced by the action of light, or its
reverse, I believe this to be an utterly fallacious idea. It obviously can not hold
good in a state of nature, for it will scarcely be maintained that, of the larva of the
same species, one has more light than another ; and, as regards at least the sub-
terranean pup®, all alike are enveloped in the same Cimmerian darkness. Nor can
I at all give in my adhesion to the “thermic” theory—+.e., that a longer or shorter
duration of the pupa state has any influence upon the coloration of the future
imago. Ido not exactly understand Dr. Knaggs’ “illustration” of “dllustraria,”
but I differ widely from the conclusion he draws in the following passage :—
«‘ Again, by a similar agency (retardation or otherwise of the pupal state), we may,
as a rule, account for the greater darkness in tint and markings of many northern,
and especially Scottish Lepidoptera, as compared with corresponding southern
types, since many species, double-brooded in the south, are single-brooded in the
north; and others, which here pass but one winter in the pupa state, are
apt, in the north, to remain in that state over a second winter, or even for a longer
period.” Now, if this conclusion were well founded, we should find this occur in
our breeding cages. This, however, we most certainly do not. Take, for example,
a hundred pups of the well-known Eriogaster lanestris. Some will emerge the first
year, some the second, and so on through five years, and even longer. Yet there
is not the slightest variation in the intensity of the colouring of these specimens,
As other, yet, perhaps not such familiar examples, take almost all the species in
the genus Notodonta. I have occasionally had one or more pup of camelina,
cucullina, dictea, dromedarius, zic-zac, trepida, chaonia, and dodonea remain two
years in that state, but I have never noticed the slightest appreciable difference in
colour between the first and second year’s specimens. Many similar instances
could probably be brought forward ; and if, of which I have no doubt, the experience
of others coincides with mine in this respect, the objection seems to me fatal to
the “thermic ” theory. My own impression has always been, that variations
(except what Dr. K. aptly terms accidental and hereditary) originate in the larval
state, and are assisted, at any rate, by soil and food. One memorable instance of
the latter has occurred to myself, viz., in the case of Cleora lichenaria, a specimen
of which having been fed upon some orange-coloured lichen, had all the wings richly
suffused with that colour. At the same time I must add that, so far as my own
experience goes, the intentional supply of different kinds of food, with the idea of
producing varieties, is, in almost all cases, a total failure. To conclude, I am much
of Bouchard’s opinion, “that the beast must have lunched off bread and cheese.”—
J. GREENE, Cubley Rectory, Sudbury, Derby.
*,* In the above interesting notes I observe that Mr. Greene implies a desire
for further information respecting “ the illustration of illustraria :” I fear that I did
238 (March,
not express myself very clearly on the subject, and must therefore trespass on the
space of the Magazine to add a few explanatory remarks.
Everybody knows that there are two forms of Selenia illustraria in appearance
so different from one another that, did we not know positively to the contrary, we
should still be regarding them in the light of distinct species. In Mr. Doubleday’s
Catalogue these are respectively designated—the one illustraria--the other delu-
naria (var. est.), by which names in the present note, for the sake of convenience
and greater perspicuity, the so-called spring and summer broods will be respectively
indicated.
It is pretty well known, too, that in the natural sequence illustraria reproduces
itself in the form of delunaria and vice versé. But what I assert is, that whenever
(whether, at large, owing to exceptionally hot or long summer seasons, or, in cap-
tivity, from warmth, assisted, perhaps, by what Mr. Crewe has happily termed
“ feeding up quickly”) the completion of the pupal stage is accelerated, then delu-
naria produces delunaria, not illustraria. Further, itis my belief that the converse
will be found to hold good, viz., that should the completion of the pupal stage be
retarded either by cold seasons or climates in a state of nature, or artificially by the
aid of an ice-well, tllustraria—not delunaria—would be found to result from illus-
traria; and I feel the more confident of this from the fact that its congener lunaria
is single-brooded in northern localities, and the spring form is the only one known
in those parts of the country. Iam unaware if illustraria occur in Scotland ; but
if it do, I venture to say that not only will it be found to be single-brooded, but the
form delumaria will be unknown there.
I therefore feel justified in coming to the conclusion (not my own idea, by the
way) that acceleration or retardation of the completion of the pupal stage from
thermic influences are causes of greater or less degree of maturation or (to use
another word) variation in the imago.
Certainly, against this view, I have myself adduced the case of P. rape, and
Mr. Greene has added that of H. lamestris as wellas some of the “ prominents ”; but
these by no means do away with the fact that when the “ purple thorn” emerges
after pupal hybernation the result is always illustraria,—when before pupal hyberna-
tion, delunaria.
Touching the subject of boreal variation in Lepidoptera, it is well known to our
continental friends that the intensity of the colour and markings of the long-lived
C. delphinti is proportionate to, and it is reasonable to suppose dependent upon,
the duration of the pupal state ; nearer home, among other familiar instances, we
find Colias edusa, after a long absence, during which we may rationally presume it
has lain dormant in the pupal state, reappearing more beautiful than ever, with
iridescent tints.
Any discussion repecting the influence of light to produce variation I leave to
those good men who have had opportunities of testing it, and who know its value
better than I. For myself, I have simply stated it to be worth trial.
On other points Mr. Greene and I are much of the same opinion; I understand him
to admit the power of hereditary influence, i.¢., the ‘‘ selection” (whether natural
or artificial) theory to cause variation; and as for phytophagic varieties, he goes,
further than I did when he states that intentional administration of food to the larva
With a view of producing variation in the imago is in almost all cases a total failure
1867.] 239
thereby implying that in some exceptional cases it is successful, and, indeed, citing
such an instance in C. lichenaria; for, while admitting the power of food to produce
variation, I expressed my belief that changes of the kind were not wrought in one
generation, or even in ten generations.
I cannot conclude without thanking Mr. Greene for the very courteous for-
bearance he has shown in the above review of my notes on such a disputable subject
as the variation of species is generally supposed to be.—H. G. K.
Note on the ovipositing of Triphena pronuba.—-In the Weekly Intelligencer,
Vol. IX., p. 107, I have recorded the finding of a batch of eggs of this species,
evenly deposited on a stalk of grass. Last year Mr. E. Birchall found, and kindly
sent to me, another such batch deposited on the upper portion of an ear of corn.—
J. HELLINS, 29th January, 1867.
EnromontoaicaL Society or Lonpon, January 28th, 1867 (Anniversary
Meeting). Sir Joun Lusszoct, Bart., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
An abstract of the Treasurer’s accounts and the report of the Council having
been read by the Auditors and Secretary respectively, the Society proceeded to
ballot for the Council and Officers for 1867, when Sir John Lubbock was re-elected
President, S. Stevens, Esq., was re-elected Treasurer, Messrs. Dunning and Sharp
Secretaries, Mr. Janson Librarian, and Messrs. Bates, Moore, McLachlan, A. F.
Sheppard, Smith, Stainton, G. F. Saunders, Weir, and Westwood, Members of the
Council.
The President read an address on the progress of Entomology during 1866,
and the meeting closed with votes of thanks to the Officers and Council for their
services during the year now expired.
February 4th, 1867. The President, by letter, nominated Prof. Westwood and
Messrs. Smith and Stainton as his Vice-Presidents for the present year; after
which Prof. Westwood took the Chair, and the ordinary business was proceeded with.
H. E. Cox, Esq., of Croydon, was elected a member, and Yeend Duer, Hsq., of
Esher, was elected a Subscriber.
Mr. Bond exhibited a series of examples of a Lasiocampa from various localities,
which apparently pertained to L. trifolii, but exhibited certain minute differences
in colour and markings, which also appeared to be shared by their larve. It was
suggested that these might be analogous to the two forms or species known as
L. querciis and callune. Incoloration they somewhat resembled Odonestis potatoria.
He also exhibited an extraordinary variety of Dianthecia capsincola from York,
and singular varieties or monstrosities of various species of Argynnis. He further
stated with respect to the query as to the reasons which induced Macroglossa
stellatarum to frequent walls, banks, &c., that he had watched the insect and
observed it enter holes, where it rested for a while between its flights; which
statement was confirmed by Dr. Wallace.
Professor Westwood exhibited a singular variety of Mamestra brassicw, bred by
Mr. Briggs of Oxford.
94.0 {March, 1867.
Mr. Pascoe exhibited a collection of Coleoptera from Vancouver’s Island, con-
taining several interesting forms.
Mr. G. S. Saunders exhibited the nest of some Lepidopterous insect from St.
Paulo, Brazil. This was about a foot in length, forming a compact web between
two small branches.
Dr. Wallace stated that he had recently seen an example of Drepana sicula in
the collection of Dr. Bree, of Colchester, which that gentleman assured him had
been taken by himselfin the vicinity of Stowmarket, in Suffolk.
Dr. Wallace exhibited various preparations of the silk of Attacus Cynthia,
including a portion carded by himself; also a large number of the moth, exhibiting
great variation in size and colour, dependent upon forcing, retardation, light, food-
plant, &c. He stated that his experience was decidedly favourable to the theory
that in Lepidoptera the males emerge before the females. He further made some
remark on the specific value of A. ricini and A. Guerinii, and was inclined to look
upon these as merely local forms of A. Cynthia. He had observed that a sound
sometimes proceeded from the eggs of A. Cynthia, which he attributed to the con-
traction and expansion of the shells caused by the movements of the young larvz
immediately before hatching.
Mr. Moore exhibited various examples of A. ricini, together with its silk, and
the unique specimen of A. Guerinii.
Mr. Wormald exhibited a collection of insects received from Mr. Pryer, of
Shanghai. In it was an example of a true wild Bombyz, allied to B. Huttoni.
Mr. Gould stated that Hylurgus piniperda had recently been causing great
devastation in a plantation of Piwus insignis in the grounds of Lord Falmouth, in
Cornwall.
Mr. Pascoe called attention to a statement by a writer in ‘Science Gossip,”
claiming for Atropos the power of producing a ticking sound. Mr. McLachlan said
he thought that some error had occurred, as he could not imagine by what means
so soft an insect could produce a sound. Mr. Smith said he had for some time
kept examples of Atropos in small boxes, but could not detect any sound produced
by them,
Mr. Wilson, of Adelaide, communicated further notes on South Australian
Coleoptera, remarking that various species were common in cow-dung. Mr. A. R.
Wallace alluded to the manner in which these insects had seized upon circumstances
favourable to their modes of life, as cows were only a very recent importation into
that part of the world. One of the insects alluded to was Calosoma Curtisii, the
European congeners of which were well known as arboreal species. Mr. Gould
stated that previous to 1838 cows were unknown in Australia.
It was announced that the prize offered by the Society for the best essay on ©
Economic Entomology had been awarded to Dr. Wallace, for his paper on Bombyx
Yama-moi; and that it had been decided to continue the offer for the present year
on the same terms as before ; the essays to be sent in on or before the 30th of
November next.
April, 1867.] 24:1
A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH PSOCID.
BY R. M’'LACHLAN, F.L.S.
(Continued from p. 231.)
5.—Psocus sexpunceratus, Linné.
Hemerobius 6-punctatus, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 383, 1511 (1761) ; Syst.
Nat. p. 913; Fab. Syst. Ent. p.310, 9, &e.; Miill. Prodr. p. 146, 1865.
P. 6-punctatus, Lat. Coqb. Icon. 13, tab. 2, fig. 10; Burm. Handb. 2,
p- 778, 8. BP. subfasciatus, Steph. Ill. p. 119, 7 (1836) ; Hag. Ent. Ann.
1861, p. 80,18. P. maculatus, Steph. Ill. p. 119, 6 (1836).
Antenne scarcely so long as the wings, pilose in the male, fuscous, the basal
portion yellowish. Head yellowish or fuscescent ; crown spotted with blackish (the
spots varying in different individuals) ; nasus striped with blackish (when the head
is fuscescent the spots and stripes of the crown and nasus are indistinct or confused
with the ground colour; they are always liable to vary) ; labrum dark. Thorax and
abdomen varying from yellow to fuscous. Legs brownish, with the tarsi and apex
of the tibiz darker, often blackish. Wings hyaline ; anterior wings short and broad ;
with fuscous clouds, some of them often uniting and forming an oblique fascia
before the middle, broadest on the inner margin; a series of six rounded fuscous
spots in the apex, placed in the cellules between the veins ; apical margin greyish ;
pterostigma elongate, sub-triangular, rather narrow, enclosing a fuscous spot, and
sometimes with the vein forming it marked with yellow ; veins blackish, with a dark
spot placed at some of the points of furcation ; base of the superior apical furcation
whitish.
Length of body 14”’; expanse of fore-wings 4-43””.
Tolerably common.
6.—Psocus Birascratus, Latreille.
Psocus bifasciatus, Lat. Coqb. Icon. 11, tab. 2, fig. 4 (1799); Steph.
Ill. p. 120,11; Burm. Handb. 2, p. 780, 15; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861,
p- 30,19. P. contaminatus, Steph. Ill. p. 120, 12 (1836). P. mega-
stigmus, Steph. Ill. p. 120, 13 (1836).
Antenne not more than two-thirds the length of the wings, slightly pilose in
$, black, sometimes testaceous at the base. Head ochreous; crown with three
groups of black spots, viz., one on each side close to the eyes, and the third behind
the ocelli; nasus with numerous straight longitudinal blackish lines placed very
close together ; a large yellowish space beneath each eye. Thorax black above,
with elevated radiating reddish-brown lines; sometimes spotted with yellow be-
neath. Abdomen blackish, the segments margined with yellow, more conspicuous
beneath, and during life. Legs brown, with blackish tarsi. Wéings hyaline; anterior
wings elongate, with fuscous markings, viz., a basal fascia broken up into spots
(frequently absent altogether), an irregular indented fascia rather before the
middle (usually well indicated), and a large spot placed in the sub-triangular
pterostigna (always present), the latter is frequently filled in with yellow or
242 (April,
whitish, especially on the under-side of the dark spot, and the veins forming it is
also pale; veins blackish, the veinlet closing the discoidal cell, and the base of the
superior apical fork, whitish or yellowish.
Length of body 1-1}”” ; expanse of fore-wings 4-5”.
A common and variable species. Occurs on tree trunks, and
among the foliage of firs, yews, &c.
Hagen (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1866, p. 235) considers ae species to be
represented by P. 4-maculatus of Lat. (Coqb. Icon. p. 12, tab. 2, fig.
6, 7), and places bifasciatus of the same author as distinct. I consider
4-maculatus to represent the next species (maculipennis, Steph.), and
that bifasciatus is the same as Stephens’ same named insect described
above. Coquebert’s figure gives a moderately good idea of the insect,
and the words in Latreille’s description, “fascia baseos ¢ maculis tribus,
altera flecuosa”’ agree precisely with a common form of our bifasciatus.
This is the insect supposed by Westwood to be the female of his
4-maculatus ; vide “ Introduction,” vol. i1., p. 19, fig. 59, 1.
7.—Psocus QuapRIMAcuLAtTUs, Latreille.
Psocus 4-maculatus, Lat., Coqb. Icon. 12, tab. 2, fig. 6 (fig. 7 var. ?),
(1799) ; Burm. Handb. 2, p. 779, 13. P. maculipennis, Steph. Il. p.
119, 6 (1836) ; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 31, 20.
Antenne not so long as the wings, fuscous, paler at the base. Head pale yel-
low; crown with a few brown spots, and suffused with blackish about the ocelli;
nasus marked with numerous straight brown longitudinal lines, and with brownish
spots at the sides. Thorax and abdomen blackish, largely varied with yellow (es-
pecially in the ); the body is robust in proportion to the size of the insect.
Legs pale greyish-brown, the tarsi and tips of the tibiae more obscure. Wings
hyaline, several fuscous (often confluent, sometimes nearly absent,) spots in the
disc before the middle; a large rounded fuscous spot in the dilated portion of the
pterostigma, and another, still larger, placed opposite to it on the posterior margin,
occupying portions of the third and fourth (counting from the apex) marginal
cellules; between these spots is often a faint cloud sometimes uniting them ;
pterostigma triangular, much dilated towards the apex; veins blackish, that formmg
the pterostigma, that closing the discoidal cell, the base of the superior apical
furcation, and some at the base, pale yellowish ; posterior wings with frequently a
greyish cloud on the inner margin near the base.
Length of body 1-14’’; expanse of fore-wings 23-3”.
Probably local; occurs on palings, &e.
Latreille’s description applies very well to this insect ; Coquebert’s
fig. 6 gives a moderately good idea of it, but it appears to me doubtful
if the supposed variety (fig. 7) belongs to it. Burmeister’s description
“‘ Vorderfliigel klar, die Nerven braunlich, ebenso 2 Flecke, von welchen
der eine am Ende des Randmahles (pterostigma) liegt, der andere
gréssere zwischen der 3-ten und 4-ten Zelle am Hinterrand,” suits
admirably.
1867. } 243
§.—Psocus suBNEBULOSUS, Stephens.
Psocus subnebulosus, Steph. Ill. p. 121, 14 (1836); Hag. Ent. Ann.
1861, p. 31, 21.
Antenne not so long as the wings, pilose in ¢, brown, yellowish at the base.
Head yellow ; crown marked with brown streaks and spots, especially in the middle ;
nasus with longitudinal parallel brown streaks. Thoraw piceous, the divisions of
the lobes, and a median dorsal streak, yellow. Abdomen darker. Legs testaceous,
the tarsi darker. Wings hyaline ; anterior wings rather elongate; a large brown
spot occupies, and is continued below, the sub-triangular pterostigma, which latter
has also a small blackish spot at its commencement ; below the pterostigma on the
posterior margin is a brownish clond, and a dark brown dot at the termination of
the post-costa; veins dark brown, those in the middle of the wing whitish.
Length of body 1”; expanse of fore-wings 3%
This species seems to partially combine the characters of P. bifas-
ciatus and P. 4-maculatus. The type in Stephens’ collection is in bad
condition, and the wings on one side show an aberrant neuration. Two
specimens in Mr. Dale’s collection (from which the above description is
taken) are rather larger than the type, but otherwise identical.
9.—Psocus sipunctatus, Linné.
Y
Hemerobius 2-punctatus, Linn. Faun. Suec. 384, 1514 (1761) ; Fab.
Syst. Ent. p. 310,11. Psocus 2-punctatus, Lat. Cogb. Icon. 12, tab. 2,
fig. 3; Curt. B. E. 648, 16 (no description) ; Burm. Handb. p. 779, 14;
Ramb. Névrop. p. 321, 7; Brauer N. A. p. 33.
Antenne not longer than the wings, pilose in g, blackish, the basal joint yel-
lowish. Head pale orange-yellow; crown marked with blackish in the middle ;
nasus suffused with blackish, straightly striated; labrum blackish; palpi orange,
the terminal joint with the apical half black. Mesothoraw with black lobes and
broad orange divisions. Metathoraw varied with orange and black. Abdomen
orange, with longitudinal rows of black spots. Legs pale orange, the tips of the
tibize and tarsal joints somewhat obscure. Wings hyaline ; anterior wings dilated
at the apex, with a large rounded piceous spot in the lower angle of the pterostigma,
and a blackish dot at its commencement; a blackish mark on the dorsal margin
towards the base, above which is a yellowish-grey cloud; pterostigma triangular,
the lower angle acute, yellowish-grey in the parts not occupied by the piceous spots
above-mentioned ; veins dark fuscous ; posterior wings with a slight greyish cloud
on the inner margin towards the base, otherwise hyaline.
Length of body 13”; expanse of fore-wings 4”.
The name bipunctatus occurs (without description) in the list of
British species in Curtis’ British Entomology. I did not examine
Curtis’ types, but according to Hagen, who compared them in 1857,
they are the true species of this name (vide Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1866, p.
244. [April,
237). On this authority I include the species in this Monograph.
The above description is made from a Prussian example, communicated
to me by Dr. Hagen. It is allied to P. subnebulosus and P. 4-maculatus
(maculipennis). I have compared it with the Linnean types.
10.—Psocus morio, Latreille.
Psocus morio, Lat. Coqb. Icon. 11, tab. 2, fig. 5 (1799); Curt. B. E.
648, 18; Burm. Handb. 2, p. 781, 20; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 32, 22.
Antenne not nearly so long ds the wings, pilose in the 6, fuscous, paler at the
base. Head fuscous; nasus darker than the crown, with no evident stripes.
Thorac and abdomen fuscous. Legs dark testaceous. Wings smoky; anterior wings
shining, with the basal half dark fuscous, somewhat coppery ; pterostigma large,
triangular, blackish, paler within ; veins dark fuscous; posterior wings rather paler
than the apical portion of the anterior.
Length of body 1”; expanse of fore-wings 2-23”.
Rare. I have a specimen taken recently near Canterbury ; two
are in the Oxford Museum; and others were in Curtis’ collection.
The coloration of the wings will readily separate it from all others.
More species of this genus no doubt occur with us.
Genus Stenopsocus, Hagen (1866).
Psocus p. Auct.
Tarsi 2-jointed. -Pterostigma connected. Discoidal cell complete,
less quadrangular than in Psocus, rather irregular. Four complete
cellules on the apical half of the posterior margin ; the last triangular
and pedunculated.
1.—STENopsocts ImMacuLatTus, Stephens.
Psocus immaculatus, Steph. Tl. p. 125, 30 (1836); Hag. Ent. Ann.
1861, p. 25,7. P. rufescens, Steph. Il. p. 125, 31 (1836). P. flaves-
cens, Steph. Ill. p. 125, 832 (1886). P. venosus, Steph. Tl. p. 121, 17
(1836). P. strigosus, Burm. Handb. 2, p. 776, 1 (1839); Brauer N. A.
p. 33. P. flavicans, Zett. Insect. Lapp. col. 1054, 8, 9 (1840). P.
subfumipennis, Zett. Insect. Lapp. col. 1053, 5, g (1840).
Antenne as long as the wings, slightly pilose in the ¢, blackish, the two basal
joints yellowish. Head yellow; crown with a blackish longitudinal median line ;
nasus slightly fuscescent. Thora# dark brown. Abdomen yellow, sometimes fus-
cescent. Legs yellow, the tips of the tibie and apical joint of the tarsi fuscous.
Wings hyaline, immaculate ; pterostigma elongate, narrow, faintly tinged with
yellowish ; veins fine, yellowish or brownish.
Length of body 1-13”; expanse of fore-wings, 44-53’”.
A very common species amongst trees and undergrowth.
1867.] 245
2.—Srenopsocus NERVOSUS, Stephens.
Psocus nervosus, Steph. Il. p. 126, 36 (1836).
Antenne as long as the wings, yellow. Head yellow, brownish on the crown.
Thorax shining chestnut-brown, the divisions of the lobes paler. Abdomen yel-
lowish. Legs pale testaceous. Wings hyaline, immaculate; anterior wings with
most of the nervures margined with very pale yellowish-brown ; pterostigma sub-
triangular, broader and less elongate than in 8. immaculatus ; veins fine, brown.
Length of body 1-13’”; expanse of fore-wings 4-43”.
I know nothing of the habits of this species.
In Stephens’ collection it is represented by a single example, not
in very good condition, which Hagen referred to S. immaculatus. I, on
the contrary, thought it might be a large immature example of S. cru-
ciatus. However, in Mr. Dale’s collection I find several examples
which convince me that the species is good. The form of the pteros-
tigma and the margined nervures readily separate it from ¢mmaculatus ;
and the size, and length of the antenne, preclude the possibility of its
being an immature form of cruciatus. The only other European species
of this genus is P. stigmaticus (considered by Hagen to equal striatulus,
Fab.) described by Imhoff and Labram in the “ Insekten der Schweiz.”
I have not seen a type of that species; according to the description,
which is very short, it cannot be identical with nervosus, but more
nearly approaches immaculatus.
3.—Srenopsocus crucratus, Linné. (Plate ii., fig. 7; forma
sub-microptera.)
Hemerobius cruciatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. t. 3, app. 225 (1768). Psocus
eruciatus, Brauer N. A. p. 32. H. 4-punctatus, Fab. Mantiss. t. 1, p.
248,17 (1787), &e. P. 4-punctatus, Fab. Syst. Ent. suppl. p. 204, 8 ;
Lat. Coqb. Icon. 12, tab. 2, fig. 9; Steph. Ill. p. 125, 33; Burm. Handb.
2, p. 776, 2; Ramb. Névrop. p. 321, 8. P. subocellatus, Steph. Ill. p.
124, 19 (1836); Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 24, 6. P. costalis, Steph.
Ill. p. 126, 30 (1886).
Antenne not so long as the wings, moderately thick, varying from yellowish to
fuscous, according to the degree of maturity attained by the insect. Head shining
chestnut-brown ; the vertex on either side of the ocelli yellowish. Thorax chestnut-
brown. Abdomen yellowish or fuscescent. Legs pale yellow, the tarsi obscure.
Wings hyaline; anterior wings with four elongate fuscous spots near the base, two
of which are placed on the posterior margin, and the other two above them (these
spots vary greatly in intensity) ; the apical half of these wings is without spots,
but there are pale greyish brown bands, one placed along the apical margin, and
the others following the course of the veins; pterostigma elongate, dilated in the
middle; veins brown; the posterior wings have frequently two pale greyish-brown
spots on the dorsal margin near the base.
Length of body 1-11””; expanse of fore-wings 3-33’”.
Very common on tree trunks, palings, &e.
(To be concluded in our next No.)
246 [ April,
AN ESSAY TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH HOMOPTERA.
BY THE REV. T. A. MARSHALL, M.A.
(Continued from page 221.)
10.—LEupteryx blandulus, Rossi.
Flavus ; vertex et pronotum lineis 2 longitudinalibus, antice seepe
confluentibus, rubris vel rufofuscis. Scutellum apud angulos anticos
rufo vel fusco bimaculatum. Hemelytra pellucida, vitta suturali,
angulata, rufa vel sanguinea. Abdomen interdum dorso plus minus
nigrum. Pedes flavi. Long. 17; alar. exp, 23 lin.
Cicada blandula, Rossi, Fn. Etruse., 2, 217, 1263; Fall.,
Hem., 2, p. 57.
P. blandula, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 400.
T. flammigera, Curt., B. E., 640, no. 2.
T. quercis, H. Sch., D. Ins., 124, 7.
C. tilie, Geoftr., Ins., 1, 426, 24.
The head, pronotum, and hemelytra are often destitute of red or
brown markings, probably in immature specimens. Common in most
parts of the country on oaks, hawthorn, wild rose, &e.
11.—Lupteryx scutellaris, H. Sch.
Flavus; abdomen nigrum, marginibus lateralibus anguste pallidis.
Frons utrinque fusco cancellata. In vertice linea transversa brunnea
oculos connectit ; vel vertex apice maculis 2 nigris rotundis. Pronotum
antice maculis paucis obscuris in lineam transversam dispositis ; postice
vitta obscura transversa rufescente—sed hee pictura sepe obsolescit.
Scutellum apud angulos anticos maculis 2 triangularibus nigris; apex
niger. Hemelytra hyalina; clavus, corii margo externus et internus,
veneque longitudinales basi, flavo-virides. Pedes pallidi, unguibus
fuscis. Long. 1; alar. exp. 2 lin.
T. seutellaris, H. Sch., D. Ins., 164,13; Flor, R. L., 2, p. 405.
In Swithland woods, Leicestershire ; rare.
12.—Eupteryx rose, Lin.
Totus albidus vel pallide flavescens, tenerrimus, oviscapto feminz
brunneo. Alarum nervi longitudinales 3, in ipsum marginem incur-
rentes : nervus externus prope basin bifurcatus, 2 interiores nonnihil
apicem versus approximati. ¢ 9. Long. 13; alar. exp. 34 lin.
Cicada rose, Lin., 8. N., p. 467, 50.
T. rose, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 407.
Common throughout the country on roses in gardens, and on the
wild rose : also on lime trees, according to Flor. Extremely delicate
and difficult to preserve ; should be mounted upon black paper, or the
neryures cannot be seen.
1867. | 247
13.—LHupteryx nitidulus, Fab.
Flavus; scutellum, vitteeque hemelytrorum 2 transverse, late,
nigra. Harum vittarum una basalis est, altera ante ipsam membranam
sita. 9. Long. 13 ; alar. exp. 3 lin.
Var. The space between the black bands of the hemelytra more
or less darkened.
Cicada nitidula, Fab., 8. R., p. 79, 88.
T. nitidula, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 407.
Abundant one year on elm trees in a small wood near Leicester, in
August ; since that time it has been much rarer. Also in Mr. Douglas’s
collection.
14.—EHupteryx geometricus, Schr.
Flavus elongatus, cylindricus. Scutellum nigro cinctum—interdum
totum nigrum. Clavus extus nigro marginatus. Membrana plus
minus infuscata. Pedes flavi, unguibus fuscis. ¢ 9.
Long. 12; alar. exp. 3% lin.
Cercopis geometrica, Schr., F. B., 2, 57, 1076.
T. geometrica, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 408.
Cicada lineatella, Fall., Hem., 2, p. 54.
T. plagiata, Hardy, Tynes. Trans., 1, p. 416.
On alders and willows, Leicestershire and London district.
15.—LHupteryx signatipennis, Boh.
“ Angustus, pallide flavus ; hemelytris maculis irregularibus dilute
fuscis, maculisque 2 nigris, una parva rotundata dorsali ante medium,
altera majoriad marginem exteriorem, mox pone medium; abdomine
nigro flavoque variegato, apicibus segmentorum flavis; tarsis apice
muses, _¢ 9 Long. 1; alar. exp. 3 lin.
T. signatipennis, Boh., Handl., 1847, p. 36.
The original diagnosis is copied above. On birch trees in Swith-
land woods, Leicestershire, locally abundant.
16.—Kupteryx jfilicum, Newm.
Viridi-flavus. Abdomen nigrum, incisuris flavis. Vertex medio
productus, sua inter oculos latitudine vix brevior, linea subtili nigra
longitrorsum bisectus, apice nonnunquam nigro bipunctatus. Caput
cum oculos pronoto paulo angustius. Pronotum disco infuscatum.
Hemelytra abdomine multo longiora, flava: membrana hyalina, fusco
nebulosa, nervis flavis. Alarum nervi longitudinales 3, fusci ; exteriores
2 prope apicem ramulo conjuncti, deinde paulo divaricantes; omnes im
248 (April,
marginem ipsum excurrentes. Pedes flavi; tibiew posticee apice, tar-
sorum articuli apice, cum unguibus, fusci. ¢ ?.
Long. 14; alar exp. 35 lin.
T. filicum, Newm., Tr. Ent. Soc., ser. 2, 1858, vol. 2; Proce.
p. 182.
On ferns, growing wild, as well as under glasses. I am indebted
to Mr. Douglas for specimens from London, and have taken some at
Milford in a fernery.
17.—LEupteryx decempunctatus, Fall.
Pallide flavus ; abdomen nigrum, incisuris flavis. Inter verticem
et frontem macule 2 nigre rotunde. Pronotum maculis 6 rotundis,
nigris, minutis, quarum 2 laterales, 2 antic distinctiores, duzeque post
oculos spe obscure. Scutellum antice nigro bimaculatum. Hemelytra
maculis quibusdam suffusis, irregularibus, fuscis. Pedespallidi. ¢ 9.
Long. 14; alar. exp. 3 lin.
Var. 1. Pronotum black, yellow in the middle. All the dark
marks much exaggerated. Hemelytra much clouded with fuscous.
Tips of the veins on the membrane fuscous.
Var. 2. Very pale, the dots very small.
Var. 3. Dots on the pronotum reduced to 4, those behind the eyes
vanishing. Commoner than the type.
Cicada 10-punctata, Fall., Hem. 2, p. 51.
Cicada 6-punctata, Fall., ibid.
T. 10-punctata, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 409.
? TP. 8-notata, Hardy, Tynes. Trans., 1, p. 419 :—on furze.
? T. 6-maculata, Hardy, ibid., p. 421.
? PT. gucunda, Hardy, ibid.
On a small species of Salix in woods, Leicestershire.
18.—Lupteryx ulmi, Lin.
Flavus ; abdomen nigrum, incisuris flavis ; rarius totum flavum ( ? ).
Inter verticem et frontem macule 2 punctiformes nigre. Pronoti margo
anticus puncto medio nigro. Scutellum spe apice nigrum. Heme-
lytra hyalina, vix flaventia; corium apice (presertim intus), et mem-
brana apice, infuscata. Pedes pallidi, unguibus nigris. ¢ ?.
Long. 13; alar. exp. 34 lin.
Cicada ulmi, Lin., 8.N., p. 467; Fall., &e.
T. ulmi, Flor, R.L., 2, p. 411.
Eupteryx ocellata, Curt., B.E., 640, No. 8.
The dot on the front of the pronotum is a good distinctive cha-
racter, Common on elm trees everywhere, until late in the autumn.
(To be concluded im our newt No.)
1867.) 249
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ELATER.
BY E. C. RYE.
ELATER COCCINATUS, N. Sp.
Ater, sub-parallelus, depressus, fusco pilosus; elytris sangwineis,
levius punctato-striatis, interstitiis planis ; prothorace longiori, lateribus
a basi tertiam usque ad partem anteriorem fere parallelis, inde gradatim
angustatis, omnium creberrime punctato, disco solo nitidiusculo, lateribus
omnino haud nitidis, postice canaliculato, supra scutellum foveolato ;
antennis pedibusque nigro-piceis,—his tarsis, illis articulis secundo ter-
tioque rufescentibus. Long. corp. 55 lin.
This insect (as mentioned at p. 233 of the present vol.) is the
“ Elater, 5 nov. sp.?” of Mr. Waterhouse’s Catalogue. Single speci-
mens of it have been taken by that gentleman (in a rotten tree) in
Kensington Gardens, and by Mr. T. H. Griesbach and the late Messrs.
A. Griesbach and R. Sharman in Windsor Forest.
There appears, also, to be a specimen of it in the British Museum
Collection.
From E sanguineus, Linn., this species may be distinguished by its
smaller size and narrower and more parallel shape ; its longer thorax,
which is duller and more densely punctured, with not quite so dark
pubescence and a more abbreviated and less evident dorsal channel ;
and its less deeply striated elytra, of which the interstices are flatter.
From £. lythropterus, Germ., the above characters will also serve
to separate it, except that the pubescence of its thorax is darker, and
its dorsal channel is quite as evident behind. The joints of its antennz
are, moreover, longer and not so broad.
I have not seen E. cinnabarinus, Esch; which, however, from its
confusion by Candéze with ZH. lythropterus (with which £. satrapa,
Kies., appears to be identical), must be too closely allied to that insect
to have any connection with H. coceinatus.
From £. pomone, Steph., which it rather exceeds in size, its longer
antenne, longer, more parallel, very much duller and more closely
punctured thorax (of which the pubescence is considerably darker), and
the slighter striz and flatter interstices of its elytra readily separate it.
Its immaculate elytra distinguish it at once from the type form of
E. sanguinolentus, Schr.; and its much longer, more parallel, much
duller and more closely punctured and posteriorly canaliculated thorax
serve to separate it from the plain form of that species,—which it,
perhaps, resembles superficially more than any other. its antenne,
250 [April,
however, though of similar structure, are altogether larger ; its elytra
are somewhat flatter, less gradually acuminate behind, and with the
strie more delicate and the interstices even less elevated.
Apart from other characters, its uniform bright red elytra dis-
tinguish it from the other allied species, H. preustus, crocatus, pomorum,
rubidus, rufiventris, ochropterus, elongatulus, elegantulus, balteatus, fe.
One of Mr. Waterhouse’s specimens has a thin, shining, longi-
tudinal dorsal line from the front to the base of the thorax.
In Mr. Waterhouse’s paper (Trans. Ent. Soc., Vol. v., n.s., pt. ii)
on the species of Hlateride in the Stephensian cabinet, he states that
among Stephens’ Z. pomone is a specimen of . preustus (Fab.) Germ.
This insect does not appear to have been otherwise claimed as British.
Its red elytra being tipped with black would readily distinguish it from
all our species except Z. elongatulus ; from which its much larger size
and broader build would at once separate it.
When Agriotes pilosus, also, was introduced recently into our lists,
it appears to have escaped observation that in the above paper Mr.
Waterhouse had long before stated (though with doubt as to its authen-
ticity), that the Athoiis elongatus of Stephens’ cabinet is represented by
an example of that species. In the “ Manual” Stephens gives “near
Southgate ?” as the locality for A. elongatus.
284, King’s Road, Chelsea, S.W.
Note on Xyloterus quercts, Hich.—In the “ Annals and Magazine of Natural
History,” Vol. V. (1849, No. xxxi.), p. 279,—Article xxxii., “Descriptions, &c., of
some rare or interesting indigenous Insects,” by the late J. Curtis, is the following
description :—
“ Bostrichus Waringii. Qchreous, shining; head black, concave; thorax
“pale ferruginous, scabrous, with longish ochreous hairs in front; elytra punctate
“ striate, the suture piceous, an elongate oval space on the outer margin, and a
“stripe down the middle of each beyond the centre, but not reaching the apex,
** piceous also. Underside blackish. Legs deep ochreous. Length 1% line.
“T am indebted to Mr. Waring for my specimen, which he took in a house in
“Bristol. It is allied to B. domesticus, Linn.”
There would seem little doubt but that Curtis’ long previously described
species is identical with Hichhoff’s X. quercés, so recently added to our lists; but,
at the same time (supposing even that its identity could be established with
certainty by an examination of the type,—now, with the remainder of the Curtisian
collection, in Australia), there can be no question that Eichhoff is the real describer
of the insect, and in equity entitled to the greater share of honour; as he points
out structural characters, &c., and differences between his species and the closely
allied X. lineatus ; upon which, they being unknown to Curtis, the latter author is
silent.—E. C. Ryr, 284, King’s Road, Chelsea.
1867.) 951
| Occurrence of Eros affinis, a species new to Britain.—Mr. J. Hardy, of Emden
Street, Hulme, Manchester, has sent to me for examination a fresh and perfect
carded specimen of an insect which he considered to be specifically distinct from
E. Aurora, and which I have determined to be E. affinis, Payk.; Kies., Ins. Deutsch.,
IV., 441, 4. It was taken last year at Killarney by Mr. Hardy's son, who also at the
same time found a pair of elytra of the same species floating in the Lake. The insect
occurs in Sweden, and elsewhere within our range. It is rather smaller than H#,
Aurora, and readily distinguishable from that species by its black thorax, of which
the anterior margin only is obscurely reddish. Compared with H. Awrora, moreover,
it exhibits the following diagnostic characters ;—its antennz are shorter and
thicker, having the 3rd joint small and little longer than the 2nd; its thorax is
somewhat broader, less contracted in front, with the discal depression differently
shaped, and the anterior margin minutely but sharply emarginate in the middle ;
and its elytra are shorter, with the interstices between the four elevated ridges on
each not broken up by supplementary longitudinal strie, so that they are uninter-
ruptedly transversely reticulate.—Ib.
Note on a dark variety of Cicindela campestris.—My son, Dr. A. Chapman, of
Abergavenny, captured a black variety of C. campestris in the first week of October,
1858, on the hill bounding Glen Finnart on the South, on the west side of Loch
Long.—T. Cuapman, 56, Buchanan Street, Glasgow.
[This specimen, thanks to Mr. Chapman’s spontaneous generosity, now adorns
my cabinet. It is in perfect condition, and exhibits the outline of its cream-
coloured spots with great sharpness, owing to its dark ground-colour. The
ordinary outer central spot on each elytra is absent. It is, of course, the var.
funebris figured by Sturm.—E. C. R.]
Notes on variation in Lepidoptera.—There seems much unanimity of opinion
amongst Entomologists upon two points connected with the variation of Lepidoptera.
The first of these is, that there is a true physiological cause for them ; and the
second, that this cause is not too deeply hidden for our minds to find it out.
There are three general causes admitted by all, and on which no dispute can
arise. These are—Climate, Isolation, and Hereditary Descent. The first on this
list—Climate, is clearly “‘a ratio compounded of ratios,’ and may involve many
causes in one; the second may depend on the first, or last, or on both together ;
and the third cannot, of course, originate a variety, but only perpetuate it. It is
clear, therefore, that we must look deeper than these.
The more specific causes which deserve investigation are as follow :—
1. Heat.—It is difficult to give any physiological reason why heat alone should be
the cause of variation. The experiment of rearing our common Lepidoptera in
an orchis house for several generations could, however, easily be tried.
2. Light.—This cause has strong analogies in its favour ; any but negative experi-
ments with it are, however, very difficult to devise.
3. Food.—We have bearing upon this point the successful case of Cleora lichen-
aria, quoted by the Rev. J. Greene. We have also the fact that larvee are
coloured frequently by their food. Physiologically, analogy gives us the
252 [ April,
frequent colouration of the skin by the salts of silver when taken internally,
and the hue given to the bones of animals by the exhibition of madder. It is
not unreasonable to suppose that the bright orange of the lichen might remain
as a pigment unaltered just in a similar way. Experiments might be made
with the Cleora or Bryophile; or colouring matter, such as madder, might be
mixed with the food of Aglossa, or with the wax of Galleria, &c. But in
general, the colouring matter of plants is too fugacious for us to expect a
change in hue from this cause. I had this year two larve of Phlogophora
meticulosa of a bright carmine colour, from feeding on heath blossoms: the
moths in no way differed from the ordinary examples.
4. Soil—The only way in which we can conceive this to act is, that a moist soil
strongly impregnated with some metallic oxide might, by endosmose, stain the
tissues in a naked pupa, and so an artificial colouration might be produced.
5. Retardation or acceleration of development.—Dr. Knaggs has given in the case of
illustraria a most interesting example—the only one, I believe, in which a
variety can be produced at will. The interest attached to this must be my
apology for asking him to give still further particulars. It will be seen that
there is one great difference between the case of H. illustraria and of P. rape.
In experiments with P. rape the larva has been allowed to feed as usual; the
development of the pupa has alone been abridged. In illustraria the larva has
fed up rapidly as well, and has gone into the pupa stage prepared for a short
period of quiescence. If Dr. Knaggs has, by heat or other causes, accelerated
the last stage alone, and still produced the summer form, it would add to the
interest of the experiment. Yet a variety produced at will is a great achieve-
ment.
A great many of the boreal varieties occur, however, in single-brooded
insects ;—for example, in polyodon, lithowylea, occulta, festiva.
The summary of probable causes is here tried to be stated with fairness, and
it is hoped experiments will be made by those who have the leisure, and the results
(negative as well as positive) published.
The writer has himself a strong bias in favour of the action of light; and it
must be remembered that, if one larva feeds up in twenty-five days and another in
thirty, the latter has one-sixth more light during its larval stage than the former.
We have not as yet solved all the mysteries attendant on the retardation or accele-
ration of development. Heat is, without doubt, a powerful agent; yet there is
often a year’s difference between the pupz of Hriogaster lanestris, exposed, as far
we can see, exactly to the same thermal influences. The following extract from a
Canadian letter may be interesting :—
«“P. rape was quite plentiful with us last year. The spring and fall
broods differ here as they do with you.”
R. C. R. Jorpan, Birmingham,
Notes on variation in Lepidoptera.—At page 236 of the Ent. Mo. Mag., the
Rev. J. Greene asks how it can be proved that “ the lemon-coloured variety (query)
of Xanthia cerago”’ is veritably X. cerago. I think that Mr. Greene is quite right
when he says he believes it has never been bred from eggs laid by an ordinary
cerago; 4. @.,if he thereby mean from eggs Jaid in confinement by an ordinary
1867. 253
female ; but I think it can be proved, from a series of specimens of these forms,
that, as they approach each other in colour, markings, size, and shape, we imper-
ceptibly lose the types of each as they merge into one another, and this, to my
mind, demonstrates their specific identity to a certainty ; especially when taken in
_ conjunction with the fact that they are bred from larve presenting no perceptible
points of difference. Further on, Mr. Greene says, ‘‘ Surely there are dozens of
species, allowed to be such, more closely resembling each other than cerago and its
variety.” I take the last two words in this sentence to imply that Mr. Greene has
only seen the lemon-coloured variety pure and simple; and I therefore ask per-
mission to say that in my cabinet is a good series of this species, all the
specimens of which have been bred from larve collected from various species of
sallows and willows. Larvee on Salix caprea and 8. aurita almost always produced the
typical X. cerago, while those fed upon the catkins and leaves of 8. viminalis often
produced the lemon-coloured variety and its variations. Such is my experience in
breeding this species, which, it will be perceived, is at variance with Mr. Greene’s
statement that (with him) the larve producing the latter feed exclusively on
sallow.
When I say that there are in my collection about 10 of the lemon-coloured
variety and its variations, and about 20 of the typical X. cerago and its variations,
from deep-banded rich brown-ochreous to faint indistinctly marked specimens,
approaching each other, as I said before, so closely that there is no telling “ which
from t’other,” I think it may be fairly assumed that we have only one species
_ before us. If there be still a doubt about this, I would add that the dark stigma
always appears in both forms, as also does the cilial brownish colour on the fore-
wings; and, though the outer row of minute spots is sometimes obsolete in the
paler forms, my very lightest specimen has this character well defined; whilst in
two larger specimens, below it, these spots cannot be seen at all.
Again, some other species of this genus vary very much in colour, particularly
X. aurago and X. gilvago, of which latter Mr. Greene himself gave me, last year, the
darkest pair I ever saw.
My remarks that different kinds of food affect the future imago might open a
question which I will not now go into; but that it does so I am quite able to show
in more instances than one.—C. S. Grecson, Stanley, near Liverpool, March
1st, 1867.
Notes on variation, S§'c., in Lepidoptera.—I have read with much pleasure and
interest the remarks of my friend Dr. Knaggs, in reply to my notes in the March
No. of the E. M. M., upon the supposed causes of variation in colour, form, size,
&e., in certain Lepidoptera. I think I now understand his position, as to H.illustraria,
but I am not sure. Unfortunately, 1 have never had an opportunity of breeding
this insect myself, and, therefore, I only know its habits from hearsay, or from
what I have read of the experience of others. Will Dr. K. or some other competent
person kindly answer the following questions :—lst. Am I correct in supposing
that eggs laid by illustraria in the spring produce in summer delunaria, and that
eggs laid by this latter produce, next spring, illustraria, and soon? 2nd. Do Aut
the pupz from the spring-laid eggs emerge in summer, and if so, are all delunaria ?
D954 (April,
3rd. If not, i. e., if some of those pups lie over through autumn and winter, are
the insects produced in the following spring illustraria or delunaria? TI ask
particular attention to question two. In Vol. I., p. 44 of the ‘‘ Ent. Weekly Intel-
ligencer” I find the following communication from Mr. Machin :—“ I took two of
“the larva of this insect on the 22nd of July of last year, about half-fed; two
“larger ones were taken the same day by Mr. J. Standish, and bred by him in the
“following month; these Mr. Standish called sublwnaria, and considered them quite
“ distinct from illustraria. My two larve kept feeding, though very slowly, till the
“end of September, when they changed to pups. Being fully convinced in my
“own mind that the two bred by Mr. Standish were from an early brood of illus-
“ traria, I determined in the autum to try and procure a number of the larve. I
“succeeded in obtaining about 25, several on the 12th of September, but a few
“days old, &c.’”? Now, were these Four larve the result of spring-laid eggs ?
There is an ambiguity in Mr. M.’s statement, which leaves this uncertain. From
his saying that he was fully convinced that Mr. Standish’s two larvee were from an
early brood, we are left to infer that he considered his own were NOT, #. é., that the
larger ones were the progeny of the spring brood, while his (the smaller) were
born of summer parents. Yet at the close of his communication he speaks of
having procured 25 larve, several on the 12th of September, only a few days old.
Surely the two found July 22nd, and half-fed, and these latter can not BoTH have
been summer born? This by the way. Ir (as I assume) Mr. Machin’s two larve,
which fed on slowly throughout September, and passed the winter state, WERE
spring born, what came out the following spring—illustraria or delunaria ? If
delunaria, then Dr. K.’s thermal theory fails; for, owing to retardation, they
ought to have produced illustraria, if I understand him rightly. On the other
hand, if they pip produce illustraria, then I would venture to suggest that this
result was much more probably caused by prolongation of the LARvAL than the
PUPAL state. Let me apply this suggestion to illustraria generally. I must be
permitted to assume (most willingly subject to correction, if wrong) that the
spring larve feed up in a shorter time than the autumnal. If this be true, is it not
highly probable that the smaller and paler progeny of the former, and the larger
and darker progeny of the latter are respectively due, rather to the shorter and
longer duration of the LARVAL than the pupAL state? I should unhesitatingly adopt
this conclusion, if I were only certain of my premises. One circumstance appears
to me to give great force to my explanation, and it is this: dlustraria is much
larger than delwnaria. Now, whatever may be said as to COLOUR, it is obviously
impossible that increased s1zE can be obtained in the pupal state. It must be due
to some previous stage of the insect’s existence; and what can this be but the
larval? But again, with regard even to coLour. In a communication made by
Mr. Hopley on this subject (E. M. M., p. 212), he says, in reference to Arctia Caja,
that he thinks he has reason to believe that light, more or less, in the LARVAL
state, has an influence upon the colouring of the future imago; that mucH light
will produce DARKER specimens, and LITTLE light Pater. Mr. Hopley being, I
believe, an artist, we may presume that he is correct in thus describing the effect
of a greater or less degree of light. Applying this canon to the case before us, the
WINTER pupe of illustraria, being so much longer shrouded in DARKNESS, ought, in
1867.] 255
spring, to produce PALER specimens, but they are much parKER. If, now, we admit
the longer LARVAL duration of the summer born progeny, we have a proportionate
prolongation of LicHT, and the result is, DARKER specimens of the perfect insect
next spring. But Dr. K. says, ‘‘ Whenever the completion of the pupal stage is
“ accelerated, then delwnaria produces delunaria’”’—that is, as I take it, if the pupze
(which are the result of summer-laid eggs, and which, under ordinary circumstances,
would pass the winter in that state, and then produce illustrariw) are, by some
artificial or unusual means, foreed—THEN the result would be delumaria. Is this
indeed the case? Hasitever been proved? If so, it appears to mea most extraor-
dinary circumstance; and of course I admit that, so far as it goes, it militates
against my theory, and, to the same extent, justifies Dr. Knaggs, as he himself
remarks, in inferring the converse. As I am so muchin the dark about the habits
of illustraria, I will not say more about it at present, but shall feel truly obliged
to any one who will give a full, minute, and accurate account of the history of this
insect, especially whether there be any well authenticated case or cases of delunaria
eges producing delunaria insects through the pupz having been forced. However,
admitting this, it is but ONE instance opposed to MANY, for I think Dr. Knages
scarcely allows sufficient weight to those I have already adduced against the
thermic theory. I have brought forward NINE species in my favour—he only ONE,
viz., ilustraria ; and upon this one he rests satisfied. ‘I THEREFORE feel justified
‘in coming to the conclusion that acceleration or retardation of the completion of
“the pupal state are causes of a greater or less degree of variation in the imago.”
Let me now put forward a few additional facts. In the cases already adduced
(and many others might be given), RETARDATION only was alluded to; nature was
left to herself, and no variation was perceptible. How is it when artificial means
are employed to ACCELERATE the pupal state? For many years I have been in the
habit of “ forcing”? pupz. The methodis immaterial. Suffice it to say, that I have
bred the following insects at the following periods :—During the last three weeks
of March, Hupithecia centauwreata and coronata, Coremia ferrugata, Macaria liturata,
Fidonia piniaria, Clostera curtula and reclusa; Notodonta dromedarius, trepida,
dodonea, chaonia, cucullina, dictea, camelina; Acronycta megacephala and meny-
anthidis. Now all these were at least two months earlier than they would appear
in a state of nature ; yet in no case was there any appreciable variation either in
colour or form. I may add that, at the time these insects were bred, my attention
was particularly drawn to this part of the question, from the fact that it had been
supposed ‘forcing’? was calculated to produce cripples, or PALE specimens. It
was certainly not so in my case, as may be seen by referring to my communication
(Intelligencer, Vol. I., p. 11). Curiously enough at this date (March 2nd) when I
am writing, I have on my setting-boards specimens—forced, of course—of Hupi-
thecia virgaureata, albipunctata, venosata; Saturnia carpivi, and Platypteryx ungui-
cula, all of which emerged in February; yet not the slightest variation in any is
discernible. I have also had Smerinthus tilie and ocellatus out in February, in
fact, scores of species in that month and March; yet in not ONE SINGLE instance
can I remember to have seen any aberration in form or colouring. In fact, I have
been exceedingly unfortunate in breeding varieties.
Now I am sure Dr. Knagegs will pardon me for thinking that these and the
256 [April,
other instances brought forward in my last paper form a strong ‘‘ case”’ for the
* plaintiff” or the “defendant,” whichever lam to regard myself. It just occurs to
me to ask whether any difference has been observed in the specimens of Acherontia
Atropos which emerge in the autumn and those which remain over the winter. I
fear these notes have extended to an undue length, but the subject is a very
interesting one, and the “busy season” in the Entomological world has not yet
commenced. I beg, in my turn, to thank Dr. Knaggs for his courteous answer to
my objections, and shall hope to read something further from his pen in reply.—
J. GREENE, Sudbury, Derby.
*.* T thank my friend Mr. Greene for reminding me of the case of A. Atropos,
in which species autumnal specimens are immature, while spring examples are
mature, and capable of reproducing their like; which corroborates my assertion
that ‘‘ retardation or acceleration of the completion of the pupal state are causes
> TIfearIcan add nothing
productive of a greater or less degree of maturation.’
futher than has already been stated at page 238, in reply to Mr. Greene’s questions
1,2, &3. Put it thus—If [=illustraria, D=delunaria, and == = Winter; then,
if there be but one brood in the year, the sequence will be T==»T==J, and so on ; if
two broods, I-Dex=]-DexJ-D,and soon; if three broods, I-D-De=mJ-D-D«=, and so on.
Certainly ilustraria is generally larger than delunaria ; but then delunaria may be
much larger than illustraria.
All Mr. Greene’s examples were forced after pupal hybernation. Had they
emerged before that event, there would have been found—or I am much mistaken—
considerable modification, always presuming the species experimented with to be
possessed of some discernible degree of variability. [f Mr. G. will test this with
such species as Tephrosia biundularia and crepuscularia, he will see what I mean.
With deference to my friend, I submit that his results do but prove that all
insects have not a like tendency to variation. With regard to Clostera, however,—
in C. anachoreta at any rate,—there is an appreciable difference between the first
and second broods; and whenever a third brood is obtained, it resembles the
second (not the first) brood, just as in the case of S. illustraria. 1 should like to
have replied at greater length, but want of space compels me to be thus brief.—
oI Ge Kk.
Macroglossa stellatarum and walls.—At the meeting of the Entomological
Society held in January last, Mr. McLachlan enquired if any member could offer an
explanation of the propensity in this insect to settle on sunny walls, &e. Mr.
Eaton suggested the increased heat afforded by the walls, &c. .Mr. McLachlan
considers Mr. Eaton’s the most plausible explanation he has yet heard, but at the
same time expresses a wish for any additional suggestions.
A few days since I was reading over some of the back volumes of the
* Zoologist ”—an endless fund of instruction and amusement. In the vol. for 1851
will be found descriptions, by M. de la Chaumette, of the larvee of various
Sphingide, and amongst others, that of Macroglossa stellatarum. While reading
over the description, I came across the following passage, which struck me at once.
The italics are mine :—‘‘ I have always found the larva of this insect on the Galiwm
“ mollugo, which is found growing on old walls exposed to the sun, and it is against
“1867. ; 257
“such walls that I have chiefly found the imago flying.” (Zool. Vol. IX., p.
3101). Bearing this in view, is it possible—I will not say probable—that there
may be an instinctive feeling in this insect which leads it to settle on sunny walls
in search of a plant whereon to deposit its eggs?—J. Greener, Cubley Rectory,
Sudbury, Derby.
*,* My query respecting M. stellatarwn was most fully and satisfactorily
answered by Mr. Bond and Dr. Wallace at the meeting of the 4th February (vide
arite p. 239). According to my experience, the walls, &c., especially frequented, are
those that are the most free from any vegetable growths save the lowest forms of —
lichens.—R. McL.
Notes on Tapinostola (?) Bondit.—A short time since I sent specimens of this
species to my kind friend Professor Zeller, and, in a letter received from him this
morning, he says—‘‘ After an examination of the figures and descriptions, I cannot
“suppose it to be the evtrema of Hitbner. Treitschke (V. II., 316), who saw the
“ originals, says that the cilia, though too darkly coloured, are really dark, as if
“singed, and adds that in the least marked specimens there is always a dark dot
“in the outer (posterior or anterior ?) margin, which is visible on the underside.
“Moreover, the whole underside is white, sparingly dusted in the intervals of the
<‘prominent veins. I hope that when I am at Vienna I shall see the specimens in
“the Museum, and be able to inform you of the real difference of these two species.”
I am rather surprised that these remarks of Treitschke were not quoted by
Dr. Knaggs, as, if the specimens examined were the true extrema of Hibner, it is
quite certain that Bondji is a distinct species.
Lederer refers Herr. Schiiffer’s figure 336 to Helmanni without any mark of
doubt, and 337 to extrema, Hub.; but if the above-quoted remarks of Treitschke be
correct, it cannot possibly represent this species.
I believe it was taken from a female concolor, but I do not think this species
has occurred on the Continent, unless the specimens which Lederer captured some
years since in a marsh near Vienna were concolor.
In July, 1848, I took several specimens of Nonagria (Tapinostola, Led.) con-
color to Paris, and the late M. Pierret, to whom I gave them, said it was a species
unknown to him, but was probably the extrema of Hiibner.
In 1844 the late M. Becker had specimens from me, and as he sent many
species which he procured in England to Herrich Schiiffer, I think it very probable
that his figure 337 was taken from one of my specimens.—HENRY DovuBLEDAY,
Epping, March 14th, 1867.
On the habits of Acrolepia assectella, Z., a species not yet found in Britain.—
Dr. Breyer gave an interesting notice of this insect in the sixth volume of the
- Annales de la Société Entomologique Belge, (p. 21).
“ Our common onion, Allium cepa,” says he, “is a biennial; the first year pro-
duces the onion, in the second we have the flower and the seeds. The flowers
placed in an umbel are borne on a common stalk, which commences to shoot in the
spring, flowers in June, and produces ripe seeds towards the end of September.
258 [April,
“This year, whilst examining, in a kitchen-garden, the onions in seed, I was
struck by the appearance of a disease; several stems were completely stripped,
others bore an umbel which was so slightly attached that the least touch brought
off all the flower-stalks at once. These flower-stalks had been gnawed at their
base, and their union with the common stem was transformed into a flour-like mass.
Here was evidently the work of an insect larva, and not a disease of the plant. On
blowing upon this dust I immediately discovered a quantity of small larvae, which
seemed at the first glance as though they belonged to some Dipterous insect, but
on examining them more closely I perceived that they were small Lepidopterous
larvee. These larve produced Roslerstammia assectella.
“The larva is of a transparent dirty yellow, like old pieces of polished bone ; it
bears a little shield on the second segment, and has two rows of little black hair-
bearing dots, hardly perceptible to the naked eye; it is slightly attenuated in front,
and during repose swollen posteriorly. It feeds gregariously in the flower stems of
the onion, Allium cepa, not making separate galleries, and not ejecting its excre-
ment nor collecting it together. The larve are full-grown towards the commence-
ment of September, and then quit the stem, some perforating the sides of it, but
the greater number passing out at the base of the umbel; the pupz are placed
singly, some amongst the flower-stalks, but the greater number of the larva descend
the stem and disperse themselves over the ground,
“The chrysalis is enclosed in a very pretty net-work cocoon, like very close tulle,
and tolerably firm. At the end of three weeks the imago appears ; it is sufficiently
well known and I need not therefore describe it. It hybernates, and the following
spring the female deposits her eggs on the growing flowering-stems of the onion.
Assectella must be included in the list of insects injurious to horticulture, for
although it does not actually damage the plant in which it lives, it hinders, or at
any rate diminishes, the production of seeds.”
Under the name of Tinea Vigeliella of Duponchel, Colonel Goureau in his
interesting “Insectes nuisibles,” has given at p. 204, a history of ‘‘la teigne du
poireau et de l’ognon,” (which is in truth A. assectella), from which I quote the
following :—‘“ We sometimes perceive at the end of September or the beginning of
October, that plants of leek are attacked by small larvee which have taken up their
abodes in the thick leaves of that vegetable. They excavate longitudinal galleries
either straight or tortuous, which only occupy half the thickness of the leaf, and
they devour all the substance which they excavate. They do not always remain in
the same gallery, and move readily from place to place. They pierce the leaf to
reach the other side of it, where they form new galleries, or they proceed to another
leaf which they gnaw in a similar manner. When these lary are numerous, as
happens some years, they soon destroy a whole row of leeks, or even all in
the garden. They eat almost incessantly and are soon full fed; this happens
towards the 6th of October. . . . . . . The perfect insects appear about the
17th November ; but the entire brood does not then come out; some pass the
winter in the pupa state, and do not take wing till the following spring, when in the
months of April or May, they deposit their eggs on the leaves of young onions,
producing a spring brood which attacks the onions as the autumn brood has
attacked the leeks.”
1867.) 259
Most German Entomologists repute assectella to be synonymous with the
Acrolepia betuletella of Curtis, but the two species are quite distinct. Unfortunately
assectella is not yet known as a British insect, and betuletella still continues a
rarity, of which the larva is unknown. Last month Mr. Sang met with three
specimens of A. betuletella at Castle Eden Dene, and most liberally added this
species to my collection—H. T. Stainton, Mountsfield, Lewisham, 8.E., October
23rd, 1866.
Curious flight of Lasiocampa querctis.—Riding along the side of the crowning
hill of Hindhead one day last August, I noticed several males of Lasiocampa quercts
flying above me in a singular manner. I immediately dismounted, and hurried to
the crest of the hill, where I found that the moths in scores were trying their
utmost to get over the ridge, while the wind, which was very powerful, as con-
stantly drove them back. They would come beating and tacking up the side of the
hill, often dashing into the heath and getting up again, until they got fairly to the
edge, when the wind would carry them back hundreds of yards, and hurl them into
the valley below, when the same performance would be gone through again.
I searched on the summit of the hill, where the wind would not allow me to
stand erect, for some attraction which should bring so many males that way, but
could find no females; nor did it seem that any spot was more favoured than
another by the males, as their only object seemed to get over the hill, no matter
where.
They were so numerous that, although the wind made a perfect plaything of
my net, twisting it everywhere but where I wished, I contrived to catch over
thirty in an hour.—C. G. Barrett, Haslemere.
Notes on Acidalia rusticata.—Whilst rearing this species from larva kindly
sent by Mr. T. Hedle, Mr. Buckler and I have made a few notes, for which I
venture to think the descriptions of Mr. Newman and M. Milliére have still left
room.
We received the larve in September, 1865, then about half grown, and feeding
on tender leaves of ivy and lilac ; but, after hybernation, we found that having by
chance got hold of some withered bramble leaves, they preferred them to any other
food. They spun up about the beginning of June, 1866, and the perfect insects
appeared from 8th to 20th July.
M. Millitre speaks of this species as double-brooded, and describes the larva of
the summer brood, which feeds up quickly; but in England it seems there can be
but one brood: for there would not be time for another between the middle of July
and the beginning of September—when we received our larvee.
I do not know whether there is more than one form of the larva, but in neither
of the above-mentioned descriptions is there any mention made of the row of five
dorsal markings, which, in our specimens, were very conspicuous.
The ground colour was a dingy-brown, paler on the 9th segment ; the dorsal
and sub-dorsal lines paler than the ground; on each segment from oth to 9th
(both inclusive) is an oblong space paler than the ground, shaped somewhat like
an acorn, the tip of which is formed by a very pale spot behind ; these acorns are
260 ~ [April,
partially enclosed (at the beginning and end of each segment, that is) by blackish
marks like Vs, only with the arms curved to suit the outline. There are also some
much shorter curved lateral marks crossing the segmental folds just below the
sub-dorsal line; and there is a pale ochreous plate on the second segment. _
The great rugosity of the skin, and its curious short clubbed bristles, have
been described before.—J. Hetuins, Exeter, 28th January, 1867.
Description of the larva of Spilodes sticticalis—On June 8th, 1866, Mr. T.
Brown, of Cambridge, kindly sent me eggs of this species. These were roundish
in form, shining, and very soft to look at; deposited one on another in an irregular
mass; colour an orange-yellow, changing just an hour or two before the larvae
emerged to smoky-grey, the heads of the larvee showing as black dots.
The larva appeared on June 10th, and from the first were very active. Seeing
Artemisia given as their food by Treitschke, I supplied them with A. vulgaris, and
they took to it readily, and throve so well that by July 7th they were nearly full-
fed. I noticed they ate away the upper side of a leaf, avoiding the ribs and veins,
and leaving the under side untouched. They were very active, walking rapidly,
and could jump backwards an inch at a time.
When full-fed the larva is scarcely an inch in length, slightly tapering towards
either end from the stoutest part, which is at the fifth segment. The head black
and shining, as is also in some specimens the plate at the second segment, which
in others is of the ground colour; the ground is of a dull leaden-grey hue ; some
larve have a pale dorsal line with dark outlines, whilst in others the pale line is
not seen, but the dark outlines run together to form a stripe with a paler line on
either side; sub-dorsal line pale; spiracular stripe pale sulphur-yellow, deeper
above and paler below, and intersected by an interrupted dark grey line. The
usual dorsal spots appear as large as shining warts, which have a pale centre
enclosed with a blackish ring, and emit bristles: spiracles black ; the belly pale
olive-grey with shining warts. There was one variety of a pale grey ground
colour, with the lines faintly yellow, and this combination gave a greenish appear-
ance to the larva.
These larvee appeared to go under ground for pupation, but I have not yet
disturbed the pupee. Three or four of the imagos appeared during the second
week in August, and I am hoping to see some more next June.—Ib.
Notes on the larva of Anchocelis lunosa.—I should not offer a description of this
larva were it not that I think it scarcely comes under the generic characters given
of the Anchocelis larvee in the Manual, whilst some of its distinguishing characters
are omitted in the specific description after Guenée.
In October, 1865, Mr. H. Terry sent us some eggs, the larvee from which I
found feeding by the 28th of that month. They were then of a dull blue-green,
with black heads, and rested on blades of grass, with their heads turned round
sideways. On February 22nd, 1866, I noted that they were of various lengths,
from 1 to } inch, and the smaller ones were still green, whilst most of the bigger
ones (being a moult in advance) had a brownish tinge; and all had a pale dorsal
line and a pale ochreous collar behind the head.
1867.| 261
In April they attained their full growth, when I took the following descrip-
tion :—Length 1} inch; stoutish, cylindrical, tapering slightly towards the extre-
mities ; head round ; dorsal plate on segments two and thirteen: the warts large,
conspicuous, raised, and emitting bristles ; skin (not velvety, but) shining. Ground
colour, usually, an olive-brown, darker all over the back as low as the sub-dorsal
line ; dorsal and sub-dorsal lines fine, ochreous; side below the sub-dorsal line
paler than the back, but deepening towards the spiracles, which are placed in a
dark line; below the spiracles the colour is a dull purplish-brown; head pale
brown; the plate on segment two pale yellow (very conspicuous) edged behind
with black.
There were varieties which retained a great deal of their juvenile greenness to
the last, the side between the sub-dorsal line and the spiracles being more green
than brown, and the belly pale greenish ; and there was one larva which remained
quite green all over, the back being deepest in tint, just as in the brown variety ;
the warts in this larva were not so conspicuous, but in every case the pale yellow
of the second segment is very striking.—Ib.
Description of the larva of Acronycta auricoma.—During last summer, by the kind-
ness of that industrious and expert collector Mr. Meek, I had the opportunity of
figuring and rearing a larva of this species, which well deserves its name of awricoma.
It was taken on oak, and both oak and bramble were given to it for food, and
at length it seemed to prefer the latter; and on the 13th July it spun its silken
cocoon on the underside of a bramble leaf, and the moth emerged on the 3rd of
August.
The full-grown larva was about one inch and a-half in length, and cylindrical,
but the head smaller than the second segment. Ground colour of the body and
ventral legs a dark slaty-grey ; head and anterior legs black and shining; a black
plate on the second segment; all the segments divided by very narrow black
bands; a broad velvety black transverse band across the middle of the back of
each segment, on which are placed four orange tubercles in the usual order, the
anterior pair being much the largest, excepting on the third and fourth segments,
where they are of equal size, and placed in a transverse row; all the tubercles are
furnished with bright golden-yellow silky hairs, which give the larva a very beautiful
appearance.
The spiracles white, ringed with black. The sides of the body slightly garnished
with hairs of a pale drab colour.—Wm. Buckter, Emsworth, January, 1867.
Note on Mr. Kirby’s paper on the European Sphingide.—In the Zoological
Record for 1865 p. 601, I observe, in the notice of my paper on European Sphingide
(Ent. Mag. I.) the following sentence :—‘‘ Following Walker, he divides Macroglossa
into two genera, retaining that name for the clear-winged species, and applying
the name of Sesia to the group including M. stellatarwm.” As this is scarcely
correct, I take the liberty of explaining it, in justice both to Mr. Walker and myself.
My words were—“ Walker’s arrangement of the genera is here adopted, and that
portion of his table of genera which refers to those of Europe is translated.’ With
respect to species, I followed Staudinger; and his arrangement can be compared
with mine by means of the table in Ent. Mag., p. 255. But I followed Walker in
262 [April,
the arrangement of genera, using my own discretion as to adopting his names or
not. With respect to Sesia, I maintain that the true Fabrician types of the genus
are the opaque-winged species. I add here a sketch of Walker’s arrangement, for
the purpose of enabling others to compare it with Staudinger’s and with my own :—
SPHINGIDA, Sesia (clear-wings), Macroglossa, Proserpinus, Cherocampa, Pergesa,
Deilephila, Daphnis, Sphinz, Anceryr, Acherontia, Smerinthus. Deilephila esule,
Boisd., which Staudinger makes doubtfully a variety of D. euphorbia, Walker gives
as a distinct species; and Laothie (Smerinthus) tremule, doubtfully, as a variety
of L. popult. The work referred to is the Brit. Mus. List of Lep. Het., Part 8,
Sphingide, 1856.—W. F. Kirsy, Dublin.
Lepidoptera in the Isle of Wight.—During last autumn I had a few weeks of
collecting on the south coast of the Isle of Wight, with my friends Mr. Stanley
Leigh and Mr. Ernest Geldart.
Our captures bore strong testimony to the inclemency of the season. Insects
were certainly scarcer: where Depressariw had been before in scores we now took
single examples. The resident farmers, too, appeared to have some indistinct
associations with thatch-beating ; and, though they failed to recognise us, were
obviously troubled by some painful recollections of a previous autumn.
Among the Macros we found little worthy of note. P. Adonis and G. obscwrata
were in extreme abundance. A. citraria was by no means scarce. At lamps, near
Ventnor, we met with H. popularis, A. australis, A. immutata, and E. pumilata.
The lighted arbours in the pretty gardens of the “ Crab and Lobster” inn proved
peculiarly attractive to certain species of Noctue ; and it was here that I captured
a most lovely D. cucubali, the active pursuit of which evidently perplexed and
startled an old gentleman near whom the visitor settled.
When I say that Noctua bella was the best insect obtained by about fourteen
nights of sugaring, I give a fair idea of the utter uselessness of that mode of
collecting. Its unproductiveness, however, appears to have been general, if I may
judge by the lack of quality and number of my brother’s captures thereby in
Scotland.
Of the Depressarie I took 17 species: liturella, and pallorella by searching the
brushwood on the cliffs at night; arenella, sub-propinquella, Alstremeriana, pur-
purea, albipunctella, Yeatiana, applana, ciliella, rotundella, cherophylli, nervosa,
badiella, and Heracliana by beating thatch; and wmbellana, after exposure to
fearful storms of wind and rain, by searching the stacks of dried heath on the top
of St. Boniface Down. These storms, which gathered and fell in the most hurried
manner, and with the utmost violence, appeared to culminate when we reached the
most exposed spots. I certainly never got any insects at such expense of personal
comfort as my specimens of wmbellana.
Besides the above, we of course took many species not worth recording. It
may be that the season was a peculiarly bad one, and beyond doubt the roughness
of the weather, which gave us many very grand sea views, and a most enjoyable
and bracing air, interfered with our entomological success; but I cannot help
thinking the south of the Isle of Wight not remarkable for the number of its local
species. In this opinion, however, I am quite open to correction. —J. B. BLACKBURN,
Grassmeade, Southfields, S.W., January, 1867.
1867. 263
Early capture of Nyssia hispidaria.—I took one male specimen of this insect
on the 9th inst., at Richmond Park. The afternoon was very fine, to which I
attribute its early appearance. There is little doubt that this species annually
occurs in the woods lying in the north of London.—S. A. Davis, Seven Sisters’ Road,
Holloway, February 19th, 1867.
Note on Sesia cynipiformis.—In June last I searched the oak trunks in Hyde
Park, in expectation of finding this species. The insect was on the point of
emerging from the pupa at the time, and I took but three. I was unable to visit
the spot again until the end of July, but by that time the imago had had its day
for that year. It must, however, have been in profusion, judging from the number
of pupa skins which protruded through the oak bark. As far as I have observed,
the insect seems confined to a small part of the park; and that a spot by the
storehouse of the Guards. I may here mention that I captured two Catocala nupta
in Hyde Park, in September last.—In.
Offer of Glyphipteryx Haworthana.—I shall be able in a few days to forward
pupze of this insect to any person in want of them, on receipt of box and return
postage. An early application is requested, that I may know what quantity to
collect.—CuHas. CAMPBELL, 145, Lower Moss Lane, Hulme, Manchester.
Captures of Lepidoptera in South Wales (1866).
March.—(C. flavicornis, T. laricaria, 8. avellanella.
April.—L. icteoides* and T. opima.*
May.—N. cristulalis, N. plantaginis, H. uncana, L. viretata, E. tenuiata, S. lunaria
and tlustraria.
June.—-A. leporina, L. pudorina and littoralis, M. albicolon, M. notata.
July and August.—H. petasitis,* L. cespitis, A. fibrosa, A. ripe,* precov, valligera,
cursoria, and saucia; A. occulta,* P. festuce, A. citraria, E. coronata; anda
variety of G. papilionaria of a rich uniform cream-colour.
Sept.— FE. nigra and C. spartiata.*
All marked thus * are new to me in this locality. The above are the best
of my captures in 1866.—J. T. D. LunwrLyn, Ynisygerwn, Neath, Feb. 22nd, 1867.
EntomoLoercaL Society or Lonpon, 18th February, 1867. Sir Joun Luppock,
Bart, F R.S., President, in the Chair.
Mr. Moore brought under the notice of the Meeting the damage caused by the
larve of Tomicus monographus to the staves of malt-liquor casks in India. The
insect had not yet been detected in Britain; still there seemed every reason to
believe that the staves were infested before they arrived in India; so either it must
be overlooked here, or, as was probable, the staves were imported from some con-
tinental locality in which the species abounded. It was calculated that there were
sometimes 134,000 holes drilled in the staves forming a single cask. Immersion in
boiling water had been found an effectual remedy. Specimens of the insect, and of
the wood attacked, were exhibited.
Mr. Newman exhibited the lock of a door from the Kent Waterworks, being
one of several that had been rendered useless through their chambers being filled
with the nests of Osmiu bicornis. He also exhibited a portion of the stem of Saliv
264 [April, 1867.
caprea attacked by the larve of Sesia bembeciformis, and showing their presence
within by means of raised marks externally in the bark. And, on behalf of the
captor, Mr. Wildman, an example of Naclia ancilla, new to Britain, taken last season
at Worthing.
Mr. Smith exhibited a collection of Hymenoptera from Mr. Du Boulay, of
Champion Bay, Australia. The collection was very rich in new forms, some of
them most beautiful. Mr. Higgins also exhibited a miscellaneous collection from the
same locality, including many beatiful Scaritide and Buprestide.
Mr. Stainton exhibited a small moth bred by him from larve found feeding on
the olive at Mentone. This had been described provisionally by M. Milliére as
Tinea oleastrella; it appeared to be somewhat allied to Zelleria. Also a living
crippled example of Margarodes wnionalis, bred from an. olive-feeding larva from
the same locality.
Professor Westwood remarked that, having previously caught a specimen of
Vanessa wrtice, Professor Rolleston had dissected it with a view to ascertain if its
structure showed any adaptation for sustaining life during the long hybernation of
the insect. To his surprise the example proved to be a male, it being generally
supposed that only the female hybernated; the abdomen was full of a greasy-
looking substance which, under the microscope, showed numerous fatty globules.
Mr. A. R. Wallace read a paper on the Pieride of India and the Indian islands,
describing 46 new forms, detailing the geographical distribution and affinities of
the species. A discussion followed, in which Messrs. Bates, Pascoe, Westwood,
and the author took part.
Mr. H. Jenner Fust, jun., communicated a laborious paper, the result of several
years’ work, on the geographical distribution of Lepidoptera (to the end of the
Crambina) in Great Britain and Ireland, after the plan of Watson’s “ Cybele
Britannica.”
Mr. E. Saunders communicated a paper on the species of Buprestide collected
by Mr. Lamb at Penang.
Ath March, 1867. FF. Smiru, Hsq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
A. H. Clarke, Esq., of 16, Furnival’s Inn, was elected a Member.
Mr. Dunning exhibited a collection of insects presented to the Society by M.
Pollen, of Leyden, taken in Madagascar; in it were fine examples of the rare
longicorn Sternotomis Thomsont.
Mr. Bond exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Wilkinson, of Scarborough, an instance of
Hymenopterous parasitism on the larvee of Dasypolia templi. The infested larva
came above the surface of the ground, and the parasitic larve spun a web-like
covering over it, in which they changed to pupe—447 minute ichneumons had
emerged from one larva.
Mr. Charles B. King communicated some notes on a species of Phasmide
common in Jamaica.
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse communicated a paper on a new species of Damaster,
which he described as D. awricollis ; also notes on a genus of Dynastid-Lamelli-
corns, of the family Pimelopide.
Dr. Hagen communicated notes on the genus Raphidia.
May, 1867.] 965
AN ESSAY TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE OF BRITISH HOMOPTERA.
BY THE BEV. T. A. MARSHALL, M.A.
(Concluded from page 248.)
19.—Hupteryx jucundus, H. Sch. ?
Pallide viridi-flavus; vertex, pronotum, scutellum, nigro maculata
(macule verticis 2, pronoti 5), hemelytra longitrorsum fusco vittata.
Pectus et abdomen nigra; hujus incisure anguste flav. Pedes pallidi,
unguibus fuscis ; cox postice subtus macula nigra.
The vertex is yellowish-white, with two large round spots at the
apex, between the eyes; hinder margin very narrowly bordered with
black, and with a small central black spot, anteriorly acuminated.
Pronotum with two anterior black spots, and three more arranged
transversely on the disc, the middle one narrowed behind, and broader
in front than the two lateral spots. Scutellum with two triangular
black spots at the basal angles, and a black spot in the transverse
depression before the apex, from which a narrow black medial line
extends to the base. Hemelytra with five longitudinal brown stripes
(two on the clavus, three on the corium) ; the nervures greenish-yellow:
Of the three longitudinal alary veins the two anterior, or outer, are
blackish, the inner one finer and pale. Long. 2 lin.
Typhi. jucunda, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 632. .
Mr. Douglas has a specimen which appears to belong to this species.
Being unprovided with a type at the present moment, I am compelled
to translate and abridge the description of Flor. He states that the
insect is found on the common alder. Probably the specimen labelled
T. fulva, H. Sch., in the British Mus., is identical with the above.
20.—Hupteryx quercis, Lin.
Albidus ; vertex sepe linea sinuata antica citrina: pronoti margo
anticus, maculeque 3 ejusdem discales,—scutelli omnes anguli—heme-
lytrorum macule 5-7 irregulares, oblonge, plus minus confluentes,
citrine vel rubre. Corii cellule apicales 2 magne prope costam, fusco
cincte, ocellatee. Membrana cellulis (praesertim basalibus) infuscatis,
nervis albidis. Pedes albidi, tibise postice apice ipso fusco: unguicule
‘fuscescentes. jf 2. Long. 14; alar exp. 3 lin.
Cicada quercés, Fab., S. R., 79, 89.
T. quercis, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 412.
T. fasciata, Tollin, ueber Kleinzirpen, in Stett. Ent. Zeit.,
1851, p. 73.
Abundant on various trees, but especially oaks, throughout northern
Europe. In the British Mus. 2. gracilis, Zett.? is mixed with the
present species.
266 (May,
21.—Eupteryx pulchellus, Fall.
Pallide flavus ; abdomen basi supra nigrum. Vertex et pronotum
lata, sub-depressa. Hemelytra pellucida, disci colore variabili, sed
striolis semper 8 transversis, maculaque parva sub-apicali, nigris.
Striole 2 ad membrane basin a margine externo et interno ducte,
abbreviate; striola tertia longior et distinctior ad corii marginem
externum pone medium orta, oblique in membranam flectitur. Ale
lactesw. Pedes pallidi. ¢ 9. Long. 13; alar. exp. 33 lin.
Var. a. Hemelytra saturate brunnea.
Var. 6. Hemel. roseo vel rufo tincta, margine externo flavo.
Cicada pulchella, Fall., Hem., 2, p. 55.
T. pulchella, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 418.
Tettigonia concinna, Germ., Fn., 14, 12.
Eupt. ornatipennis, Curt., B. E., 640, fig. (var. a.).
Very common on oaks from July—October.
22.—Hupteryx Germart, Lett.
Pallide fusco-flavus ; abdomen nigrum, incisuris flavis. Scutellum
infuscatum. Hemelytra propter alas perlucentes nonnihil ccerulescentia.
Corium margine externo cellulaque media hyalinis. Membrana apice
indeterminate fumosa; cellula 2“ petiolata, raro sessilis. Als pallide
fuscz, cyanco iridescentes, nervis 3 externis crassioribus, fuscis. Pedes
pallidi, unguiculis fuscis; tibis postice: ad spinarum basin migropunc-
tate. O?. Long. 13; alar. exp. 4 lin.
Cicadula Germari, Zett., Ins., Lapp. p. 301.
T. Germari, Flor, BR. L., 2, p. 420.
Found rarely, on Pinus abies, in the London district. In Mr.
Douglas’s collection and my own.
23.—Lupteryx auratus, Lin.
Flavyo nigroque varius. Vertex maculis 2 magnis ovatis, basin
attingentibus, ibidemque conjunctis. Frontem linea nigra utrinque a
genis determinat. Antenne flave. Pronotum flavum, punctis 2 anticis
minimis nigris, maculisque 2 magnis lateralibus, basin versus approxi-
matis, sed basin haud attingentibus. Scutellum nigrum, apice late,
vittaque media longitudinali, flavis. Abdominis incisure flave. Heme-
lytra pellucida, flava, costa seepe aurea; clavus vitta basali intus longi-
tudinali fusca ; angulo baseos interiore rotundo, macula media, et apice,
nigris. Corium intus fusco marginatum ; vitta basalis obliqua, intus
pallidior, maculaque magna pone coste medium irregularis, nigre.
Membrana fusca, hyalino ter fenestrata, Ale hyaline, nervis 3 exteri-
oribus fuscis. Pedes flavi. ¢¢. Long. 1%; alar. exp. 33 lin.
1867] 267
Cicada awrata, Linn., 8. N., 5, p. 466, No. 48.
T. picta, Burm., Handb., 2, p. 107.
P. aurata, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 423.
T. fulva, H. Sch., D. Ins., 148, 1.
Cie. nigropunctata, Schr., Ins., Austr., 499 ?
Eupt. maculipennis, Curt., B. E., 640, No. 11 (according to the
Brit. Mus. collection).
The above description is taken from a number of average indi-
viduals, but dark or pale varieties occur which differ considerably in
their markings. The species is likely to be confounded with pictus,
Fab.; q.v. The five last species here described form a natural and
closely allied group, which might well constitute a genus. . auratus
is sufficiently common on shrubs in hedges, fields, &c., throughout the
country.
24.—Hupteryax pictus, Fab.
Precedenti proxime aflinis, sed minor. Differt fronte breviore
(vid. p. 201)—colore pallidiore, sulfureo, maculisque semper minoribus.
Hemelytra perpallida, fere hyalina, maculis 2 nigris, una minori apud ©
marginem clavi interiorem, altera majori ad corii marginem exteriorem
pone medium sita. Pedes flavi; cox postice nigra, intermedi nigro
maculate ; femora anteriora subtus, tibieque postice apice (3g) inter-
dum nigra. Cetera ut in precedenti. ¢ 9.
Long. 1; alar. exp. 3 lin.
Cicada picta, Fab., 8. R., p. 77.
T. picta, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 425.
Cicada aurata, Fall., Hem., 2, p. 50.
T. aureola, Bohem., Handb., 1845, p. 49.
Common throughout Europe.
25.—LEupteryx vittatus, Lin.
Niger, flavo varius. Caput flavum; vertex postice brunneus, basi
ipsa nigra. Pronotum omnino nigrum, vel punctis 3 disci flavis. Scu-
tellum nigrum, rarius apice et linea media flavis. Hemelytra flava, vitta
lata longitudinali, utrinque bis excavata nigra. Pedesflavi. ¢ 9.
Long. 1; alar, exp. 23 lin.
Cicada vittata, Lin., 8. N., 5, p. 463.
T. vittata, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 427.
Lupt. notata, Curt., B. E., 640, No. 1.
T. 4-signata, Hardy, Tynes. Trans., 1, p. 418.
Common in shady places among grass and nettles. I found one
dwarf specimen on the top of a Scotch mountain, Has occurred in
Italy, as well as northern Europe.
268 [May,
26.—LHupteryx urtice, Lin.
Eupt. aurato similis, sed minor, tibiis posticis nigris basi flavis.
Differt etiam fronte nigro bipunctata. Vertex maculis 2 magnis
rotundis, maculaque baseos media triangulari, nigris. Frons utrinque
nigro marginata. Pronotum maculis 7 nigris, 4 in margine antico spe
confluentibus, 2 parvis lateralibus, una basali maxima, irregulari, seepe
quadrifariam divisa—sed macule omnes variant. Scutellum flavum,
maculis duabus triangularibus apud angulos anticos. Hemelytra flava,
clavi coriique cellulis maximam partem infuscatis, nervis flavis. ¢ 9.
Long. 14; alar. exp. 2¢ lin.
Cicada urtice, Lin.; Fab., 8. R., p. 77.
Eupt. tarsalis, Curt., B. E., 640, No. 6.
T. urtice, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 428.
Common everywhere on Urtica dioica. It is readily distinguished
from its allies by the black hinder tibiz, yellow at the base.
27.—LEupteryx melisse, Curt.
Pallide viridi-flavus ; abdomennigrum. Frontis macule 2, verticis
3, nigre. Pronotum ad marginem anticum punctis 2, punctis etiam 4
(utrinque 2) lateralibus, nigris; disco indeterminate fuscum. Scutellum
angulis anticis, punctisque 2 ante lineam transversam depressam nigris.
Pedes pallidi. ¢ 9. Long. 13; alar. exp. 23 lin.
Eupterye melisse, Curt., B. ., 640, No. 7.
T. collina, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 433.
Taken by Curtis in August and October upon balm in a garden at
Niton, Isle of Wight, and by me last year in a similar locality in this
neighbourhood. It is very distinct from wrtice in colour, being of a
delicate sea-green instead of yellow; the hemelytra are shorter; the
scutellum has four instead of two black spots ; the hinder tibix are not
black ; and the nettle is not the plant upon which it lives.
To the above species of Hupterya I am now enabled to add the
following, which is not in the Synopsis at p. 200.
28.—LEupterya stachydearum, Hardy.
Hupt. urtice simillimus, egre distinguendus. Membrane cellula
4ta (intima) basi non solum 3tie 4teque contigua, sed etiam corii
cellule 2d. Tarsi postici longiores. Tibize posticee tantum apice ipso
nigre. 9.
1867. 269
P. stachydearum, Hardy, Tynes. Trans. 1, p. 422.
T. Curtisit, Flor, R. L., 2, p. 431.
? Eupt. hortensis, Curt., B. E., 640, No. 5.
Common on various plants ; Stachys sylvatica, Lamium album, and
Ballota nigra.
Tn conclusion, I willadd a few observations made during the course
of publication of these papers.
Delphax elegantulus, Boh.; see vol. 1, p. 252.
? (undescribed.)
Forma brachyptera. A mare differt colore omnino testaceo, statura
paulo majore. Abdominis segmenta supra medio carinata, ad latera
foveolis utrinque 3 fuscescentibus. Segmentum genitale apice infra
nigrum. Oviductus albidus.
Common, with the ¢, in marshy parts of Epping Forest.
Delphax bivittatus, Boh., Handb., 1849, p. 259; Stal, Ofv.,
1854, p. 196.
“Oblongus, dilute flavo-testaceus, supra utrique vitta in vertice
cum opposita conjuncta et ad anum fere continuata, nigro-fusca; vertice
ante oculos producto, obtuso, fronte, prothorace scutelloque tricarinatis ;
hemelytris vitta suturali, nigro-fusco ornatis, apice conjunctim emargi-
natis, singulatim angulo exteriore rotundatis.” ¢ 9.
Long § 13; 9 14 hn.
The brachypterous form only. Taken sparingly on Wimbledon
Common and in Epping Forest.
Delphax thoracicus, Stal, Ofv., 1858, p. 356.
“ Nigro-fuscus (¢), vel plus minus dilute fusco-testaceus (9? );
capite dilutiore, pedibus incisurisque pectoris plus minus dilute sordide
flavo-testaceis. Thorace, limbo angusto laterali superiore valvule analis
¢ albicantibus; fronte medio bicarinata, carinis basin versus subeyan-
escentibus.” ¢ 9. Long. ¢ 14; ? 14 lin.
The brachypterous ¢ has black hemelytra, the ? testaceous, both
tipped with white. The pronotum of the ? is often whitish. Very
similar to albomarginatus, Curt., but the frontal caring are less developed,
almost obsolete between the eyes, and concolorous with the face, instead
of white. It is also a larger insect.
Found also on Wimbledon Common, in marshy spots.
I am inclined to believe that Jassus 4:-vittatus, described as new at
p- 222 of vol. 2, is nothing more than a finely coloured variety of socialis,
Flor, vol. 2, p. 250.
270 [May,
Tassus (Asythanus) ventralis, Fall., Hem., 2, p 31.
Ts a British insect; Mr. Douglas has taken it, and kindly commu-
nicated to me a specimen.
Tassus (Athysanus) brevipennis, Kschbm.
Athysanus—Arten, p. 9.
I found two or three specimens at Rannoch, which appear to be
this species.
Mr. Scott has re-discovered in the Isle of Wight the Batracho-
morphus irroratus, of Lewis, Trans. Ent. Soc., vol. 1, 1834, p. 51, ply,
fig. 5; a remarkable insect, whose systematic place appears difficult to
settle.
T am informed by Mr. Douglas that Tettigometra impressopunctata,
Signoret (see vol. 3, p. 149), is in the collection of Mr. Dale, occurring
also in the south of England.
T. A. M.; Milford, April, 1867.
A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH PSOCIDA.
BY R. M LACHLAN, F.L.S.
(Concluded from p. 245.)
Genus Cacritus, Curtis (1837).
Tarsi 2-jointed. Pterostigma free. Discoidal cell incomplete,
open. Three complete cellules on the apical half of the posterior
margin; the last elliptical and free.
1.—CzxcrLivs PepicuLarivs, Linné.
Hemerobius pedicularius, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 884, 1515 (1761); Syst.
Nat. p. 918, 15; Schrank En. Ins. p. 314, 630. Psocus pedicularius,
Lat. Coqb. Icon. 10, tab. 2, fig. 1. P. abdominalis, Fab. Ent. Syst. suppl.
p- 204, 9 (1798) ; Steph. TL p. 127,41; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 28, 14.
P. nigricans Steph. Til. p. 127, 40 (1886). P. dubius, Steph. Tll. p. 127,
42 (1836).—*P. domesticus Burm. Handb. 2, p. 777, 4 (1839) ; Brauer
N. A. p. 83.° P. binotatus, Ramb. Névrop. p. 824, 14 (1842). Lachesilla
fatidica, Westwood, Introduction vol. ii. p. 18, fig. 59, 16, forma microp-
tera ?
Antenne short, yellowish or brown. Head and thorae uniform shining blackish-
brown, or reddish-brown. Abdomen yellowish, the segments margined with brown,
which colour sometimes suffuses the whole. Legs yellowish, the knees and tarsj
obscure. Wings hyaline; a small blackish dot at the commencement of the
pterostigma, and a similar one at the termination of the cubitus on the inner
margin; veins rather strong, dark brown; pterostigma broad, occasionally with a
very faint smoky tinge ; the free posterior marginal cellule broadly elliptical.
Length of body 3/” ; expanse of fore-wings 1}-2’”.
1867 ] pei ih
This minute insect is abundant in autumn in the interiors of houses
and warehouses, even in the heart of the City of London. In the room
in which I now write it swarms every year during a few days in August
or September, according to the season; but lasts a very short time,
generally disappearing entirely in a week from the advent of the first-
seen examples.
2.—CmHcILIvs FLAVIDUS, Stephens.
Pocus flavidus, Steph., Il. p. 122, 20 (1836) ; Ramb. Névrop. p. 323,
9; Brauer N. A. p. 33; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 27, 18. P. flavicans,
Steph. Ill. p. 123, 21 (1836). P. ochropterus, Steph. Ill. p. 122, 19
(1836). P. subpunctatus, Steph. Ill. p. 126, 34 (1836)? P. boréellus
Zett. Insect. Lapp. col. 1053, 6 (1840). Cecilius strigosus, Curt. B. EK.
648, 26 (1837).
Antenne rather short, slightly pilose in ¢, fuscous, the basal half (excepting
the two first joints) yellowish. Head yellow; the crown marked with brown in the
middle about the ocelli. Thorax yellow, marked with shining brown. Abdomen
yellow. Legs yellow, the tarsi brownish. Anterior wings elongate, sub-hyaline,
tinged with greyish-yellow ; veins strong, brown, and most of them margined with
brown; pterostigma elongate, dilated in the middle ; free posterior marginal cellule
broad, the apex broadly and flatly rounded; posterior wings hyaline, scarcely
tinged, the veins finer. Length of body 1-14’”; expanse of fore-wings 3-33”.
A common species on palings.
3.—CHECILIUS OBSOLETUS Stephens.
Psocus obsoletus Steph. Ill. p. 123, 22 (1886).
Antenne short, dark reddish-brown, slightly pilose in ¢. Head and thorawx
uniform reddish-yellow. Abdomen paler. Legs reddish-yellow. Anterior wings
pale smoky greyish-yellow; veins very fine, brownish, not margined ; pterostigma
more elongate than in C. flavidus, dilated at the apex, which is more abrupt,
reddish or smoky-yellowish ; the free posterior cellule similar to that in P. flavidus,
but smaller. Posterior wings tinged as in the anterior, but paler.
Length of body 1-13’”; expanse of fore-wings 23-33.”
Probably equally common with No. 2, but overlooked or confused
with that species.
I have seen numerous specimens of both sexes, and am convinced
that it is neither an immature nor sexual form of flavidus. The colouring
is more reddish and obscure, the veins very fine, and the structural
characters of the latter somewhat different.
In Mr. Marshall’s collection I find two specimens that I believe
form another closely allied species; the wings are much broader and
more obtusely rounded, hyaline, with the least perceptible tinge of
colouring, and with exceedingly fine veins. In a group in which the
272 {May,
species evidently so closely resemble each other, I will not describe
this as new without an examination of more, and fresh, examples. In
size it equals C. obsoletus.
4.—Cactiius Dati, McLachlan, n. s. (Plate 2, fig. 6).
Albidus: antennis alis paulo brevioribus, gracilibus, fuscescentibus, captte inma-
culato, ocellis brunneis; thorace interdum brunneo-tincto; abdomine flavo, bast
utrinque nigro-signato ; pedibus pallide flavis; alis hyalinis, anticis latis, brevibus, fere
immaculatis, wpice rotundatis, punctis duobus fuscis, quorum unum ad pterostigmatis
initium, alterum ad post-coste terminationem; venis gracilibus ciliatis, fuscis, ad
marginam apicalem vix fusco-marginatis, pterostigmate elongato.
Long. corp. 1-13”” ; exp. alar. 3-34”.
Antenne not so long as the wings, fuscescent or yellowish. Head whitish,
immaculate, the ocelli brown. Thorax whitish, sometimes suffused with brownish.
Abdomen yellowish, a blackish line on each side at the base. Legs pale whitish-
yellow, the tibisc marked with very minute blackish points, being the tubercles
whence spring the hairs. Wings hyaline; anterior wings with a minute blackish
dot at the commencement of the pterostigma, and another at the termination of
the post-costa on the posterior margin ; veins very fine, ciliated, brownish, all the
apical veins slightly margined with fuscous at their terminations in the margin,
forming brownish points, and some of the basal veins are stronger and darker
than the others; pterostigma elongate, scarcely dilated, almost parallel; free
marginal cellule almost semi-circular; in the posterior wings the apical veins are
pointed at their terminations as in the anterior.
Taken commonly by Mr. Dale amongst box (Bwaws) in his garden
at Glanville’s Wootton, Dorset, unaccompanied by any other species.
Tt is an extremely delicate-looking insect, and very distinct, on account
of its broad rounded wings and very pale coloration. I have seen many
examples, which do not vary otherwise than by showing an unusually
strong tendency to aberrant nerval arrangement.
5.—Cax£ciiius Fruscoprerts, Latreille.
Psocus fuscopterus, Lat. Coqb. Icon, 10 tab. 2, fig. 2 (1799). P. vittatus
Dalman, Analect. Ent. p. 98, 18 (1828); Steph. Ill. p. 122, 18; Zett.
Insect. Lapp. col. 1044, 9; Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 27,12. Cecilius
fenestratus, Curt. B. E. pl. 648 (1837). BP. fenestratus, Burm. Hand. 2
p. 778, 7.
Antenne not so long as the wings, stout, pilose in ¢, fuscous, the basal joints
testaceous. Head and thorax shining chestnut-brown, the latter often blackish.
Abdomen reddish, black at the apex. Legs pale yellow, the tarsi tipped with fus-
cous. Wings hyaline, shining; anterior wings long and narrow, a broad brown
longitudinal band extends from base to apex, occupying the whole breadth of the
wing at its commencement, but leaving an elongate, hyaline space near the apex
of the costal margin (which space is intersected by two brown-margined veins), and
1867.) 273
another long hyaline space on the apical portion of the posterior margin; veins
blackish ; pterostigma elongate, broadly dilated at the apex; free posterior cellule
broadly rounded ; posterior wings with a similar band to that in the anterior, but
much paler, greyish. Length of body 1-14”; expanse of fore-wings 4”.
Sometimes common amongst undergrowth in woods, but apparently
uncertain in its appearance.
Coquebert’s figure gives a very faint idea of the insect, and the
neuration is incorrectly delineated, but Latreille’s description suits
well. Curtis’s figure is very characteristic, but the colouring rather
too dark.
Genus Prrresocus, Hagen (1866).
Psocus, p. auctorum.
Tarsi 2-jointed. Pterostigma free. Discoidal cell incomplete,
open. Only two complete cellules on the apical portion of the posterior
margin ; the last being altogether absent.
1.—Prrtpsoctus aLBocuTTaTus, Dalman (Plate 2, fig. 8).
Psocus alboguttatus, Dalm., Analect. Ent., p. 98, 14 (1823). P. stria-
tulus, Steph. Ill. p. 124, 27, teste coll. partim (1836). P. 4-maculatus,
Steph., Ill. p. 124, 26, teste coll. partim (1836). P. pupillatus, Dale,
Walker Brit. Mus. Cat. Neurop., pt. 3, p. 493, 40 (1853) ; Hag. Ent.
Ann. 1861, p. 28,9; Ent. Monthly Mag. vol. 2, p. 9.
Antenne about the length of the wings, slightly pilose in ¢, blackish, testa-
ceous at the base. Head uniformly brown, the ocelli blackish. Thorax brown, the
lobes darker. Abdomen reddish-brown. Legs brown. Wings mouse-grey, occa-
sionally almost black, the posterior paler ; anterior wings with whitish spots in the
cellules, some of which enclose pupils of the dark ground-colour (one of these near
the base of the long median apical cell being the most conspicuous), others without
pupils ; pterostigma elongate, dilated at the apex; veins fuscous.
Length of body 3-14”; expanse of fore-wings 23-33’.
Apparently a local species; taken commonly by Mr. Dale.
2.—PrrRipsocus PHXOPTERUS, Stephens.
Psocus pheopterus, Steph. Ill. p. 127, 39 (1836) ; Brauer N. A. p. 33;
Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 25, 9. P. nigricornis, Steph. Ill. p. 126, 38
(1836).
Antenne scarcely so long as the wings, stout, blackish. Head and thorax
varying from dark brown to black, shining. Abdomen dark brown. Legs blackish.
Wings uniformly smoky-grey (varying from pale to nearly black), the hind-wings
scarcely paler ; veins blackish ; pterostigma elongate, slightly dilated towards the
apex, brownish. Length of body 1-13’ ; expanse of fore-wings 3-33’”.
A very common species, especially amongst the foliage of firs and
larches.
°
274 _ (May,
Genus Exresocus, Hagen (1866).
Psocus, p. auctorum.
Tarsi 3-jointed. Neuration as in Cecilius.
1.—Enipsocus unrpunctatus, Miller.
Hemerobius unipunctatus, Mill. Faun. Fridrichs. p. 66, 580 (1764) 3
Prodr. p. 146 1690. H. aphidioides, Schk. En. Ins. Aust. p. 314, 629
(1781). Psocus immunis, Steph. Tl. p. 121, 16 (1836) ; Hag. Ent. Ann.
1861, p. 23, 4. P. longicornis, Steph. Ill. p. 121, 15, nec Fab. | P.
obliteratus, Zett. Insect. Lapp. col. 1052, 4 (1840). P. naso, Ramb.
Névrop. p. 820, 5 (1842). Cecilius vitripennis, Curt. B. E., pl. 648, 28
(1837).
Antenne about the length of the wings, scarcely pilose in ¢ , black, the two basal
joints yellowish. Head yellowish with blackish spots on the crown (varying to all
brown) ; nasws with numerous blackish convergent streaks. Thoraw black or brewn,
with the divisions of the lobes, and elevated radiating lines, yellowish. Abdomen
brown or black, varied with yellow. Legs pale yellow, the tips of the tibize and the
tarsi black, tibiee with very minute blackish points. Wings hyaline with brown
veins; pterostigma very narrow, elongate, its lower edge curved, pitchy-brown,
which colour extends slightly below the vein forming the stigma; free marginal
cellule large, sub-triangular, the apex rounded and nearly touching the vein
above it. Length of body 1}-2’” ; expanse of fore-wings 5-53.’”
A common species.
2.—Exiesocus Westwoopi, McLachlan, n. sp.
Psocus 4-maculatus, Westwood, Introd. vol. 2, p. 19., fig. 59, 8-9, nec.
Latreille (noticed).
Fuscus ; antennis alis brevioribus; his via elongatis, hyalinis; anticis fascia
media flexuosa, maculis duabus, wna pterostigmaticali, altera cellulam ellipticam
circumscribenti, plus minus intense fuscis ; venis sub-ciliatis, nigricantibus.
Long. corp. 1-13"; eap. alar. 33-32”.
Antenne shorter than the wings, brown. Head and thoraw more or less intensely
brown. Abdomen and legs brown. Wings hyaline; anterior wings rather elongate,
a fuscous zig-zag transverse fascia (sometimes nearly absent) follows the course of
the veins in the middle, often uniting with the pterostigma; the latter is elongate,
much dilated beyond its middle, the dilated portion occupied by a more or less
intense fuscous spot; the free posterior cellule large and elliptical, and usually
margined with fuscous ; veins blackish, slightly ciliated.
Not uncommon on tree-trunks: not in Stephens’ collection.
This is (according to the types) the species considered by West-
wood as P. 4-maculatus, Latreille. The latter species, however, is a
true Psocus in the restricted sense, and I believe identical with P.
maculipennis, Stephens. The large specimens mentioned by Westwood
(loc. cit.), and supposed by him to be the females, are P. bifasciatus.
1867.] 275
3.—ELrpsocus HYALINvS, Stephens.
Psocus hyalinus, Steph. Ill. p. 123, 28 (1836); Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861, p.
26,10. PP. 2-punctatus, Steph. Ill. p. 123, 24, nec. Linn. PP. 6-pune-
tatus, Steph. Ill. p. 128, 25, nec. Linn.
Antenne not so long as the wings, dark fuscous. Head pale shining brown,
without markings; eyes and ocelli black. Thoraw dark shining blackish-fuscous.
Abdomen pale yellow witha fuscous apex, Legs brownish. Wingshyaline; anterior
wings rather elongate, a fuscous zig-zag transverse fascia follows the course of the
veins in the middle ; pterostigma semi-ovate, occupied by a dark fuscous spot; free
marginal cellule elliptical, margined with dark fuscous; veins moderately ciliated,
blackish. The markings vary much in intensity according to the degree of maturity
attained. Length of body 1”’; expanse of fore-wings 3””.
Very similar to the last, but smaller, and may be at once dis-
tinguished by its yellow abdomen, tipped with fuscous.
Hagen places hyalinus in Cecilius, but the types of all three of
Stephens’ species have 3-jointed tarsi, as is also the case with individuals
taken by myself and compared with the types.
4,—ELIPSOcuS FLAVICEPS, Stephens (Plate 2, figs. 9 and 10).
Psocus flaviceps, Steph. Ill. p. 124, 28 (1836); Hag. Ent. Ann. 1861,
p. 26, 11. P. striatulus, Steph. Tl. p. 124, 27, nec. Fab. P. lasiop-
terus, Burm. Handb. 2 p. 777, 5 (1839). COccilius irroratus, Curt. B. E.
648, 27 (1337).
Antenne not so long as the wings, pilose in ¢, fuscous. Head yellow (some-
times wholly brown) ; crown spotted with blackish; nasus with few convergent
brown lines. Thoraw brown varied with yellow, or wholly brown. Abdomen
brown with lateral yellow lines. Wings varying from hyaline to smoky ; anterior
wings very variable in their markings; in the most strongly marked form they are
strongly spotted with fuscous, with a semicircular row of fuscous spots in the apical
cellules, most of the veins and the lower edge of the semicircular pterostigma
margined with fuscous; in the least marked form these wings shew little trace of
the dark markings, save a perceptible margining of the veins; and all intermediate
conditions occur; veins dark brown, strongly ciliated ; free posterior cellule small.
Length of body 1-1}’”; expanse of fore-wings 3-33””.
Common amongst the foliage of firs, larches, and yews.
This, to me, has been the most puzzling of all the Psocide. The
varieties into which it runs are so numerous that it yet seems doubtful
if there may not be more than one species, yet I have beaten all the
forms at the same time from one small larch-tree. The strongly
ciliated veins seem to afford the best character. Although placed by
Hagen in a different group, Stephens’ types appear certainly to have
8-jointed tarsi, which is also the case with all similar examples in my,
276 [May,
and other, collections. That P. lasiopterus of Burmeister belongs here
seems evident from his words, “ nervis fusco-cinctis, longissime pilosis,”
but his doubtful reference to fuscopterus of Latreille is incorrect ; he
was unaware of the existence of species with 3-jointed tarsi.
CORRIGENDUM. |
Page 196. Instead of “ Lachesis, Westwood (Lachesilla, Hagen),” read “ Lache-
silla, Westwood (Lachesis, Hagen). The generic term Lachesilla will be found in
the Appendix to the ‘ Introduction,” p. 47.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Fig. Fig.
1. Atropos divinatoria, Miller. 8. Peripsocus alboguttatus, Dalm.
2. Clothilla pulsatoria, L. 9. 10. Elipsocus flaviceps, Steph. ; ex-
3. C. picea, Mots. } treme forms,
4. Psoquilla margine-punctata*, Hag. | 11. Neuration of fore-wing of Psocus.
(the antennze supplied). 12. A - Stenopsocus.
5. Psocus fasciatus, F. 13: A 5G Ceecilius.
6. Cecilius Dalit, McLach. 14. a5 : Peripsocus.
7. Stenopsocus cruciatus; L. forma sub- | 15. A 2-jointed tarsus (Psocus proper, &e.)
microptera. 16. A 3-jointed tarsus (Elipsocus).
Natural history of Catocala sponsa.—In August, 1865, I captured at sugar a
moth of this species, which proved to be a 2, and she obligingly laid a few eggs
on oak twigs and the sides and leno cover of her cage, after being fed for a fortnight
with moistened sugar.
The eggs were circular, and rather depressed, smooth and shining, olive-brown,
some of them semi-transparent and mottled with darker brown, showing a whitish
ring near the margin and a narrow blackish ring within it; these last, as the
sequel proved, were fertile, and the others barren.
In April, 1866, the young larve hatched just as the oak buds and blossoms
began to appear, and on which they fed, preferring the blossoms, though after
their second moult they readily partook of the leaves.
When first hatched they were blackish-brown, with a few paler blotches; long
in proportion, looping with much activity in their progression, often standing erect
on their anal legs with a tremulous motion of the body, and, if touched, falling and
wriggling in an excited manner.
After the second moult they were of a very pale brown mottled with olive-
greenish and brown, exhibiting decidedly the peculiarities of contour pertaining
to larvee of the genus Catocala. ;
In their early stages they were very restless for some time after being dis-
turbed by changing their oak twigs, walking about their glass prison as if bent on
escaping, but would at length settle down to their food; in repose they were
* This figure is reduced from a beautiful drawing kindly executed for me by my colleague Mr.
Rye, from microscopic examination. At page 196 I have said that the hind-wings appear to be wanting.
But, according to the drawing, the wings appear to be metathoracic, and accordingly hind-wings. The
only example that had partially escaped the ravages of its kindred, was destroyed, after having been
figured, through an unfortunate accident ; so that, for the present, I am unable to make a re-exami-
nation.
1867. | 277
generally stretched out close to the surface of the twigs, and assimilated well with
them ; as their size increased, so in proportion they became quieter, and at length
even lethargic in their demeanour, each individual having a separate residence.
On arriving at maturity they spun a loose kind of hammock amongst the oak
leaves, and therein changed to pups of a purplish-red colour, covered with a
delicate violet bloom. The moths appeared towards the end of July.
The full-grown larva, when stretched out, measures two inches or two inches
and a half in length; its walk is a half looping motion, sometimes retaining that
posture in feeding, though generally it closely embraces the twig, its body being
extended; and its head erected to the edge of a leaf.
In form it is rounded above and flattened beneath, and tapering towards each
extremity. The head is broad, rounded, slightly elevated, and indented on the
crown, and is a trifle larger than the second segment. There isa transverse dorsal
hump on the ninth segment, and the twelfth also appears slightly humped, but the
thirteenth is much depressed. The thoracic segments are deeply wrinkled, the
others plump and deeply indented at the divisions.
Tubercles conical, and terminating in a very short spiky bristle, six on each
segment, viz., two lateral and four dorsal, the hinder dorsal pairs being much the
largest.
In colour, the head is of a deep dull red, brighter on the face; the edge of the
crown bordered with black, and edged beneath in the centre with pale ochreous,
and on each side, just below this. a black spot. The thoracic segments much
suffused with greyish-brown ; tubercles and markings rather indistinct.
The ground-colour of the body is pale ochreous, pale brownish, or greyish-
ochreous ; a large bright pale ochreous patch on the fifth segment, occupying its
anterior dorsal surface, and extending a little down each side of it. Thereis a
purplish-brown or grey blotch transversely suffused on the hinder part of the ninth
and beginning of the tenth segments, and following on the latter a paler patch.
A similar dark blotch on the chief portion anteriorly of the twelfth segment. The
dorsal and sub-dorsal stripes purplish-brown, or brownish-grey, with a narrow line
of pale ground-colour between them; the sub-dorsal stripes have the tubercles
placed thereon, aud the stripes widen round the bases of the tubercles. There are
two similar lateral stripes, the lowest not very distinct, owing to the aggregation
of dark atoms along the sides, all the stripes being composed of minute spots.
Sometimes faint indications occur of greyish transverse bands on the sixth,
seventh, and eighth segments. Tubercles deep glossy-red posteriorly, and black
anteriorly, but sometimes all are black, except those on the twelfth segment.
Spiracles dirty whitish or brownish, margined with dark brown. Filaments pinkish-
grey. The ridge of the hump on the ninth segment has generally a very pale
blotch of the ground-colour, divided by a narrow transverse black mark between
the tubercles. Belly pale greyish with dark red spots.—Ww. BuckLer, Emsworth.
Notes on the respective larve of Thera simulata, obeliscata,* and firmata.—The
larve of these species have all been described before, but the object of the following
* Tlearn from Mr, Doubleday that the Th. variata of the last edition of his list is unqnestionably
Hiibner’s obeliscata, which is probably distinct from variata 8.V. Among hundreds of obeliscata, Mr.
Doubleday has never met with a specimen approaching the typical variata in colour, which is always
of a greenish tint,—J.H.
278 [May,
notes, carefully made by Mr. Buckler, is to bring together their distinctive marks
more fully.
They are all shortish, smooth loopers, coloured with various tints of green.
Th. simulata. About § inch in length; stouter than the others. Head
yellowish-green ; back pale greenish-blue ; dorsal line slender, of dull grass-green ;
sub-dorsal stripe of same colour; below this comes a white stripe, and then a broad
stripe of the dark green, reaching to the spiracles, and there edged with dark
brown; between this and the legs is a pale yellowish stripe: legs greenish.
Th. obeliscata. Same length; anal segment pointed, and very minutely bifur-
cated at extremity ; head bent under, in colour green; back bluish-green; dorsal
line darker green, and edged with lines paler than the ground colour ; sub-dorsal
line commencing on second segment as a yellowish-white line, then widening into
a broad stripe, and assuming a blue tinge edged with white, till the tenth segment,
when it contracts, and assumes the yellowish tint again; below the spiracles a
fine yellowish-white line, but broader at each end; belly green, with a central
yellow line, and on either side an indistinct whitish line. Legs tinged with red.
Th. fwmata. Same length; anal segment decidedly forked; head slightly
bent under, red, with a brown streak over each lobe. Ground colour dark bluish-
green ; dorsal line of a much darker tint of the same ; sub-dorsal line whitish, fine
and uniform in width, quite white on second segment; below the spiracles a fine
whitish line, tinged with yellow on the hinder segments; belly green, with three
equidistant pale lines.—J. Hutuins, 23rd January, 1867.
Note on variation in Lepidoptera.—Dr. Knages, in his interesting remarks on
this subject, makes no mention of the effect produced on Lepidoptera by the size
and ventilation of the cages in which they are bred. This seems to me a constant
cause of variation in size of bred specimens; want of room and ventilation producing
small examples. I have bred in a box 3%-in., 2}-in., and 2-in. deep, covered with
glass, specimens of Odonestis potatoria, the ? measuring only 1” 10” in expanse,
Arctia caja 1” 11”’, Clostera anachoreta 10”. The only cause I can assign for this
diminution in size was the want of room in the breeding cage. In no instance was
the insect forced, but in each case remained the usual time in the larval and pupal
stages. That this supposition is correct, I am further convinced by the fact that
larvee of the same batch that produced the above potatoria and caja, reared in a well
ventilated cage, produced large specimens. If this hypothesis be correct, may it
not be applied to insects in their natural state, and account, to some extent, for
the usual difference in size of the spring and summer broods of 8S. illustraria ?
May not the larvee produced by the sammer brood “ feed up” more leisurely than
those of the spring brood, and thus have more time to roam about, which exercise,
aiding their development, cause them to produce larger imagos P—James A. ForstTEr,
38, Skinner Street, Clerkenwell.
Note on the contractility of the silk of leaf-rolling larve.—At page 15 of our
second volume, my friend, Bernard Piffard, treats us to an interesting little note on
leaf-rolling, which I had hoped would have elicited some further remarks. The
interest attaching to this subject, and the approach of the season at which investi-
1867. 279
gative experiments may be conducted, must be my excuse for again bringing it
before the notice of our readers.
At the time at which Mr. Piffard wrote, I not only satisfied Bee of the
correctness of his statements, but obtained the following still more remarkable
result, which consists in the fact that when the newly-spun thread (arranged as
suggested by my friend) is damped by gently breathing upon it, a contraction of
one-half the length takes place within the space of a few minutes.—H. G. Knaags.
Capture of Drypta emarginata near Gosport.—During the last fortnight I have
been fortunate in securing between forty and fifty specimens of this pretty species,
off a grassy hedge-bank at Rowner. I find they congregate together in parties of
three or four at the roots of grass. They appear to me to be of a sluggish disposi-
tion, as, when disturbed from their haunts, they do not seem in any great hurry to
get away.—G. H. Lacy, 2, Chester Place, Stoke Road, Gosport, April 9th, 1867.
Note on Anobium tessellatum.—At a meeting of the Entomological Society,
about twelve months ago, the subject of the tapping of the death-watch and other
insects formed one of the subjects discussed on that occasion. The report of that
meeting elicited from my friend, Mr. Henry Doubleday, very decisive and satisfac-
tory information as to the habits of the death-watch; its method of producing the
tapping was minutely detailed. Accompanying this history was a promise to
send living insects at that time of the year when these rappings or love-calls are
most frequently heard.
I have this day received a pair of Anobiwm tessellatwm, with full instructions
how to induce the insect to repeat his rapping performance. Having left the insects
in quiet some time, in order that they might recover the effects of their transit by
post, I proceeded to follow the directions given. Taking a lead pencil, and giving
half-a-dozen taps in rapid succession on the table, close to the box in which they
had travelled, they shortly commenced to answer. Raising themselves on their
anterior legs, they commenced bobbing their heads up and down rapidly, tapping
with their mandibles on the bottom of the box. This performance I could elicit
almost at pleasure ; the number of taps varied from four to five—usually five are
given. The insects have kept on repeating their love-call at intervals throughout
the day. I fancy they are a couple of males. After inciting them to tap once or
twice, they become restless, and run about the box, occasionally stopping, as if
listening for a repetition of the sound: afew taps with the pencil sets them off
again. Of course, all this was most satisfactorily demonstrated by Mr. Doubleday
twelve months ago, as well as by numerous previous observers; but at the time
when the subject was before the Society, I expressed some opinions of doubt, and
T wish to show my perfect conviction of the powers of Anobiwm, this being the first
time I ever had an opportunity of witnessing the actual mode in which the insects
produce the tapping sound.
I have been carefully listening for some sound from Atropos pulsatoria, which
is said to produce simiiar noises; this, I must confess, I have still some doubts
about. I have kept several some months in a box close at hand on my table, but
up to this time they have made no sound. The Anobiwm has been at work all the
day long.—F. Smiru, British Museum, April, 1867.
280 (May, 1867.
Ocewrrence of Oxythyrea stictica near Manchester.—Some specimens of 0. stictica
were found in a garden at Whalley Range (a south-western suburb of Manchester)
on the evening of Monday last, crawling upon soil which had been shaken from the
roots of British Ferns collected last year. I can offer no theory to account for the
circumstance of their occurrence ; and can only say that they are in a perfectly
fresh condition, and present every appearance of having only just completed their
final change.—J. Harpy, 118, Embden Street, Hulme, 11th April, 1867.
Entomotoaicat Society or Lonpon. 18th March, 1867.—Professor WEstwoop,
M.A., F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Dr. A. E. Davies, of Edinburgh, and M. Barbier Dickens, of Paris, were elected
Members; F. Archer, Esq., of Liverpool, was elected a Subscriber.
The Chairman announced that the Council had under consideration the publi-
cation of a general Catalogue of British Insects, but there was great difficulty
about the Diptera. It was considered very desirable that country entomologists
should collect their indigenous species, noting dates, &c., for the purpose of serving
towards the production of a tolerably complete list.
Mr. F. Smith read descriptions of new species of Cryptoceride.
Captain Hutton communicated a paper “On Species and Varieties.”
1st April, 1867.—Sir Joun Luszock, Bart., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Mr. Stevens exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Higgins, six fine examples of Damaster
blaptoides from Nagasaki.
Mr. Bond exhibited an illustration of the method in which the ichneumon
Rhyssa persuasoria is enabled to deposit its eggs in the larvee of Sirem. In this
instance the Rhyssa had pierced the solid wood with its ovipositor and sheaths,
and in withdrawing them had left the outer sheath in the tree; this sheath, though
not thicker than a hair, was apparently worked into the wood by the same method
as one would insert an awl. Mr. Smith alluded to an analogous instance as noticed
by the late Mr. E. Doubleday, in the case of a North American species of Pelecinus.
Mr. G. S. Saunders exhibited a number of specimens of black Podwride, allied
to P. tuberculata, which had been found in great quantities in pools of water in
Yorkshire, after the melting of the snow.
The Secretary read an extract from a Melbourne newspaper relative to an
immense migration of some insect, said to be a beetle, in Australia. It was sug-
gested that the insect was more probably Orthopterous.
Mr. A. R. Wallace read a letter he had received from Mr. Jackson Gilbanks, of
Wigton, asserting that birds did not attack the caterpillars found on the gooseberry.
The writer did not say whether he alluded to the Lepidopterous Abrazas grossu-
lariata, or to one of the Tenthredinide. Mr. Bond and other Members stated that.
they had repeatedly seen tits and other birds carry off the larvze of the moth.
Prof. Westwood communicated diagnoses of a decade of new species of Mantis-
pide, mostly belonging to Trichoscelia.
Mr. Pascoe exhibited a new longicorn from Greece, belonging to the genus
Towotus ; described as T. Lacordairei, Pasc.
Ws Go
ENTOMOLOGISTS
MONTHLY MAGAZINE:
CONDUCTED BY
HG. KNAGGS, MD... E-L:S. E. C. RYE.
R. McLACHLAN, F.LS. H. T. STAINTON, E.BS.
VO. GEV.
“* Observe degree, priority, and place,
Insisture, course, proportion, season, form,
Office, and custom, in all line of order.”
(Troilus and Cressida, Act i., Scene iii.
SS ee Ga ee
LY SET
LONDON:
JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW.
1867-8.
LONDON:
PrinteD BY A. NAPIER, 52, SEYMOUR STREET, HusToN SQuareE.
INDEX.
——~>—
INDEX TO GENERAL SUBJECTS.
PAGE
Aberration of Ephyra punctaria . - é c ; : : : : 36
Abraxas grossulariata, Curious food of . Z - : ’ ; 5 . 182
Acari, Notes on . : : < : : ‘ A . : : a
Acentropus niveus and other Lepidoptera at Haslemere. : : : 0182
Acherontia Atropos at Wolverton, Occurrence of c . C : ° 133
Acidalia circellata bred . < 5 < : : : : 5 C . 132
» emutaria, Notes on the earlier stages of 3 ; ; F < 88
» interjectaria at Plumstead - : 5 : “ : : i
5 an Noteon . ‘ - 4 : , : . 113
a5 A and A. osseata : 5 é 0 : ‘ F Tor
Acontia luctuosa, Variety of 5 r - c 5 . 91
Additions to Mr. Birchall’s List of renee of Ireland 3 : 70, 91, 283
3 &e. to the British Tenthredinide fs - ; : : : 102
Africa, Aspects of Insect Life in South Hastern . : : : ; . 212
Agabus Solieri, Aubé, Occurrence in Britain of . . c : a 232, 283
Agrotis saucia double-brooded 5 ¢ : 5 c - - 5 » 134
A »» in Scotland, Occurrence of . 4 A C 5 5 : 154:
c » Noteson . = : = : . 2 ; : . 119, 184
-,, suffusa, Noteon . : : - : : 4 : ; 5 255
Ailsa Craig, A visit to . . . ° : : : 5 - 42
Amazon, New genera of Longicorn Cees from the River c f 22
American Entomological Society . : “ : : 5 : : 5 Palit
3 State Entomologist . : : 3 5 C : jue 211
Anthicus bimaculatus at Southport, Occurrence of . : 5 : . . 232
Anthocharis cardamines, &c., Note on the colouring and markings of. é 90
Antispila Pfeifferella, Pupation of . . : 5 : 5 : 9 2 20
Argynnis Aglaia, Notes on the larva of . é . : < : : 155
Argyrolepia Dubrisana, Early appearance of . C ; : 5 : ay CS
Aspect of Insect Life in South Hastern Africa . 5 ° . 7 . 212
Assemblage of Beetles . ’ : ! : : : : ; é Bo ale/
Assembling, Phorodesma bajularia . 5 . ° : A : A 160
Atropos with the “ death-watch,” On the asserted connection of , : 5 Ue)
Aulocera Scylla, Description of a new genus and species of Diurnal
Lepidoptera c : . 121
Aulocera Werang, a new species “of Butterfly taneie to the senire Saty-
ride, Description of ; é A S : 4 : 6 é . 246
Bakewell, Robert, Esq., Death of 0 5 A 211
Bedellia somnulentella, Note on . : 5 5 : F ‘ : 192
Beetles, Assemblage of . . : : : : . : : 17
Birds and gooseberry caterpillars . ; ; ; ; Me Se ‘ oa al
ii,
Boeocrara littoralis of Thomson, Note onthe . 2 . . . . 18
Bombyx querciis and B. callunze, Note on é ; ; é 2 c 15, 35
os Yama-mai, Note on the Japan silkworm : 4 5 : d 16
Boreus hyemalis near Croydon : . . ° . . - 166
Brachelytra described in the Stettin Ent. Zeit., New species of. 3 “ 67
Breckenridge, Clemens, Death of Dr. . 5 5 : . : A sea
British Hemiptera: additions and corrections . 3 - .1, 45, 93, 238, 265
“ British Social Wasps,” by E. L. Ormerod, M.D. Review . ¢ 5 . 261
Bucculatrix artemisiella, new to Britain, Occurence of 0 5 c é 36
Bugs, True. : ‘ : - 7 5 3 : 5 ° A AD)
Calathus micropterus and Miscodera arctica, Note on : : E 82
Camptogramma fluviata near Folkstone . : . 3 - : 5 . 154
Capture of Sericoris euphorbiana and other Lepidoptera at Folkstone . a 36
»» 5, Sterrha sacraria and other Lepidoptera in Devonshire . ; Br ici
pepitres at light at Neath . : : “ : 6 : - 0 5 16
» at Witherslack 4 ; : 6 ; : - - 88, 1387, 154
33 in Kent, Essex and Surrey . : F F J : - ; 69
» in the neighbourhood of Colchester . : : 2 3 : - 162
ap of Coleoptera in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire ¢ ; é 186, 231
os », Lepidoptera at light, &ce, . - 5 4 : . : . 159
Pr} Pe es at Rannoch . é A j A 4 A 4 138
~ 7 ry in 1867. 2 : : 3 : : 5 eo
= a oy in Galway . 5 5 , ; 2 6 256
- S 7, in the Isle of Wight : % 3 j ‘ é - 210
. Pe Fr Manx 5 . c : F : ‘ 68
Catalogue of British Insects, The Near 5 5 : . : - 119, 140
» © of described Coleoptera, Complete . : 2 6 B : 168
Catoptria aspidiscana, Note on ‘ 3 5 2 ; : : : > 37
as new to Britain, Occurrence of a. c : Eat BY : . 16
Cemiostoma scitella, Description of the manner of pupation of 3 : . 161
Ceuthorhynchus frequenting Sisymbrium officinale, Note on some Species of, 66, 112
Chosrocampa Celerio at Carlisle 5 : : - . 5 : é . 154
Chrosis euphorbiana, Treitschke, Natural History of . : C : . 9
Chrysocorys festaliella, Description of the manner of pupation of . : . 183
Cirreedia xerampelina, Notes on . : : c : : : : - 135
Cis punctulatus, Gyll., Locality for . : , : : ; : : Bet ti
Clark, The late Rev. Hamlet, M.A., F.L.S. : 5 . : 43
h 5 his collections . : - : 3 f Peace 40)
Coccinella labilis, near Canterbury, Note on the occurrence of . : . 187
Coccyx (Lepidoptera Tortricina) Description ofa new . ; 0 . 122
Coleophora albicans, Note on . : : : “ . : : : 137
Coleoptera at Barmouth, &e., Notes on . 3 : : . 5 5 . 210
Bs at Southend and its neighbourhood, Noteson . 4 “ ; 110
a at West Wickham . a ; : ‘ : : A 4 Es ia G4
3 in Cheshire, Note on. ; d ; : : , A C 166
iil.
PAGE.
Coleoptera in Morayshire, Notes on . : . 110
3 in the South of Scotland, Notes on : 107
4 in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire - 186, 231
FF taken at Putney, Notes on c 164
j of: », in Coombe Wood . C 0 . : : 83
* Coleoptera Hesperidum,” by T. V. Wollaston, M.A., Pr. L.S. vise 234.
*¢ Coleopterologische Hefte.” Review . ; 3 é j 43
Colias Hdusa . : 5 : ; : ° ° 5 69
5 » Harly appearance of . ¢ : 35
aS » Note on the ceconomy of : “ 90, 114
* var. Helice, near Folkestone . : : 133
» Hyaleat Margate. é : : A : 132
Collecting at West Wickham Wood, ie aaa g 41
os in the vicinity of London, Notes on spring : 2 67
Collection from the Upper Amazons : : : 92
Coniopteryx from Australia, A new species of . . ¢ 150
Correction of an error . 44, 154, 200
* 3 Ganomeeis Thies W. ve 69
Costa, Professor O. G., Death of . ° . : 236
Cryptocephalus, Note on the earlier stages of : - c . 189
Ctenostoma, Descriptions of three new species of 276
Cucullia gnaphalii, bred 5 . 114
», scrophularisz and verbasci, Note on . . . . 2 UG
Curious visitor at sugar, A . 5 - : : ; 5 - c - 89
Cynipide, On some British. : : A . 6,101,124, 146, 171, 223, 271
Damaster, Note ona third species of . 3 ; : 18
Darwin’s great work, Mr. : c : . . : . 168
Dasypolia Templi, Notes on the earlier stages of. ; 251
“ Death-watch,” On the asserted connection of Atropos with the “ se Le)
Deilephila livornica at Haslemere, Capture of . ~ < 12
BS D in Devon. : : : f 12
“A inIreland . Be
3 A near Wolverton C é 5 : 12
Description of a (British) new Ichneumon, Ichneumon cambrensis 130
a5 3» new Coccyx (Lepidoptera Tortricina) 122
“A »» 9, genus and species of Diurnal Lepidoptera . 121
Diadema Bolina, Note on : 182
Dianthoecia Barrettii, Capture of 90
Bg capsincola at home in a town garden 185
= capsophila, Harly appearance of . - 132
Diapriadz, On some British : aed 3 201, 227
Dictyopteryx Forskaleana, Linn., Description of the manner of pupation of . 184
Discovery and description of the larva of Lithostege niveata 115
35 of the larva of Pterophorus hieracii 16
+ 3 5 Sesia chrysidiformis 13
lv.
GE
Drosophila fenestrarum in London, Swarms of 130
Dryinus, Latr., Description of a new species of . . 9 . ° 2038
Dytiscus lapponicus in Mull, Re-occurrence of 2380
Earlier stages of Acidalia emutaria, Notes on the c 3 . 88
BS », of Cryptocephalus, Note on the 2 ; é 189
9 », of Dasypolia Templi, Notes on the ; A 5 5 251
Early appearance of Argyrolepia Dubrisana 37
op a of Colias Edusa 6 : : 2 ; 5 35
a A of Dianthcecia capsophila_ . ‘ 3 132
oe Hydradephaga : : F ‘ ‘ 5 ¢ 283
Hbulea catalaunalis, Dup., a species of Lepidoptera new to Britain, Occur-
rence of . : : : : - - : . 152
Hllopia fasciaria, Note on : 0 5 185
Emmelesia albulata partially apts: br siea : 140
x unifasciata at Preston : : : 0 154
Endromis versicolor, A new locality for 12
5 of in Worcestershire 64, 112
Hntomological Club . ‘ 2 43
A Magazine, New eae - A ; : : 168
53 Society of London, Proceedings of . . 22, 44, 72, 168, 191, 192,
211, 236, 237, 263, 285
5 0 American 211
35 A Ttalian . 236
> op Swiss (Gs
Ephyra omicronaria, Note on . 181
» punctaria, Aberration of : : . . 36
Hrebia Euryale of Esper, a pacts of Lepioptera nora a new to the
British lists : ‘ n 151
Essay towards an Be esa of the genera of ee family soiree ae : 193
Eupithecia distinctata in the Isle of Man . 132
Eupecilia ambiguana, New locality for 37
subroseana, Note on the ceconomy, &c., of 256
Few words on bad spelling, A. : : : 3 259, 280
Food-plants of Sitones lineéllus and Bessie sulcifrons, Note on the . 231
Foreign Entomologists, Visits of . 191
Forficula auricularia flying : 114
Fossorial Hymenoptera (Pompilus melanarius and Passalecus monilicornis)
not previously recorded as British, Occurrence in Cumberland of two
species of . : : : 3 “ : : : : ° 226
French Entomological Magazine, New. : : : ° 168
Fumea crassiorella, Bruand, new to Britain, Occurrence of 113
Galesus czecutiens, Marshall, Note on 269
Gall of Spirzea ulmaria, Notes on the . : : 233
Gelechia costella, Note on 260
General Information . j ; . 21, 48, 71, 92, 119, 140, 167, 191, 211, 236
Vv.
PAGE
Gooseberry caterpillars, Birds and . : F ‘ : : : é 17
Gracilaria syringella, A life history of ; é “ : ‘ 148, 175, 197
Grapholitha ravulana, H.S., new to Britain, Occurrence of 61
Gyrophena strictula, Er., a species apparently new to Britain, Note on 259
Hagen, Dr., Departure of, for America. : : 3 : : 120
Hammerschmidt redivivus . : 43
Heliothis armigera at ivy bloom . - : 140
5 peltigera and Sterrha sacraria in South Wales. 91
9 os at Haslemere . ; F 3 ; ‘i ‘ . 160
Hemiptera, British: additions and corrections . é : 1, 45, 93, 238, 265
ss Heteroptera, On some peculiarities in the development of 30
Heterothops, Observations on the British species of 256
Honey-suckle feeders, Note on 160
Hydroptila, Notes on the larvee of 17
Hylesinus crenatus, Note on 231
Hyria auroraria, Notes on . : , ; : 7 158
Ichneumon cambrensis, n. s., Description of a (British) new Ichneumon 130
x Note on anew British . ; . 130
Indian Lepidoptera ‘ 60
Introduction of Bombyx Cynthia into mast en : . - - 92
Irish locality for Pterophorus isodactylus = 7 : : : B . 389
Ttalian Entomological Society . 0 A 236
Larva of Agrophila sulphuralis, Note on the 115
Agrotis puta, Description of the . c ; C c 199
5 Apatura Iris, Notes on the . 85
5 Aplecta advena, Description of the 14
6 Argynnis Aglaia, Notes on the : ° 5 : . 155
3 Boarmia rhomboidaria, Note on hybernation of the .« ; 15
bs Cirrzedia xerampelina, Description of the : 136
+) Colias Edusa, Notes on and description of the . : 117
Ap Cucullia scrophulariz and C. verbasci, Note on the : ‘i 116
$ Depressaria ultimella, Stainton, The 126
53 Epunda nigra, Description of four varieties of the . . . 87
oy Hadena adusta, Description of the 62
+ 39 genista, ay rp 5 F ° : : : Ce loyl
>) 3 thalassina, ,, 33 : 2 63
ns Limenitis Sibylla, Note on the - e c : 13
3 Lithostege niveata, Discovery and description of the 115
Miana furuncula, Description of the 137
op Pterophorus hieracii, Discovery of the ; : 3 - : 16
Fr op Pr Further notes on the 39
3 mr, isodactylus 39
5 . plagiodactylus, Noise on the 185
Sesia chrysidiformis, Discovery of the . 13
Pr 5 ~ Description of the 14
Vi.
GE
Larva of Stathmopoda pedella at Stettin, The 938
op Tanagra chzerophyllata, Description of the 85
95 Xanthia ferruginea, Notes on the 180
BS 3 gilvago, Notes on the fi 156
55 Zygzena lonicerze, Note on the 253
Larvze of Hydroptila, Notes on the 17
Lasiocampa querciis, Note on. : : . 187
» ap versus Callunze 35
Lebia crux-minor in Scotland : 130
», (Lamprias) chrysocephala, MENG Note on . . 190
Lepidoptera at Haslemere, Acentropus niveus and other 182
” at light 68
9 at Rannoch in 1867 248
¥ captured at Herne Bay 133
9 observed during an excursion in Italy and Swviteorliidl 57
aA in Ireland, Additions to Mr. Birchall’s list of ; : 70, 91, 283
ES “On the Distribution of, in Great Britain and Ireland ;” by
Herbert Jenner Fust, M.A. Review 284
Lepidopterous inquilines in galls 5 : ; : : : ° . 21, 153
“Letters home from Spain, Algeria, and Brazil, during past Entomological
Rambles,” by the Rev. Hamlet Clark, M.A., F.L.S.: Review . : A Aw
Life-history of Gracilaria syringella, A 148, 175, 197
Limenitis Sibylla bred : 35
AD » Note on the larva of 13
- », Note on the natural situation of the pupa of 35
e » Notes on the transformations of 33
Linnean Society of London, Proceedings of the . : = 264
© Society’s Soireé > : : 3 : 21
Longicorn Coleoptera from the River Amazon, New Genera of . 22
Lyczena Medon, Hufnagel (P. agestis, Och.), Natural History of 73
Macroglossa stellatarum at the end of November 234
Manx captures of Lepidoptera 68
Meetings of the Entomological Society - : - . 92
Melolonthidz, On some new lamellicorn Beetles belonging to the family 141
Micro-Lepidoptera bred or captured at Darlington 153
Micropteryx at light, A : 36
Mimicry and other protective resemblances among animals 72
Miscodera arctica, Note on Calathus micropterus and 82
Monograph of the British Neuroptera—Planipennia 167
Myllzena minima, Ktz., a species new to our lists, Note on 189
Natural History of Chrosis euphorbiana, Treitschke 9
% Lyczena Medon, Hufnagel (P. agestis, Och. . 73
* Natural ani of Reece a Edward Parfitt. Part IIL., eee
Review 167
Nepticula decentella, a ae sosSatanate on ie sycamore- yer p 28
Neuronia clathrata, a Trichopterous insect new to Britain, Capture of 204.
PAGE
New British Ichneumon, Note on a : ‘ ; ; : : : . 130
- ,, Noctua (Polia nigrocincta, Ochs.) in the Isle of Man, Occur-
rence of é : : : : : < “ : : 112
», Genera of Longicorn Gaicoeios from the River Amazons < ; ¢ | pe
5, Lamellicorn Beetles belonging to the family Melolonthidas, On some . 141
5, locality for Endromis versicolor : : . : : : : 82
a . 5, Hupeecilia ambiguana c { ‘ ‘ 37
» Species of Brachelytra described in the Stettin Ent. Zeit. 5 - - 67
33 » of Scoparia from New Zealand, collected by R. W. Fereday, Esq. 80
» Zealand, New species of Insects from the province of Canterbury, col-
lected by R. W. Fereday, Esq. : é 2 5 3 : ; 52, 78
Noropsis fastuosa, Gn., at Limehouse, Occurrence ol. : : - 193
Note on Bombyx quercis and B. callunze . : F - : ; 15, 35
A the colouring and markings of Anthocharis cardamines, Wc. . - 90
Notes on Acari - : : : = : ° c : : : 2 gat
A variation in Lepidoptera : : 3 ‘ . é : ; 40
- variations ; 3 : é : 2 : . 5 : a0
Notodonta carmelita at Haslemere, Capture of . : : : ‘ : 12
Nyssia hispidaria at Manchester. : : : : : : : . 256
53 yr. Singular variety of . : : : : : - : 16
Observations on the Sycamore-feeding Nepticula decentella, A few C . 28
‘ on the ceeonomy of the saw-fly (Phyllotoma aceris, McLach.)
that mines the leaves of the maple ; 3 ; : : : 105
Cconomy of Colias Edusa, Note on the 3 : : : : : sow
(goconia quadripuncta (Kindermanniella, Z.), Noteson_ . : : : 90
Oligoneuria (O. Trimeniana), Ona new species belonging to the Ephemerideous
genus ‘ 3 : ; : : : : ‘ : ; : ae |
Opostega reliquella, a new British species . . c : : - : 140
Oresbius castaneus, Note on . ; : : : j : , ‘ . 18
Otiorhynchus maurus, Locality for. : : : ; : - : 166
Oxytelus flavipes, Stephens, Note on : : : A : : : eels
Pairing of Vanessa, Note on the : : : : : . : : 13
Pandora (Diurnal Lepidoptera), Note on the genus . : . 169
Patrobus Napoleonis, Reiche, and Ocypus Saulcyi, Reiche, Deanapehes ae 232
Peculiarities in the development of Hemiptera-Heteroptera,On some . p al
Phorodesma bajularia assembling : é : : : : : . 160
Phycis adelphella bred. : : : c . : . 152
Phyllotoma aceris, McLach., that mines site leaves of the maple, Observations
on the ceconomy of the saw-fly . - : - : 105
“6 ,, Additional notes respecting the maple-mining saw-fly . 123
Pimpla, new to Britain, reared by C. G. Barrett, Esq., Two species of 5 174
Planipennia, Monograph of the British Neuroptera : : ; : on
Platymischus dilatatus, Westw., Note on . : - . - C : 166
Poedisca oppressana, Occurrence of : : : - - : - Yad
Polia nigrocincta, Ochs., in the Isle of Man, Occurrence of . i E , 112
= + in Cornwall, Occurrence of : : : ; - Beis y-
vil.
Preservation of insects
Proposed Catalogue of British Ted The
Protinides, Descriptions of the British species of
Psyche calvella at Hampstead
» crassiorella at Hornsey Wood, Occurrence one < 3 s
Pterophorus, A hitherto unpublished description of a new
= hieracii, Discovery of the larva of : 5 5
6 3 Further notes on the larva‘of .. 5
is isodactylus, Larva of
» ‘99 Note on : ‘ : d
» 9 The Irish locality for
+6 osteodactylus, Note on
Pupa of Limenitis Sibylla, Note on the natural situation of the
Pupal stage in Lepidoptera, Note on retardation of the .
Pupation of Antispila Pfeifferella :
3 of Cemicstoma scitella, Description of the manner of
oo of Chrysocorys festaliella of 5
5 of Dictyopteryx Forskaleana, Linn. _ ,, 53
Pyrgus malve possibly not Irish
Rennie, Death of Professor
. Retardation of the pupal stage in Tieeidapiaeal Note on .
Satyride, An essay towards an arrangement of the genera of the family :
Scientific Societies, The .
Scoparia ingratella, Zeller, new to Britain, Occurrence of
PAGE
21
119, 140
205
69
133
178
16
39
39
38
39
157
35
41
10
161
183
184
282
191
41
193
141
61
oh New species of, from New Zealand, collected by R. W. pose: na 80
Selenia illustraria at Edmonton, Occurrence of :
Sericoris euphorbiana and other Lepidoptera at Folkstone, Capture of
Sesia chrysidiformis, Discovery of the larva of
», culiciformis, A white-belted variety of
4 “5 A yellow-banded variety of
» scolizeformis in Scotland, Capture of
Silkworm, Note on the Japan, B. Yama-mai .
Singular variety of Nyssia hispidaria
Sitones lineéllus, Gyll., Note on .
a meliloti, Walton, Note on
Spelling, A few words on bad .
Spireea ulmaria, Notes on the gall of . : .
Spring collecting in the vicinity of London, Notes on
Stathmopoda pedella at Stettin, The larva of
55 ae Re-occurrence of
Stenophylax alpestris, Kolenati, A Trichopterous insect new to Britain
Sterrha sacraria at Babbicombe : : ‘ é 5
oa ae at Highgate, Capture of
55 PH at Newark
* Ss at Plumstead . : ;
" A and other Lepidoptera in epenene e, eee of.
. 13
. 82, 231
15
36
153, 183
234
61
16
16
vee
259, 280
233
67
233
90
205
131
113
113
131
131
PAGE
Sterrha sacraria in Dorsetshire . > - 5 ; - 114
a5 in South Wales, Heliothis Naitieee By ke. . : : oy Ol
55 a in the North of Perthshire, Occurrence of : ; : 114,
5 a near Birkenhead . : : : : : : : ec al
mh =: near Brighton . ‘ 5 5 ¢ 3 - 5 7 131
" mh Notes on : : . : A : : : 2 bso
Sugar, A curious visitor at . ; : : : 5 : : : : 89
Swarms of Drosophila fenestrarum in London : : c é : . 130
Swiss Entomological Society . : : , - ‘ : ; - 71
Telephorus Darwinianus in the South of Scotland, Capture of : : 42
Tenthredinidz, Additions, &c.,to the British . 5 3 A »- LOZ
Tethea retusa, Notes on : ‘ ; 2 ; Z : 180
Texan Insects . ; : ; c c : oe ffl
“The American Naturalist,’ a popular illustrated Wicca of Natural
History : Review : : : c : ‘ : 262
Thecla rubi, Variety of . : ; : : : : a ois,
Tineina at Haslemere in 1867 : : ; : 5 160
» captured in 1867, Notes on some species of : : vs . 254
Tomicus flavus, Wilkin, Wat. Cat., Note on : ; ’ : 187
5S (Ips) fuseus, Marsham, Note on : : ; : S189
= new to our list, Note on the capture of a species of : : 187
Tortrices, Notes on ; : A - ; : St
Transformations of Limenitis Sibylla, Notes on the é : : 33
True bugs : c : . ; : . 20
Turner, J. Aspinall, Haq. » Death of : A : : : 141
Vanessa Antiopa at Cambridge . : ; ; : 5 282
- Atalanta at light : : 9 : : . 140, 282
oy Urticzs 5 ‘ : : : ‘ : : 69
Vanesse, Note on the pairing of ; ; C : : pls)
Variation in Lepidoptera, Notes on . f : : : : 40
5S Notes on ‘ ‘ : : : : ; a Ke)
Variety-breeding . : ‘ 3 . : 5 5 16
Variety of Acontia luctuosa : : . ; - 5 Gil
» Of Thecla rubi : 5 F . : 5 : 35
Visit to Ailsa Craig ; ; : A : : 3 .. 42
Visits of Foreign Entomologists “ 191
Wasp, Descr iption of an undescribed ae of, and its nest, received from
Hakodadi, in Japan : F : ; : 279
West Wickham Wood, A day’s ee at c : eal
White-belted variety of Sesia culiciformis, A : : - 153, 183
Worcestershire captures and species bred in 1867, with notes . . ~w log
Xylomiges conspicillaris bred again af BMA : é : 16
Yellow-banded variety of Sesia culiciformis . . j Q - 284
Ypsolophus ustulellus, Fab., a Lepidopteron new to Britain, Occurrence of 152
os e Capture of : é < . - 152
Zoological Record for 1866, The . : ; ; - ; 191
X.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS NOTICED IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
PAGE
PNRM TAN NakePH Hage abisL\lseee Gk deo Gago 0 & 6 6 6 4 6 oo SE
Adela DeGeerella, Variety of. . . Penman ore dG S| eh
Anaphe reticulata, Cocoons of, from Natal . ......+.=+..~. =. 263
Ants, Statements of a Writer in the “ Guardian” respecting . . . . . . 286
Jamis piae WIRe\nbae! “Gl 6G Oo Oo f 6 o 56 6 5 2 oe oe aa
ApaturaLonia, from Asia Minor’. . 7% =). se eis) enced
AreynnisWuathonia, VarietiessO£ .. 4° 7. 3% 0/6) 7) eon pe cteiven ret remnnepnd lece
Bee, Nests of, ma Mexican drinking vessel... .. =.=. +. 6. =. - « 940
Bombyx Pemyi, Silkwormifrom @hina <2 2. 2 3 = «6 « -) -) eueemncOm
3 \quercls, with colours of both sexes) 9. = -) =)" s5).= 2) sn inmeneeoom
) ) Mama-mai, brediin England 3% 6. . © «1 = = een ron
Boreus hiemalis, Capture of, near Croydon ....... ... .. 192
Borneo, Collection from... .. wo te fade te) 8 sn ee ge nd ed
Brazilian Insects, Observations on the Taga Of. 2. ee eee CON
‘SsBucong.’ Moth of Australia . % s)s « « (esse sie Nels CO
iBuprestides, Wabrician species of . . . « + + « « = «© «> «aa semeocd
A Revision of the Australian Speciesof. ..... .. . . 4J68
Burmeisteria, A new genus of Melolonthide. . ..... +... . . 212
Butterflies from Peru ... . Mee ee eRe Gace oe
a New Species of, from Mee wari sy” by NR SE oes Gok 4 sa DS aly NS
Catoptria ravulana, a new British insect . . . . . - .- +--+... - 168
Cetoniides, New Malayan species Of. . . . <° s <a % 5 0 mim cfu euemmnnee
Charaxes Jasins, bred in England £< . . 0. « «sie «2 © « © + © epee
Clytus arietis, bred in the British Museum in acase with camphor . . . . 286
ss Species of, destructive to coffee, ic. =. =...) )<) =) =) erin imnennemmmrcoiccs
Coccus on orange-tree, from Queensland PMA PE TRGB DEC Sus
Coccyx vernana, a new Britishimsect; - - . 2 = © « © «| i « )-yeelos
Coleophora lixella, Cases of,on Thymus serpyllum ......... 22
Coleoptera, from Penang, Sumatra, Ceylon,&c. . .... +. =.=. . - 192
3 General Catalocue.of 4): 2 i 4- = cles cune sy ee
Depressaria rutana, bred from Ruta augustifolia . . . . .. .+. +. “@
Dermestes larva devouring dried bladder. . . . . ........ 287
Dipterous insect, Apterous, from Farnborough. . .. ... .. .. 40
6 larva emeroing from a Pentatonia.) 9 2.) is cee lss) cine cme
Dolerus madidus, Gynandromorphous specimen of. . . . . . . . .- .- 168
Drilus flavescens, Female of, from Sussex . . . « «© « + « © « « « 20%
Dryocora Howittii from New Zealand, Description of. . . . . . . . . 263
Dzierzon’s theory of reproduction in the Honey-bee . . . . .- --.
Ebulea catalaunalis, from Cheshunt, a new British insect . . .. .. . 192
Enudianodes Swanzyi, New Longicorn, from Cape Coast Castle . . . . . 263
iHnmenes airicornis, Nestof .. c) <2) is) ete) Won tet tol su telco ween tno
Mupeciia anthemidana, fronr Norfolk <<, = = 1 = oes enon remem
Hongoid growths'on C@intflo ferox.. ©." <e e ye te eeueee=ec
Gelechia electella, bred from gall on juniper. . « . 286
53 Two new species of, on Silene nicwensis . . . . - . oe KZ
Grapholitha interruptana, bred from gall on juniper 286
Hemipterous insect from New South Wales, which dances in the air 22
Hylotoma fasciata, Example of, with deformed tibia Pre Md I(aye.
Hypercallia Christiernana, Capture of, in Kent . Se PR PAY
Hyponomeuta egregiella, Larva of, on Erica cinerea . aD
Lepidoptera, New Species of Diurnal ; 168
5 Pupze of, from West Africa. . . . - »- - + « = 263
55 Relative number of the sexesin . ... . 263
Lepidopterous larva, social, from Brazil . . . . . . 285
Limnephilus striola, Partially gynandromorphous example of . 168
Longicorns from Grahamstown . . . - ye 44,
Lucanus cervus, Capture of living specimen of, in an earthern cell . 263
Lyczena Alexis and Adonis, Probable hybrid between . 286
A » and Corydon, Varieties of . 286
Megachile Willughbiella, Nest of . 192
Mermis nigrescens . . Blucr ten ae 2 72
Micro-lepidoptera, from cee and) Wentonely .jfeme-) <) se, ePne 72
Morpho Aurora, from Peru. - = - 286
Nemophora Carteri, Observationson . . . ~- - 286
Nepticula on Euphorbia dendroides. . - + + + + + + + + + 286
iA Hien Oteohlic an Ge ey eho toe: tie Celine Omoy Oo” ‘c 72
Neuronia clathrata, a new British insect : 212
Neuroptera-Planipennia, Monograph of the British esis of. 238
Novara Voyage, Lepidoptera of the . 22
Odynerus quadratus, Nests of, in an old razor case 44
Opostega reliquella, from Suffolk, . . . 237
Ornithoptera Brookeana, from Borneo. . « - + + + 2 + + + 192
Oryssus, New Species of, from the Gold Coast. . ...-.. .~ 237
Ovipositor in Insects, Homologies of the . . 263
Oxycorynus Hydnorz, Description of . . . 263
Pachypusa effusa, silkworm from South Africa . 237
Papilio Zagreus from Peru. . ~ - -+ + + + + + + © © * 286
Pholcus phalangioides from Stackpool Court 237
Pieridze of India and Australia, Remarkson. . ..-+ . -» 212
Peecilocera from Port Natal, Pupe of,incopula . . ... . a IG
Polistes, Species of, taken at Penzance 211
Psyche crassiorella, a new British insect. . . .- - 168
Pupz of Butterflies assimilating in colours to that of the reece on ahioh
they are placed. . . . a Oke Oo ioe tT kom oon oc 168
Pyrameis Cardui, Form of, from Nee Viceikmel G6 9 6 0 Oo C 22
rf » Swarms of the Australian formof . . . .. - 3. 287,
Serropalpus striatus, British example of . . - + + © + + ¢ 192
Sesia cephiformis, bred from gall on juniper. . - + + * + + + 286
Xi.
Silkworm-gut, method of obtaining itin China... ee es ee
South African Butterflies, New Species of . . « - + « © « «© «© «+
Stenopteryx hybridalis, Dark variety of .
Sterrha sacraria, bred specimens from eggs from Freshwater. . . . .
Strongylogaster cingulatus, Males of .
Tenthredo scalaris, Example of, with five wings . . - - + «© + +
Thais, Monograph of the genus . - .
Thysia, New Species of, from Sumatra
Tinea alpicella, Observations on .
», larve in horns of Antelope . .
Trichoscelia notha, a rare species of Mantispide, from Bahia 5
Vanessa Milberti, Peculiar race of, from British Columbia . .
Xenos, Species of, parasitic upon Paragra decipiens . . . . +
oa; ie) i tan aces Ce ernie a an
° . e ° .
Zelleria, New species of, on Phillyrea angustifolia . . . . . . + ss 72
» Saxifrage, Observations on .
SPECIAL INDEX.
COLEOPTERA.
PAGE
PN Gera A-fASCILAbA ccvcccccscsces onesie 84, 166
Aichmutes lycoides ............eeeeen ees 23
Afgialia sabuleti........ Pe LoG
Agabus arcticus .....cccesseeeesseens "930, 232
COUPENOL sete anne assent 230, 232
SLOG! coapgpconuadionddgonoadne 232, 283
uliginosus ........ ed ece poy ts eae 283
Agathidium nigripenne.........+ slew 186
Aleochara bisignata ........+sesseesenees 64.
MyCetophaga ..sserereerees 84
ruficornis 109, 187
Anisotoma nigTita ...........600 ene 65
Anisoxya fuscula ....,....scceeeree reese 164
PATIOOIUA DIPTINUM 5.5... cesses sevecss ss itll
Anthicus bimaculatus .........606.0eee 232
Anthonomus brunneipennis ............ 109
PUDESCEDS........s0ceseeeee Tala
Apteropeda globosa ........ceeecseeeeees 231
Arzaotis fragilis ........c0.sssssesnsers-ees 26
Argyrodines pulchella .............006++ 24
Aspidophorus orbiculatus............ 84, 231
Atenizus laticepS .......ceeseeee eee eeenee 28
Atharsus nigricauda .........ccee sees 25
Atomaria ferruginea ,,,..... Seer 186
Beoocrara littoralis...........6se0s sate aS
Baridius lepidii ..........6.446 Peewee soni 110
Barypithes sulcifrons ..,+++..sseeseres 231
SU pas cere 263
PAGE
Bembidium charile ...:.sccscssssesesnas 49
Maormumyerypeesstaeteeee 56
Blaps mortisaga,........s.06 Pe ooriiteat 111
Brachytarsus Varius ...+.sssseeeees 109, 187
Brontes planatus .....0000.++sssseeseones 164,
Bryaxis Lefebvrii ...... sieve (sar besenaarmaanle
Caonopsis fissirOStris ..,.s.ccecceeeeseeees 65
Calathus micropterUs ...sccsseseeeee eee 82
Calodera umbrosa .......sssseseeie oe sae OO
Ceratognathus helotoides..........0+. 55
Ceuthorhynchus constrictus.........++. 66
CTUX: isdeer ae orse ers 66, 108
YAPB ... savanna 66
GANSAlIS| ns sae eeeeeie Pies 3
vicinus ...... ceuaer semen
Viduatus ......6 AOS:
Chlorethe Ingeos..sssedetea.caas euegueveu neat
Choragus Sheppardi ............seeccneee 186
Cicindela Feredayi......... Race 53
Cis punctulatus ........... ueltae oomecnees 17
Coccinella labilis ...,....... aera iene 187
Colymbetes Grapil....ccsesceeeeesseeeeee . 283
Conopalpus testaceus csc 84
Coptodera antipodum ......ssc 78
Cratognathus alboguttatus ............ 54
Crepidodera Chloris ........... ducwaehees 165
Cryptocephalus 6-punctatus,........... 109
Cryptohypnus maritimus ......... 109, 111
CoLEorreRa (continued).
PAGE
Ctenostoma asperula..............cseeeee 278
COTGUIE TINS ncaa sesnareveune 277
GDOWING) cot scaceemee srg esses 277
WyMhochiWlus apicalig)... svccvessssee see ves 144
TADITIOS US Pee riecair stances 142
niveosquamosus ......... 142
septentrionalis ... ........ 141
EMIGOLON marcia. saeier os nosnien 142
MIAIMASLOT AUTICOlIS® ...,,.escc000.00e00 008 18
Dendrophilus punctatus .............. 84
Dodecosis saperdina .............eesceves 27
Dorcatoma bovistz 210
chrysomelina ...... acoo, LUG
MOSS ssnyevcnssiney ace sents ae LEO
Dytiscus lapponicus .............0cee00 . 230
Bi prarepay Ob lLOM Cag gear actcstiaacics sine civceeeiess 65
MMIEHINUS ZEDIOPS .c6c.+ce0ecorseserceese, LOS
bimaculatus ............... 42,108
RAITCIMUUS Eee iceiscete te eeleis soca 108
HELV POLUSPICIPES) .se.cscesecsseeens Beer 1a
Hiveesthetws Marie .......scssecsccrseceese 67
HExopholis Lacordairei .............6008 146
Gonioctena pallida ..............008 109, 187
Gronopes lunatus) 22.5. ..0e00sseenscaeeas 65
Gyropheona strictula ..............esee eee 259
TONNE y oneeapecoreorondstOnet 259
aliplos' fluviatilis.......cc.c0.0. sesesees 83
WATTU Sram scicsnisesiica seni tancsions 284
Haplocnemus impressus ...........0005 166
Haploglossa pulla ............cccsee neers 84
Heterocerus sericans (?) ......... eens 42
Heterothops binotatus ................5 258
GISSIMING) pg. eves ves sevsoe 258
GO VANIN: 3.0 ee ek ewe eee 257
quadripunctulus ......... 258
Homalinm ocellatum.............cesse0es 236
SCulptICOlle .-css.c.eccreseens LOO
Homalota excellens .............c0eee eee 231
WO PAtCai wicks. swine overs . 84,186
Ob aiis tn ssbev cs cppatcnsenceorcn 165
ACAI Nac hay me iesevanes 165
PlamifronsisAluee.sceccccove GD
_Hydrocyphon deflexicollis............... 109
PAGE
Hydroporus elongatulus 283
MIIGUS vases ence as enmaees 288
Scalesianus . 283
Hylastes cunicularius ...,............ 66
Hylesinus crematus ............seeseeees 231
Tlybius sexdentatus ........ cssscerescee 283
Tlyobates forticornis ..............:..0... 65
PLOPING UD ne ecaaeecee teers 65
Lamophlous bimaculatus ........ 165
Lamprinus saginatus....2......... 65
Lebia chlorocephala (small var.).... 64
chrysocephala........
eeeees
(“IP eeMbNOYe G5 600960 06000000
HSISHUS MONTAMUS I <1.) clelefelslsleleieleteierote
Leptinus testaceus.....
Lissotes reticulatus .......eseeee. 5D
Magdalinus carbonarius........109, 111
phlegmaticus...... ... 111
208
209
207
209
207.
sinuatocollis .......... 207
Melasis buprestoides............83, 166
111
Metaglymma monilifer......-..... 79
Megarthrus Bellevoyei ......e...«,
denticollis’...0.0..5...
Gepressus ...6.....
hemipterus
NIIUGIG WLU. <reuctexstenvaeverate
Melolontha hippocastani ..........
Microspiloma Dorilis..........s... 25
Miscodera arctica ....eseseecseree 82
Morychus zeneus ....ee.seeee-
Mycetoporus lucidus.............. 84
Mylleena minima ......ec--s-e0s- LSD
Nophisicoptorhima:.. 6.20 .ss.ce se) 120
Ocypus atratus ..........00ee
FUR CALUBS! «oic\ekere arelsie oe lele tem COD
Omias Bohemanni................ 110
108, 231
187
Soodos dats
Soda 9 tis
septentrionis........ 11}
Saulcyi ..
Omosita depressa .......+.0--
Orsodacna Cerasi ....ceceeecccees
Otiorhynchus maurus ......
muscorum ......
XIV.
CoLEorTERA (continued).
Oxypodarmficornistrecre sciae) ciel se ere
Oxytelus Eppelsheimii ............ 67
AWAD CR ei lstelelol<ic\ aleie oiaie oe
IBAMGOBOS CXALlISiSe ae cts cieie sl caiaiclacie eld:
232
soon les!
Phzedon concinnum ............42, 108
Pinlonthus debilisis...cc<soe.cce LGD
Tucengye see 109
210
210
Patrobus Napoleonis......
Perileptus areolatus ........0.
TAM ATS are aio evel sjaisieie
Phlceobium clypeatum .........00.
Philcsotrya TUAPes: <2. sq es csc eie
Phrynocris notabilis ..........
Plinthus caliginosus .........-
Polydrosus chrysomela..........06
Protinus atomarius ...........06.
brachyp bers) cteteslsc ciel «
brevicollis ........
MACTOPLELUS 2. eeicc cs ce ce
Psylliodes hyoscyami ......
Biinella denticollig. si. <jicicis «+ .ee ss
PYTEOLES GNEUS 2. 00.00 cccecs«
Rhinomacer attellaboides..........
Salpingus castaneus ...e.....2000- LIL
Scopzous Hrichsonii ~....seccuess-. LOD
Sreyeborzeyawls| G0) So eq 5uGdGoboooGG ZBNE
Sparshallii.c..s.s ecco. 231
Ul Pha tis AI selelelelelselsiecicte series rei LOS
Sitones linéellus..........
Sphallax peryphoides ............ 56
meliloti
Staphylinus stercorarius ..........
Streptolabis hispoides ............ 238
Tachinus elongatulus..........109, 111
111
PachyMsa, SCibwla) |. cele deltincees. 65
PAMPER erernis, os Heioldeclae «<
Warus. vaporariorum .. 2.42.06... 83
«os 42, 108
3 0 called tats OSss186
Terpnissa Listropterina .......... 25
Tetratoma fungorum..............
Telephorus Darwinianus ....
unicolor
Thalycra sericea......
PAGE
189
187
< sveeieia'lele) slosefoianin eam
Saxesenit. .\.:c\ccrecleenieteeee re
Trichophya pilicornis ..........+. 65
‘POMICUS HAVISh cle else sacieeteeriereeite
FOSCTIS “«.cxeieterclaverarePatonnterteninte
Marshami
Trichopteryx variolosa .....+«.2.s. 19
Tropiphorus carinatus .........+.. 65
Tychius venustus .......0.se-sGon 000
Zathecus graphites ...........00. 26
DIPTERA.
233
130
Cecidomyia ulmariw......
eeoeeeces
Drosophila fenestrarum........
HEMIPTERA—HETEROPTERA.
Aithus levis ....
Atractotomus pityophilus....
238
268
BMD eres eceseveeses
239
Aco 2eiil
Sooobodooo | Zl
Hhirundinis! “<1 /s\siresineneleteetee meee)
Apdo eres. Zl
Calyptonotus lynceus ......
quadratus ......
Cimex columbarius ....
PIPIStre lle rettslatele
Corixa prasusta: |... «ielselseleslelisienteeS
Scotti .. <4. oe nintesyscleisiel seme
Wrollastond «(<< icjessjeusieieieleieh Ooo)
Derzeocoris alpestris.......e.0-222 AY
Dictyonota Fieberi .............. 245
Hremocoris plebeius ........1..... 242
Globiceps dispar...........cscesse 46
o(é sac orteetieneG
eeee 97
rufoscutellata .......
Hydrometra costz.......
odontogaster ....
Lamproplax Sharpi .........
TibosomeanDiGOlOT sce claeseleeneletalenele
Amiscocou:. 2!¥/
Lopus flavomarginatus ............ 652
diaphanus ......
SUPCLCIIOSUS) (ie cjcyee se laelelo ieee
TiveeeS CCUCSLIIS: 5 /etsjcrea) sleisielei ceils 2
Ly Cus TUPICOMIS ee etic a eelcide sissies te ROO
Macrocoleus solitarius .........e0.
BOTGIGUSUHE Ae Miele sted creed
| Mesovelia farcata ...0..0. 0.0.2.5 OD
——~ —- ir =
HEMIPTERA—HETEROPTERA (continued).
PAGE
Nabis flavomarginatus ....,..+..++. 94
MIORTINE Goaondguoomedocgme |e:
Pachymerus piceus (?) .....+...sseseeeee 260
265
Ce ee
Phytocoris populi ....
Stiphrosoma lurida ........ee.es-
Salda conspicua.....
TeratoCoris Viridis .....cesceeseess 46
HYMENOPTERA.
Andricus Hartigil ............00 101
AMONTIALUS Me hice coer st ee eves 102
MOC rasieweseres svete teessaiews 102
DRUIMEALTS Hc. vos nedeweeesssvioes 101
Aulax Brandtii ........ Nidaiaeiloesaeedeses 274
LG VACOLMISH eh atanesnseeaetassens 275
PICCHOMALISC. Me -lestece access sen 274
SENSIS. cue ceioogatonsu6cdCOs ABBAS 273
IBIOR MIZE ADLELAT icdesccecisccsesceines cvs 172
Gymipsfecundatrix 21... s.cc.ee6 anne 8
LOM cearae ssi sincasedens Smog 6
BTC S ALIN ronracsecacdencnensn (note) 146
TH CONA a ns vydetin ois ansehen hale ee i
PMI CIS AN Miiancn ei Ghig sat vseccs ss 7
PAMUeetesasspeueerssscsrchess (O
HASEROD MIS WU OLeevececc elders) <e <M csjsice 223
Dryinus Tarraconensis .................. 204
Galesus czecutiens ............... “Sahoo 259
Harpiphorus lepidus .............. anu! 103
Hylotoma metallica ............... scoaog GE?
Ichneumon cambrensis ...............05. 130
Lophyrus frutetorum............s0see0+ 103
Loxotropa abrupta......... Sno oosebcendear 229
antennata............000, aqaan, AS,
GISPAR Geter ccnecadeenuaess 229
OXI Rimarn ce vsewnlvaceece cscs 229
MIVeMET CORDIGM ssa eie asi sce ae 229
MUA SCADA canceus sa rcseinns aes 230
HUA Rs eseesganiecesssvesces 229
GUT HORINA icickind pat yt tram onal sey 229
Monophadnus nigerrimus...............
Neuroterus fumipennis ...,..,.,...125, 146
Malpig hii yecessedseows cs 124
POLLS raeetieveneaieden tices 125
divfepeboa bal nGAdagaoaneonan cor 147
Nomada borealis.......cccssectrssscnsotss . 284
MIStUTA “S.jacticpaens accmstal mesa!
Kanthosticta .:...ssksewaeeeres 284
Oresbius castamets .........sceseeceeees 18
Pachmerus piceus (?)........ abe neh lpRlesple 265
Passaleecus monilicornis ... ........00 226
Phyllotoma aceris ............ 104, 105, 123
MelanoOpyZa .....0rsceevres 104
microcephala .......2.--.+++. 104
OChrOPOda naneeeeheeeee ee 104,
Genel avsaeesnseheehies 104
Pimpla opacellata ..........scsscsesereee 174
TACO NE socnocen scout dadionnoaeee 174
Poecilostoma ObeSa......,00sseeeeree eeeee LOA
Pompilus melanariug..........0..2.0c000s 226
Rhodites nervosus ..,...secscesseveee sean LS
TOSS! Wiad cet one Dacre 173
Spathegaster baccarum ..........4. 125, 225
ital s10) (0) Ps sprpocbosoeuosouo: 226
Spilomicrus abnormis ............000008 202
Basalyformis ,.,.....0+:000. 202
NHEMIPLOLUSE Nee seseeecns 202
INtELEr ..pvesanhae Modanercoe 203
NIGTICIAVIS ...,0ss0000s000106 228
NISTIUPCS. +. woateneeeenteeetee 227
stigmaticalis, .............0: 201
Morag termirtalisnersenascenctetednen .. 148
Trigonaspis megaptera .............+800e
Mespaylapontcalnacc.cs.seaeeaeese eee 279
Simillima, «. ..aqeoeeeeneen eens 280
LEPIDOPTERA.
Abraxas grossulariata, curious food of
42, 182
Acentropus niveus at Haslemere...... 182
Acherontia Atropos at Wolverton...... 133
Acidalia circellata, bred ............+6 132
emutaria, earlier stages of .. 88
XV1.
Lepipoptera (continued).
PAGE
Acidalia interjectaria............6 . 118, 161
at Plumstead... 91
OSS Cabarete caries sess else lefelelaaisienis 161
Acontia luctuosa, variety of ............ 91
Acreea PCtYATIA ....cesscceceeeeee vere ee nes 216
Agrophila sulphuralis, larva of......... 115
Agrotis puta, larva Of .........s6eeseees 199
BAUCLAls ta sansccesesseee eee ses 119, 134
in Scotland......... 154, 250
PLE, Ss ,cenqnegsgcodaen doo cduont 255
Anthocharis cardamineS ..........+1068 99
Tonowee et tees eee
Antispila Pfeifferella, pupation of ... 10
Apatura Iris, larva of...... estore posudst 85
Aplecta advena, larva Of .........600++ 14
Argynnis Aglaia.........seseceereeree ne 155
INP OTS) cpopabagaancosoubbedsasdenc 58
Argyrolepia Dubrisana, early appear-
ALCCLOL Esme aceecsere 37, 182
Asychna profugella at Witherslack ... 155
Aulocera Avatara......scccssersee se 122, 246
TPiyhaet) eoqnodooonecoanoodnas 122, 246
Shictrehdoinb Agoonocoosooonones 121, 246
Scylla, description of......... 121
Swaha..... nSabarenanencaes 121, 246
Werang, description of ...... 246
Bedellia somnulentella .......:..seee 7 92
Boarmia rhomboidaria, larva of ...... 15
Bombyx calluna ......ss-see seers 45, 35, 70
Cynthia ...scseeceeseeseeeee ees 92
QUerCAS 1.55522. ere sees 15, 35, 137
SVAIMASINAT sieceteamees recess see 16, 44
Bucculatrix artemisiella ...........5+6 92
Camptogramma fluviata at Neath...16, 92
near Folkstone 154
spopposnepet tis Biff B1S)
amongst
Catoptria aspidiscana
microgrammana
rest harrow ses 36
Cemiostoma scitella, pupation of...... 161
Chcerocampa Celerio at Carlisle ...... 154
Chauliodus Illigerellus at Haslemere. 161
Chrosis euphorbiana, Natural His-
COTY OF ...cccseceeenesseneeees 9
Chrysocorys festaliella, pupation of,.. 183
* PAGE
Chrysophanus Feredayi, description of 53
VIFGAULOD .. secre veers: 59
Cirrzedia xerampelina ...seeeeeeeeree ees 135
larva of ......... 136
Coccyx vernana, description of......... 122
Ccenonympha Mandana=Iphis ? ... 69
Coleophora albicans .........+-++++6 sexe el
currucipennella ........+++ 255
salinella at Witherslack.. 138
Colias Hdusa,.........000++ se hecsrab 69, 90, 114
early appearance of ...... 35
larva. Of...) Hiden vase. doteneaneeent
MON» ELO]IGO) ends 133, 210
Tiyale: ....caseesanisndnebrissise tlie 132
Pal6nO «. vcceeeeniae nom vaislelitslerenaisste 58
PHICOMONE 0.60.5. ceemeeseeiiemess 58
Cucullia gnaphalii, bred ....6e..sseeeee 114
scrophularia, larva of..,...... 116
verbasci, larva of .........0+.. 116
Cyllo Leda ......sseeeseeeeeeeteessea eee ees 215
Danais Chrysippus ......ssescceeeeeeeee ees 217
Woheria cs <arecaeeemeeeente 214, 217
Dasycampa rubiginea at ivy... .......- 211
Dasypolia Templi, earlier stages of... 251
chen Lode oe eae RENa 59
livornica at Haslemere ... 12
Deilephila euphorbie
in DeVOR enchant 12
in Ireland ......... 12
near Wolverton.. 12
Depressaria ultimella, larva of......... 126
Diadema Bolina ...........+06 faeanti 182, 221
Dianthcecia Barrettil............++ wien 90
ceosia in Ireland ......... on
capsincola, early appear-
ANCE/OL meso we ces tatedih 185
capsophila
Diaphora mendica at Neath .........+++ 16
Dictyopteryx Forskaleana, pupation of 184
Ebulea catalaunalis at Cheshunt .., 152
Hgybolia Vaillantiana ......... 00... 214
Hidophasia Messingiella at Haslemere 160
Hllopia fasciaria ........+seesseeeeweeneeees 185
Emmelesia albulata partially double-
brooded
unifasciata at Preston ...
LEPIDOPTERA (continued).
PAGE
Endromis versicolor in Worcestershire
64, 112
near Petersfield.. 12
larvze of, on alder 249
Ephyra omicronaria ..........06sccseeees 181
punctaria, aberration of ...... 36
pounds nigra, larva Of ....cocccsecees OF
Hrebia, CasSlOPO) ..a...scseccsecscseess 139, 249
HID IP HTODE sas yacessccloseudsutorss 249
HI A OME. Ss sicacicinesien a0 vais oases 151
WAIDACHS! heceesesesaies eset tates cen 222
BIEOUAA) OCLOOM OTB a. nsucinsscarceses cscs sees 219
Eudorea pallida at Haslemere ......... 182
Hmmica Natalensis .....6.....0cc0ssesneeee 218
Enupithecia distinctata in the Isle of
Uae eeyAretetivesisenieseisteuttac 132
Eupeecilia albicapitana ........... poate 90
ambiguanainTilgateForest 37
subroseana ..,..........:. 182, 256
_ Fumea calvella at Hampstead......... 69
crassiorella............se000: nooden abil}
at Hornsey Wood 133
Gelechia costella
Palbancllare<sercessadcscsiescas 139
lucidella at Ruislip Reservoir 254
rhombellabred at Darlington 153
Sircomella at Darlington ... 153
Glaucopsis formosa.............ssceeeees we 214
Gonepteryx Cleopatra ..............0.0 58
Gracilaria syringella, a life history of
148, 175, 197
Grapholitha ravulana............, Sadaaee (OL
Hadena adusta, larva of ......s00..0. 62
geniste, larva of ............64. 61
thalassina, larva of ............ 63
Heliothis armigera at ivy bloom ...... 140
peltigera at Haslemere ...
in South Wales.. 91
Heusimene fimbriana bred from oak
alls woe cpssitrnseie siemens 153
Homeeosoma nimbella ................5. 69
Hoporina croceago........ JodcoOuCACP DURES 68
_Hypercallia Christiernana............... 69
PAGE
Syria) AULOLALIA cae isaiee New siecesa na eteners 158
Holauss Silagicawesd.ceemelsweewe cas eveceeesee 220
DUNOMIBVAMACATOIL jayne ceenseneemenesitG 220
Tea ebay MeV) abs) sagencoqannonarsesnannans 21
Larentia rufocinctata in Breadalbane 250
Lasiocampa callune ..............00% 15, 35
(MELCUS).-uceceeeeae 15, 35, 137
Jniby thea Celtis tsa -csseisaienwscsenent 58
Limenitis Sibylla bred ............ veo, 3D
lanVa Of ecatvspace taeeeeee 13
natural situation of the
pupa Of......006, Po Oh
transformations of ... 33
Lithocolletis roboris at Haslemere .., 161
Lithosia complana in Ireland ......... 91
stramineola at Chertsey...... 191
Lithostege niveata, larva of............ 115
Lozopera Smeathmanniana ............ 68
Lyceena Artaxerxes at Kinloch......,.. 249
Medon, Natural History of... 73
Macrochila fasciella at Haslemere ... 160
in No-
vember ..... Peronan. a
Trochilus:...cceseesemcoO
Miana furuncula, larva of .........+0... Ld7
Micropteryx Salopiella at Haslemere 160
sub-purpurella at light.. 36
Macroglossa stellatarum
Nepticula decentella, habits of.,......, 28
intimella at Witherslack... 155
SeYiCOPeZa ..,...... odaidactnoereen 29
Noropsis fastuosa at Limehouse ...... 193
Notodonta carmelita at Haslemere... 12
Nymphalis Brutus..... sistas eieeh nee 218
Nyssia hispidaria at Manchester ...... 256
VariGhysObic.cseseeceee 16
Ochsenheimeria vacculella ..... insane 254.
(@eoconia Kindermanniella ..,...... 90, 255
quadripuneta i...2..0.+. 90, 255
Opostega relique:la ............sesecaees 140
salaciella at light ......,..... 255
Xviil.
LEPIDOPTERA (continued).
PAGE
Pandora Chalcothea, ..........00.0...0055 170
divalis .... sw a natusleamteeas ter Ge
IPE EINE) Godsedfekodn docnoGes sooo) Lif
Prolene cane cteacestees 170
LG Ean) cor ppocoguot dcAnssocoaonedd 170
PeailiO Oyreein.c.cosecc stars sotrceweinnns ves 220
MGMOlGUS) ~.cs.encacsh sac ese seewse 219
HEGONTIAAS Miceseeenticeteatise 220
Merope ... 220
INGUREWE) Rope ednnoy moSouroddarrarinas 219
POGRTIUIS Rien startees cscs Spoeuee 57
TAMEVIES. capasocadocennagdnenednoes: 220
ParMaAssius APOlO! (,vccnsesscsersccssesines 57
Pempelia subornatella in Ireland...... 70
Penthina marginana at Haslemere... 181
Pericallia syringaria ...........s0cesee eee 160
Phloeodes crenana at Witherslack ... 138
Phorodesma, bajularia assembling 160
Phycis adelphella bred ................. 152
ASIOMISMA CALMING) csatcessecacccseesess sce seis 214
Daplidice in the Isle of Wight 211
Poedisea corticana bred from oak-galls 153
OPPICSSANA 2..-..nssedcesaessene 37
Polia nigrocincta in Cornwall ......... 132
in the Isle of Man.. 112
Polyommatus Agestis, Natural His-
tory of ..... Ape ee 73
Artaxerxes at Kinloch 249
Beeticus .....60.- eee OO OO)
Psyche calvella at Hampstead......... 69
crassiorella at Hornsey Wood 133
helix cbpgtotbtcarigdsocd — GW)
Pterophorus hieracii, larva of ......16, 39
Hodgkinsonii, descrip-
tion of
isodactylus ........ dealt 38, 39
larva of ..... 39
osteodactylus «ap 67
plagiodactylus, larva of.. 185
Pyrgus malvse possibly not Irish...... 282
Roéslerstammia Hrxlebella at Hasle-
PAGE
Scoparia ejUNCITA .......:.cessreeeeseenee 81
(55:00 01S panmannaqnounoscasuGnn argon’ 81
Weredsyi si. \csccanccceesventceran pees
inpratellare.s.cccccveuedssarOL
Rakarensis't.c.c:stsecieeroonsseOe
Scopula alpinalis ...;..... ......0.-+ 139, 251
Scotosia undulata at Haslemere ....., 182
Selenia illustraria at Hdmonton ...,.. 15
at light....... seeeaa 36
Sericoris euphorbiana at Folkstone .. 36
Natural History of 9
Sesia chalcocnemis...........04. wear eeesaeele
chrysidiformis, larva of.... ....13, 14
culiciformis, white-belted va-
yellow-belted va-
riety ii... ees. 204
Eliyvlaseeseses decdi ncesundeenee eeusee , 220
philanthiformis in Ireland ...... 70
scolizeformis in Scotland.,........ 61
Stathmopoda pedella at Hampstead.. 90
larva of ..,...... 233
Sterrha sacraria ,...... EPs es en kbS, 179
at Babbicombe ...... 131
at Highgate ......... 118
at Newark.,,.......... 113
at Plumstead,.,...... 131
in Devonshire ...,.. 131
in Dorsetshire ,..,.. 114
in South Wales...... 91
in the Isle of Wight 211
in the north of
Perthshire ...... w. 114
near Birkenhead ,.. 131
near Brighton .,,,.. 131
Teeniocampa leucographa ..........0... 68
abaces, 08, 210
populebiis sxesiciees ehh ouG8
Tanagra cheorophyllata, larva of ...,.. 85
MIMOSA... sseceese
Tephrosia laricaria, variety of ......... 16
Tethea retusa ...... pata eres Gand LOO
TheGla: ACACIED ean nas <caeguinaneneel seein 58
querots, larva of,on oak-apple 153
rnbi, variety, Of muressss-cetere 35
LEPIDOPTERA (contiuued).
X1X,
NEUROPTERA.
PAGE pia
Vanessa Antiopa at Cambridge ...... 282 | Anabolia cconosa ..ssesssesersesseeeseees 205
toslartien at Dei eapeeat. ences AtTOPOS PULBALOTIA.....<s+se000» sersrousr be
cardui, pairing of............... 13
BIGEO ET a veacicuecateguns odened 6
ee : Borens HieMIalis\s.ccacericsesseenacwerw ees 166
Xanthia ferruginea, larva of............ 180 ’ ? ie
pilyapos larva of sss scssynas 156 Coniopteryx detrita ...........j.1.00-00-
Xylomyges conspicillaris bred ......... 16
INeuronia clathrata.c.crves- cheese meeene 204
Ypsolophus ustulellus ,,,..+.........66 152 .
Oligoneuria Trimeniana eles
ZFelleria hepariella .....0:..c0s0eseecsees 255
Zygena loniceres, larva of... 253 | Stenophylax alpestris .........-.-.0+0. 205
INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE PAGE
PAUGHESTTI SP EUnemt attire ciel toas vesisceisdaaa aways sitess 282 | Cooke, Nicholas’ .%.:3/..0:1 Wita,ee> oooh meno
PANTS ONG cid visc tse acdcccsosecsceerediace.s00. | “OourticOy da Lisicdedseceeesce oes nent pees 36
Cox, Els Ramsay i anscsese ese semen 132, 154
SEG WaKOSCDH! ficajcocesscee cesses vis ve 25 133") Cummings Minneous) so. seusvsresrest ater 282
Barrett, C. G.,.,.12, 18, 35, 153, 160, 181,
182, 256 Dale, J. C., M.A., F.LS. ... 114
Bates, H. W., F.Z.S., Pres. Ent. Soc....22
25, 52, 78, 169, 276
eacclial Pete inenceseaeteecceese“OOy Ol 200
Blackburn, J. B.......41, 68, 114, 138, 159
IBJAGKbUIM LHOMAS cavicescesosseecveli ty LoS
IBIACK Wall diy) Melis sccses sees ae tesaaehions 19
PROC EUMO NATION cacdewesissecrets avwcisidtese sas 131
Bold) © J. -..<... 1.82, 226, 283, 284
BONG HsA. 9s) sdatedieiesssnrceL ey BO, LIS
ISEVALIL, tlle si noeeisteisecids sostesesadvstces vee suet
Buckler, William ...14, 33, 35, 61, 62, 63
85, 86, 87, 114, 116,
117, 136, 137, 155,
156, 180, 199, 251,
253
Buckmaster, Code cciccessevoe scene tee 67, 133
Butler, A. G., F.L.S. ........,121, 151, 193
Campbell, Charles: i160. cceu00caces 132, 256
Bramiplony: Grea Oolreesucaseuissscse ses acai 187 |
RUA MIAME HOMES. a. sdentisninecsecesetseions 42 |
Chapman, T. Algernon, M.D............. 231 |
MH MM Se Me qec ase t ass see sibigeiie see's oa ans 204,
Wiark oer Acwie meen santcrnct fa Maier aol |
De Grey, ee Thomas, MP. aera
Do Rivaz,/V 5 Concsassosscoastenser eters 17
Desvignes, Thomas ,....sscscereeevee 130, 174
Doubleday, Henry ............00. 17, 69, 161
Douglas: Jit Wrasscsere 1, 20, 30, 45, 93, 166,
238, 265
DOuUgTASS Wie De iiveeseuseeseomencecssesecned 114
Downing, J. W. . aero stents
Dunning, J. W., A, “ELS, nen ven 4d
HMGLSSGONs Wa Satosccaaseceencestsscewtoee 166
Edmunds, Abraham,,..........0.....L02, 159
Hedle;THOMag! sevscccssccsscce cecheeeemee 69
Porster;, do Be, tscpaccoeestsse eenae cere ieee 15
Gascoyness Gre voxemtecmsen tense steareeosetets 113
Gorham, Rev. HisSiv.ccresesee-scceneneee 110
Greening, Noah ..........:00e008 16, 39, 112
Grogson; ©. Se ses. sscsrscaaseepens 37, 70, 178
ERGUVE RS Hie Os se ac otinsawtatidecenenumness 64, 112
Harwood, W. H. welow
XX.
PAGE
Healy, Charles...10, 92, 105, 148, 161, 175,
183, 184, 197, 260
Hearder, G. J., M.D.
Hellins, Rev. J., M.A....15, 88, 115, 134,
135, 140, 157,
158, 178, 180,
181, 200, 255
HT OVe ROY. WANOD. i.) sscosasaveseneste es 283
Hislop, Robert ..;....-.sssss005- 110, 112, 231
Hodgkinson, J. B....... 16, 38, 40, 137, 154
HO DLOy PME n. caisece tne cee eestaewen 89, 182, 183
TOnGOD, LueV. Hey ESA'S 10.5.2 sce eciee 16, 152
IEGMeNe Hoa oh hie ne een
Hora AMES. cesar yeatselesy- onsen 90, 210
Jordan, R. C. R., M.D....88, 184, 140, 185
Tkaielél, 1805 \WVio Sianoo Bec oenosonacadodenaparabene 233
Hci Wie E's. “eae ents 69, 90, 182, 256, 282
Knages, H. G., M.D., F.L.S. ...36, 37, 41,
61, 69, 80, 113, 122, 133
Mang A. MM.) Capt. Be We ..cscs esses 00s 2 0
ILigaatae Ey \AVG Goaebdonsbudas uc sdadenaagdoenne 130
Ibcerirmtsls (E00 den paeeeanacadeddas oosbeacobananaonc 18
Llewelyn, J.T. D., M.A., F.L.S..16, 91, 153
aR balls Gr. Do spdau cab even vrs <a clew ates 36, 13h
eget tis: BSoyn. sevelsuvdcten scien tyensee eae 193
McLachlan, R., F.L.S. ...17, 91, 102, 128,
150, 177, 205
McNab, W. R., M.D............. 42, 112, 283
Marshall, Rev. T. A., M.A...6, 43, 101, 124,
130, 146, 166,
171, 201, 203,
223, 227, 259,
271, 280
Matthews, Rev.-A., M.A. .......:....00 eee 18
Meek, E. G.......0..6. 13, 37, 114, 153, 154
Word eyepu Repay tpn ane pecans aoncn: 187, 232
inillor.eAlberbs ier occsstedeteccasendectsetine 71
PAGE
Newman, MET asosdecascenecna meee etna 130
Pasley, (iy MiSs. tics: cette el oo
Piffard, Bornard’.:: icc cseccsveress seen
Pole, J. siecle 0-200 1 dahsieattaeteleeicGiete eee eens
Pryer, H.J. 8... cesseosscenvadasees eames
Ragonot, How... somes. -cemcenn stele cneeeee 131
Roberts, U. Vaughan... csccasesssneeee 82
Russell, J. Ws. > Pacis caveats ee eseeeeeee 131
Rye, H. C. ...64, 66, 67, 83, 164, 187, 189,
190, 206, 232, 256, 259
Sang, John ~........ vo sistssassielemeucieananeeleens 158
Scott; Jon aescesesceeeees 1, 45, 93, 238, 265
Sharp, David, M.B.......... 18, 70, 107, 232
Smith, Hrederick —sjes+sceeene erences 279
Snellen, PC. Dy 2s cence 126
Somerville, J. H., M.A. ,... veoeneeZoO
Stainton, H. T., F.R.S., &e....28, 39, 137,
140, 152
Stevens, Samuel, F.L.S. ...sccccocscecaveedD
Taylor, Jie KadSOn s5..2<.cscasesneniesmenees 210
Derry, Thomas. tvsscescseeteonceiees 131, 140
Trimen, Roland :..c.awaeanesee vost eee 212
Tyrer, Bis. sceseceevccses:eciies teeth teen 137
Ullyett, H...... Broauadostaac Mc Bddicogandeadoc: 133
Vaughan, Howard ............ 16, 35, 68, 91
Waterhouse. On io encreeoncemme Per 14
Waterhouse, H. A. ...... Wi cic feattins 186, 231
White, F. Buchanan, M.D. ...57, 154, 248
Wormald; Percya@ sass nsssesecsneenee 90, 254,
Zeller; Profs Ps Ontisssneita ent +19, 13, 208
XX1.
LIST OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED
IN THIS VOLUME.
COLEOPTERA.
GENERA. PAGE
AXcumutes, (Pascoe) Bates ......... 23
PARR OI Sa OUES tecer anise c(Welees svleines see 26
IARGYVRODINES) BALES coccccscscesuences 24
PAUNEINMIZUS 1 CULES valsioscincivles volsleyeivae vie 28
PARTTARSUSa RACES acetone sien\viesissienins «0 25
ORORETHE, BALES. c.ccsccsceceoscocee cee 24
CyrpPHocuitus, OC. Waterhouse ...... 141
MDODECOSISS BALES J...ccssecocssstceets 26
MeraGiymMA, Bates ......... Sete ca 78
MTCROSPILOMA, Bates ......cceses00008 . 24
Nroputs, Bates eae aed
IBANTDROSOSS BOGS” osc cccasewodsewecs ee ae
HEEB NOORISS DOES. cu ccvsenc es seavesiies 26
IESVRGOMESHD OLES vshot eesseemens catoenees 27
SPHALLAX, Bates.......ccsces0e. 55
STREPTOLABIS, Bates 6.0 scccevceecweees 23
IPGRPNTSSAG BOCES” 5. cccsess senese ven 25
ZATHECUS, BOCES... .00+000+ ses Bodaon 26
SPECIES.
A&chmutes lycoides, Bates ......... 23
Arzotis fragilis, Bates ............08. 26
Argyrodines pulchella, Bates ...... 24
Atenizus laticeps, Bates 28
Atharsus nigricauda, Bates . 25
Bembidium charile, Bates............ 79
Maorinum, Bates ...... 56
Cicindela Feredayi, Bates............ 53
Clorethe Inger, Bates..... 24
Coptodera antipodum, Bates......... 78
Cratognathus alboguttatus, Bates.,. 54
Ctenostoma asperula, Bates ...,..... 278
corculum, Bates ...... 277
ebenina, Bates ......... 277
Cyphochilus apicalis, C. Water-
WOES castevogacdsone 144,
farinosus, (Reiche) QC.
Waterhouse ... 143
septentrionalis, (.
Waterhouse ......... 141
tricolor, CO. Water-
WOUS Cras ti, ata satin 142
Dodecosis Saperdina, Bates ......... 27
Exopholis Lacordairei, C. Water.
WOUSED prema eee ced oe 146
Metaglymma monilifer, Bates ....., 79
Microspiloma Dorilis, Bates .,, 25
Niophis coptorhina, Bates............ 28
Phrynocris notabilis, Bates ......... 26
Pyrgotes eneus, Bates .,, ned
Sphallax peryphoides, Bates.......,, 56
PAGE
Streptolabis hispoides, Bates ...... 23
Terpnissa Listropterina, Bates...... 25
Tomicus Marshami, Rye ............ 188
Zathecus graphites, Bates............ 26
HEMIPTERA-HETHROPTHRA.
GENUS.
LaMpropiax, Doug. § Scott .,.243, 265
SPECIES.
Atithus levis, Doug. & Scott......... 238
Corixa Scotti, (Fieb.) D. & S. ...... 271
Wollastoni, Doug. §* Scott... 100
Dictyonota Fieberi, Doug. § Scott 245
Lamproplax Sharpi, Doug. §° Scott.. 244
Litosoma bicolor, Doug. § Scott ... 267
Salda conspicua, Doug. § Scott ... 93
Teratocoris viridis, Doug. Y Scott 46
HYMENOPTERA.
Andricus Hartigii, Marshall ............ 101
Dryinus Tarraconensis, Marshall...... 204
Ichneumon cambrensis, Desvignes
(script. cambriensis) .........+00088 180
Loxotropa exigua, Marshall............ 229
nigricornis, Marshall ...... 229
tripartita, Marshall......... 229
Phyllotoma aceris, McLachlan ......... 104
Pimpla opacellata, Desv. ....... .. 174
Platymischus dilatatus, ? , Marshal . 166
Spilomicrus abnormis, Marshall ...... 202
Basalyformis, Marshall 202
hemipterus, Marshall ... 203
nigriclavis, Marshall ... 228
Vespa Japonica, Smith ...........0..000+ 279
simillima, Smithy ..........e.eee0e. 280
GENUS, LEPIDOPTERA.
AULOCERA, Butler ......,...6 nuadooco: 121
SPECIES.
Aulocera Scylla, Butler ......s..0...6. 122
Weranp, Wangacctescccsarers 246
Chrysophanus Feredayi, Bates,..... 53
Coccyx vernana, Knaggs ............ 122
Pandora divalis, Bates ..,............ 171
Pterophorus Hodgkinsonii, Gregson 178
Scoparia ejuncida, Knaggs ......... 81
Gpolhtsy MGMT fsS) soacnsecoroanae 81
Feredayi, Knaggs ......... 81
Rakaiensis, Knaggs......... 81
NEUROPTERA.
Coniopteryx detrita, McLachlan ...... 151
Oligoneuria Trimeniana, McLachlan 177
XXil.
ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH INSECT FAUNA
NOTICED IN THIS VOLUME.
COLEOPTERA. HYMENOPTERA.
rs aes PAGE | Andricus Harbigit pvsa.attancumeaners ace LOU
Agabus Solieri senennenesageacenescuane 232, 283 Tronilatusc. Cee ae 102
Gyrophzona strictula............sse.s00. 209 Hodaliic eae eae ., 102
Eiela OU ISRVATIUS | acaseiussio soiree licences: 284 Priipennna 101
(nay ania ee ae a keke | Pe NL DLAC GUIS!: Gree BS acca square
Hydroporuselongatulus.................- 283 | Cynips ilicis (?) ... 2... seseeee.(0t0) 146
Lebia chrysocephala (?) .,,............ 190 | Harpiphorus lepidus ..,..... | aoe ern . 103
Myleene MINIMA. Gis ieeschsceseses covers 189 Hylotoma.motallicay,, .cs..<sy,seteenetee lO
Otiorhynchus muscorum ............... 65 | Ichneumon cambrensis ......... once 130
Scopus Hrichsonit © .....6...s..ccnccnses 1091) Gophyxus frutetorumies eee 103
Momicus Marsha ~. 527.0 scsesenee-es ee 188) Loxotropa_abruptaras.c..-nessereereree 229
' Gispary; cess ra ee)
HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA. CXIPUR, os. .ccuechs Ree EEeE 229
GENERA. nigricornis eb cee teeenescedos 229
PARTIES teem oe eesisaetesocsanauancsntyan 238 tripartita trereveeeteseeseseees 229
LAMPROPLAX,,.....05 EE RG A 243, 265 tritoma, Thee renee ee tee eeeees 229
=f seeyttir he ee ee Pei nee ee 1 Neuroterus politus..... to seu Wuere PRNS ieee
a een 4 ReaumMuUril sss. sen eteeeesee a
Be ee ee ay Passaleecus monilicornis ,.............. 226
SPECIES. Phyllotoma aceris............ 104, 105, 123
Aiithus levis ........ B speconeasdsudeb Gen 238 melanopyPai.s.).. ce sseensee 104
Atractomus pityophilus.........+ corre late: microcephala ......,.....00. LO4
Calyptonotus lyncous ..e..seseeee 239 tenella.........9. cored arp eocee eee
qtieditatinsciudsse.-+.0e 241 | Pimpla opacellata va’eshpegleanen ORE 174
Gera kedeta 98 TUPLCOMIS scape sve ste ct ae ah Mle:
Mets eee gee eae Platymischus dilatatus, 2 ............ 166
SIGOUDUAR Ree ahs eet ener teer cee SEL : : |
ral ; 100 Pompilus melanarius................00. 226
ot oe Pee Pet elit rn foto Spathegaster tricolor,,,............+ seuee 20 |
Derzeocoris alpestris ............eeee 47 Spilomicrus abnormis sy 202 —
Dictyonota Fieberi ............+0.... 245 Basalyformis ........ eS 902
Eremocoris plebeius ..............055 242 hemipterus...........e000.- 202
. Globiceps dispar (2 developed) ... 48 integer , ,.sivesw saeneeene Od
Hydrometra Cost] .........s.sseseeeees 96 NIPTICIAVIG cssis sw esviveevetinns 228
odontogaster.........++. 97 nigripes ..... Fees ee ten eee nes 227
fi Mata ower «s 269
tale eT GENUS. LEPIDOPTERA.
Lamproplax Sharpi ........05-+.4 ve 244 HBULBA. . ¥s5iss'vrecpislasminrcee secon Brod ua
TaEGSOMIA DICOIOL w 2. wensscteniene seners 267 | gprorEs.
diaphamus!), cepecniscscssser 47 Bucculatrix artemisiella ............ 36
ae Catoptria aspidiscana ............... 16
Lopus superouionne Sponecaod avadaccan alt Oédoyx ‘verfiand ..0 2... toe
Lygzeus equestris ...4.4.....4 ce eeeee 2 Ebulea catalaunalis ..........0+...00s 152
Lygus rugicollis oe eee fosteocaee ss a 50 Erebia Euryale (?) mq a ocaisvaielnve(a’n\w/atataiatatate 151
M 1 Jitari 267 Fumea crassiorella ..........00++ 113, 133
ahah ar adeaaagt on meek ae at pea : Grapholitha ravulana ..,............ 61
Sordidus........... Saotoe 49 Hypsolophus ustulellus..............+ 152
Mosovelia farcata .<...:c ae Rane <, 5 Opostega reliquella ...........0...06 140
f : Polia nigrocinetascases dneceeedssenee 112
Nabis flavomarginatus ..............- o4 Pterophorus Hodgkinsonii ......... 178
Phytocoris popula ......s.cssssseeees. 200 Scoparia ingratella.............se0c00+ 61
Ses CODEDIGIA ee BOS Rant cpdacadodan ker NEUROPTERA.
Stiphrosoma lurida ........6..6.605 268 | Neuronia clathrata.........cccsesscecesees 204
Ora bOCOLis sVarIGis): oo. joes 9s secession sis 46 ' Stenophylax alpestris ................. 205
XXill,
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Aulocera Brahminus (details of) . : : : : } - : a Ail
Derzeocoris alpestris . : : pollo Te aie
Dictyonota Fieberi, pl. 2, f. 2. a—side view of head and pronotum; b—head
from above, enlarged
Dryinus Tarraconensis - : : : : ; ° : : 204.
Globiceps dispar : - - pl. 1, f. 4.
Hipparchia Proserpina (details of) . ‘ ‘ : ; - 5 121
Lamproplax Sharpi, pl. 2, f. 1. e—Side view of head and pronotum ; d—fore-
leg of 2. Nore.—The left antenne has only 3 joints, and is an example
of the abnormal structure noticed in vol. ii., p. 270.
Litosoma bicolor g . : ; pl. 2, f. 3.
Macrocoleus solitarius. pl. 2, f. 4.
Mesoyvelia furcata . ‘ : yall Abe ie ale
Noropsis fastuosa . : : : ¢ “ . : : : ‘ . 193
Salda conspicua : ‘ ‘: plait os
Teratocoris viridis c é 5 yeh al ger.
REVIEWS.
“Letters Home.’—Rey. Hamlet Clark . : : : 7 2 . 120)
Natural History of Devon (Coleoptera).—H. Parfitt . : 5 : : 167
“Coleoptera Hesperidum.”—T. V. Wollaston 5 : : > : . 284
British Social Wasps.—Dr. Ormerod . 2 : 5 c 5 : 261
The American Naturalist 5 : < : é : 5 : 0 - 262
On the distribution of Lepidoptera in Great Britain and Ireland.—H. Jenner
Fust . : < é “ - ¢ 6 ny ee - : . 284.
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BRITISH HEMIPTERA: ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. »
BY J. W. DOUGLAS AND JOHN SCOTT.
GYMNOCERATA.
GEODROMICA.
Section 5.—Lya@ Ina.
Famity 1.—Lye@aipe.
Head—5-sided, triangular in front; antenniferous tubercles obtuse.
Antenna, 1st joint shortest, the others of nearly equal thickness.
Eyes sessile. Pronotum trapezoidal. Legs moderate, anterior
thighs scarcely stouter than the others, unarmed.
Genus 1.—Lye@aus, Fab.
Elliptic, flat above, outer sides of the elytra subparallel.
Head convex. ace, sides slightly concave, central lobe narrow, short ;
cheek-plates broad, parallel. Antenne, 1st joint rather the
thickest, about half the length of the 2nd, nearly half the length
extending beyond the apex of the face; 2nd longest, 2nd and 8rd
-slightly thickened at the apex, 3rd and 4th in length subequal, 4th
long—fusiform. Eyes posteriorly touching the pronotum, laterally
projecting a little beyond its anterior angles. Ocelli much nearer
to the eyes than to each other. Rostrum reaching beyond the
middle coxe, 1st joint longer than the head, the base in a channel,
1st and 2nd joints longest, subequal, 3rd and 4 shorter, subequal.
Thorax—Pronotum trapezoidal, in front with a transverse, much
sinuate, linear depression. Scutellum long, triangular, sides
slightly sinuate, base much depressed. Elytra—clavus and coriwm
on the same plane, claval suture depressed; corium, from the
inner side of the lst nerve, at about half its length, a nerve is
given off, and extends to the posterior margin, the 2nd chief nerve
broadly furcate at the end; membrane with five nerves, the 1st
short, 2nd and 3rd gradually divergent, 4th and 5th sinuate, con-
nected at some distance from their origin by a transverse nervure,
thus forming a large irregular basal cell, whence the nerves continue
to the inner margin. A/esosternum much depressed in the middle
JuNE, 1867.
S [June,
posteriorly. Legs moderately stout; thighs, 1st pair scarcely
thicker than the others, unarmed ; ¢arsi stout, long, 1st joint as
long as the other two together, on the 3rd pair longer.
Abdomen—flat above, beneath sub-cylindrically convex: abdominal
segments of equal length, posterior margin of the 6th in the
roundly, in the ? angularly cut out. Genital segments beneath-—
in the ¢ 2 only visible, the Ist of them only in the middle, the
2nd broad and hindwardly rounded; in the ? short, rounded
posteriorly, the 1st and 2nd form two lateral angular plates, whose
inner margins touch, the 8rd lies in the opening between them.
Species 1.—Ly@mUs EQUESTRIS.
Cimex EQuEsTRIS, Lin., F.S., 258, 946 (1761); S. N., i., 726, 77 (1767).
De Geer, Mem., ii., 276, 19 (1773). Fab., S. E., 718, 104
(1775) ; Mantiss., 1., 298, 185 (1787).
Crmex sPectosus, Scop., Ent. Carn., 127, 369 (1763).
Lyeazus Eqursrris, Fab., E.8., iv., 147, 48 (1794). Wolff; Ie. Cim.,
24, 24, t. 3, fig. 24 (1800). Fab., S. R., 217,57 (1808).
Panz., F. G., 79,19. all., Hem. Suec., i., 48, -1 (1829).
Schill., Beitr., i., 58, 1 (1829). Hahn, Wanz., 1, 21, t. 3,
fig. 12 (1831). Curt., B. E., x. pl. 481 (1833). H. Schf,
Nom. Ent., 1, 44 (1835). Burm., Handb., i1., 298, 8 (1835).
Kolen., Mel. Ent., ii., 74, 88 (1845). Sahlb., Geoc., Fen., 53,1
(1848). Flor., Rhyn. Liv., i., 222, 2 (1860). Fieb., Europ.
Hem., 166, 5 (1861). Stal., Oefv. Vet. Akad. Férh., 212, 1
(1862).
Black, smooth, dull, unpunctured, with very small, distant, yellow
scale-hairs ; upper side of the head, pronotum, elytra, and abdomen deep
red, with black markings ; membrane black or fuscous, the margin, a
central round spot, a band near the base, and a spot near the end of
the corium, white.
Head—on the upper side red, a triangular spot at the base next each
eye, and the apex of the face black. Antenne, eyes, and rostrum
black.
Pronotum flat, sides posteriorly rounded to and at the posterior angles,
red, except the anterior third, which is at first black from side to
side, the colour then narrower as the pronotum widens, posteriorly,
in the middle, the red colour juts in so that the black comes down
as two rounded lobes; the anterior transverse sinuate line is
glossy ; on the posterior margin of the pronotum is a black band
(not extending to the posterior angles, which are red), and on this
!
1867. 3
band near each end is an elongate depression. Seutellum black,
with a deep, narrow, transverse furrow at the base, the middle
slightly raised lengthwise, and a corresponding depression on each
side. EHlytra—clavus red, in the middle a large, round, velvety
black spot, posterior to which the colour is more or less infuscated ;
corium red like the clavus, across the middle, opposite to the end
of the scutellum, a broad black band, slightly undulating on its
upper side, and on the lower side outwardly much and squarely
extended downwards; membrane black or fuscous, margined with
white or whitish, a band near the base, a triangular spot near the
apex of the corium, and a large central spot (on the 4th nerve)
clear white. Svernwm dull gray-black, each segment on each side
with an outer and an inner velvety deep black spot, forming two
rows. Legs black, clothed with very fine yellow pubescence.
Abdomen red, dull; beneath, on the anterior margin of each abdominal
segment except the first, a subangular shining black spot on each
side, and a larger one on each side of the middle, except the sixth,
of which the middle is entirely black and dull. Genital segments
black in both sexes.
Length 53-6 lines.
A single specimen in Dr. Power’s collection, captured at Devizes
by Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, in June, 1864.
Curtis has figured this species in his “ British Entomology,” but
the account he gives of its capture in Britain seemed so dubious, that
we placed it among the “ Reputed British Species.” Abroad it is
common on Asclepias Vincetoxicum and Seseli Hippomarathrum, neither
of which are British plants.
Section 7.—HEBRINA.
Famity 2.—MxEsove.tiip 2.
Elliptic, stout. Head very long, widened in front. Antenne
long, subfiliform, 4-jointed. Ocelli large, prominent. ostrum free,
apparently 4-jointed, 1st and 2nd joints very short, 3rd very long.
Pronotum long, subtrapezoidal, in front depressed, hindwardly very
convex. Scutellum large, formed as if in two plates, the 1st convex,
rounded behind, the 2nd smalier, concave, truncate. Elytra—clavus
broad, membranous; coriwm with two principal nerves, posteriorly
furcate and forming cells; membrane without nerves. Legs long, thin ;
coxe, 1st pair inserted anteriorly on the prosternum ; tars? trimerous,
1st joint very short.
4 (June,
Genus 1.—Mesovetia, Mulsant and Rey.
Head—long, very much deflected, above widened anteriorly by reason
of the antenniferous processes ; crown very long, convex posteriorly,
flattened in front ; face convex, central lobe wide, prominent, side
lobes shorter, triangular; antenniferous processes short, obtuse.
Underside without a rostral channel. Anfenne 4-jointed, long,
subfiliform ; 1st joint slightly longest and stoutest, slightly curved ;
2nd shorter than the Ist ; 3rd and 4th subequal, about as long as
the first. Hyes moderate, prominent, deeply reticulated. Ocelli
large, prominent, inserted near the base of the head. Rostrum
free, slender, subulate, reaching to the second pair of coxe, appa-
rently 4-jointed; 1st and 2nd joints very short, 3rd widened at
the base, very long ; 4th not half the length of the 2nd; labrum
short, triangular, covering the ist joint.
Thorar—Pronotum long, subtrapezoidal, almost eampanulate, in front
but little wider than the base of the head, with the anterior angles
rounded, widening to the hinder angles, which are prominent, but
rounded ; sides sinuate; posterior margin sinuate, almost emar-
ginate, angles rounded ; disk in front depressed, with two fovee,
posteriorly very convex, but within the hinder angles deeply
depressed. Scutellum large, the Ist plate transverse, convex,
broadly rounded posteriorly ; from beneath its posterior margin
arises the second plate, narrower, square, concave, truncate, its.
posterior margin elevated. Hlytra—in the developed form,
according to Mulsant and Rey, “ furnished with two principal
nerves and feeble ramifications, forming altogether five cells; the
interior large, elongate, elliptical ; the two posterior moderate; the
two exterior narrow. Membrane without perceptible nervure.”
(In our undeveloped form, the clavus is very broad, membranous,
posteriorly imperfectly defined ; coriwm, anterior marginal nerve
thick, on the disk two similarly thick nerves, which posteriorly
join at an acute angle, beyond which, between the anterior and
inner nerves, is formed a large subrhomboidal cell; membrane
wanting.) Sternum broad, deep. Legs long, thin ; cove in large
cleft sheaths, the 1st pair inserted anteriorly on the prosternum ;
thighs beneath, and 8rd pair of tibiz, with spinose hairs; t¢ars¢
long, trimerous, lst joint very short, 2nd longer than the 3rd ;-
claws long, fine. curved.
Abdomen broad, thick, the last segment rounded posteriorly; connexivum
very broad, reflexed.
- 1867.)
On
Species 1.—Mzsovutia rurcata, pl. 1, fig. 1.
Mesovetia Furcata, Muls. § Rey, An. Soc. Lin. Lyon, p. 188, et
fig. (1852). Muls. Opuscules, 1,158 (1852). Hieb., Europ.
Hem., 102 (1861).
Testaceous, whitish beneath, central lobe of the face, posterior
two-thirds 
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